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Frauenfeld

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Frauenfeld ( Alemannic : Frauefäld ) is the capital of the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland .

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66-780: The official language of Frauenfeld is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German , but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect. The earliest traces of human settlement are several La Tène era graves to the east of Langdorf. The Roman road from Oberwinterthur ( Vitudurum ) to Pfyn ran through what is now the Allmend in Frauenfeld. Two Roman villas were discovered in Thalbach and Oberkirch. The villa seems to have become

132-467: A medial diglossia instead. Most German Swiss can speak fluent Swiss Standard German, but may or may not like doing so, as it feels stilted and unnatural to many. When they compare their Swiss Standard German to the way people from Germany speak, they think their own proficiency is inferior because it is studied and slower. Most German Swiss think that the majority speak rather poor Swiss Standard German; however, when asked about their personal proficiency,

198-658: A Protestant and a Catholic Grand and Lesser Councils, which supervised the two schools in the city. The City Church and the Church in Oberkirch were initially shared churches . The Protestant pastor was appointed by the city's own Protestants after 1537. However, it wasn't until 1645 that the Protestants had their own church. The castle of Frauenfeld is an example of late baroque and classical architecture. The Rathaus dates from Frauenfeld's second period of prominence in

264-667: A Swiss rebellion against the forces of the Helvetic Republic . The opposition was successful in forcing the Helvetic Republic to accepting the French negotiated Acts of Mediation in 1803. These acts secured the federal, decentralized nature of Switzerland. Switzerland was organized according to the terms of the Acts of Mediation under the defeat of the French Empire in 1815. The "Long Diet" had been in session for over

330-498: A fast train (InterCity and InterRegio) that travels to Zürich every 30 minutes, as well in the opposite direction to Weinfelden and further to Constance in Germany or Romanshorn . During busy times in the mornings and evenings these trains are supported by another train (called "S") which stops in the bigger towns (like IR/IC). Frauenfeld is also the northern terminus of the narrow-gauge Frauenfeld–Wil line ; trains operate from

396-404: A full canton in the Helvetic Republic . The new constitution of 1798 established Frauenfeld as the capital of the new canton. However, the choice of Frauenfeld was controversial. Both the cities of Winterthur and Constance were considered, but the main alternative to Frauenfeld was Weinfelden . While Frauenfeld was near the border with Zürich, Weinfelden is located in the geographic center of

462-426: A household made up of relatives, 239 who lived in a household made up of unrelated persons, and 772 who are either institutionalized or live in another type of collective housing. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2008, was 1.15%. As of 2007, the construction rate of new housing units was 3.6 new units per 1000 residents. In 2000 there were 10,470 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size

528-605: A league of Catholic cantons joined together in opposition to Federal authority and formed the Sonderbund League in 1845. This was the beginnings of a civil war, which lasted through 1848 and saw the Federal forces victorious. Following their victory, a new constitution was adopted and the Federal Assembly of Switzerland was created in its modern form. Bern was chosen as the 'federal city,' or Bundesstadt, in

594-477: A majority will answer that they speak quite well. Tagsatzung The Federal Diet of Switzerland ( German : Tagsatzung , IPA: [ˈtaːkˌzatsʊŋ] ; French : Diète fédérale ; Italian : Dieta federale ) was the legislative and executive council of the Old Swiss Confederacy and existed in various forms from the beginnings of Swiss independence until the formation of

660-415: A manor house, twelve houses, at least one mill, and probably also a church in Oberkirch. In the 13th century, Erching formed a self-contained manor farm complex and was occupied by a Habsburg Vogt after 1270. Starting in the late 12th century, a village grew up in the area around Erching and another grew up around the church at Oberkirch. By the end of the 1220s, a fortified tower with a mill and chapel

726-702: A political center under the Austrian Habsburgs. Under the Confederation, it grew into the center from which the Confederates managed the entire Thurgau. Between 1500/15 and again in 1712, Frauenfeld was the site of the Tagsatzung assembly. After 1499 it was also the home of a Confederation court. After 1504 the city was the residence of Thurgau governor, and after 1532 he lived in the castle. Other locations were directly subordinate. As

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792-476: A symbol of the establishment of a bourgeois public place in town. In 1919, the municipalities of Langdorf, Kurzdorf, Huben, Herten, and Horgenbach became part of Frauenfeld. In 1998, Gerlikon, Schönenhof, and Zelgli were incorporated. Frauenfeld has an area, as of 2009, of 27.37 square kilometers (10.57 sq mi). Of this area, 12.43 km (4.80 sq mi) or 45.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 6.77 km (2.61 sq mi) or 24.7%

858-480: A typical case of diglossia , although this term is often reserved to language pairs where the vernacular has lower prestige than the other, while Swiss German dialects do not meet this criterion as they permeate every socio-economic class of society. Since Swiss Standard German is the usual written language and the Swiss German dialects are the usual spoken language, their interrelation has sometimes been called

924-621: A year until 1815, when the Congress of Vienna decided the shape which Europe would take following the Coalition's victory. The Swiss government maintained its federal structure, though no longer under the forms of the Acts of Mediation and coordinated by a re-named Federal Assembly. This is the system which would govern the Swiss for over three decades, seeing the addition of new, French-speaking cantons. The system showed its weaknesses in 1845, when

990-405: Is 2,360 people or 10.3% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 1,541 people or 6.7% are between 70 and 79, there are 899 people or 3.9% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 171 people or 0.7% who are 90 and older. As of 2000, there were 9,569 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.2 persons per household. In 2000 there were 2,272 single family homes (or 68.7% of

1056-455: Is June during which time Frauenfeld receives an average of 127 mm (5.0 in) of rain or snow. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 12.5 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 13, but with only 107 mm (4.2 in) of rain or snow. The driest month of the year is March with an average of 68 mm (2.7 in) of precipitation over 12.5 days. In Frauenfeld about 68.8% of

1122-513: Is a central location in western Thurgau and is served by a railway station and two exits on the A7 motorway . It has a town bus service with 5 bus lines which run every 15 minutes to every corner of the town. Frauenfeld railway station supports a regional train, part of the Zürich S-Bahn , from Weinfelden to Winterthur ( S8 and S30 ) every 30 minutes, as well in the opposite direction and

1188-430: Is also found in volumes of Standard German language dictionaries; however, Germans from northern Germany prefer to use Krankenhaus , whereas Spital is also used in areas of southern Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, and South Tyrol . Some nouns have different gender: Some expressions are borrowed from French and thus differ from usage in Germany, such as The Swiss keyboard layout has no ß key, nor does it have

1254-494: Is also important. In informal situations, Swiss Standard German is only used whenever a German Swiss is communicating with a non-Swiss and it is assumed that this person does not understand the respective dialect. Amongst themselves, the German-speaking Swiss use their respective Swiss German dialect, irrespective of social class, education or topic. Unlike other regions where German varieties are spoken, there

1320-669: Is first mentioned as a city. At least by that date, it had been integrated into the Habsburg territories. The tower was for a long time in the hands of the Knights of Frauenfeld-Wiesendangen. The political, social and economic background of becoming a city before 1286 are not clear: the relations of the early governors of Frauenfeld to the Kyburgs and Habsburgs are not clear. The Kyburgs did not hold sovereign rights in Frauenfled. It

1386-512: Is forested. Of the rest of the land, 7.62 km (2.94 sq mi) or 27.8% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.28 km (0.11 sq mi) or 1.0% is either rivers or lakes and 0.28 km (0.11 sq mi) or 1.0% is unproductive land. Of the built-up area, industrial buildings made up 13.3% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 3.5% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.8%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 2.3% of

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1452-466: Is located along both banks of the Murg river. It consists of the town of Frauenfeld (made up of the old city, Ergaten-Vorstadt to the west and Obere Vorstadt to the east) and the former communities of Langdorf, Kurzdorf, Huben, Herten, Horgenbach, Gerlikon, Zelgli and Schönenhof. Frauenfeld has a population (as of December 2020) of 25,974. As of 2008, 22.3% of the population are foreign nationals. Over

1518-470: Is no continuum between Swiss Standard German and the Swiss German dialects. The speakers speak either Swiss Standard German, or a Swiss German dialect, and they are conscious about this choice. Nevertheless, about 10%, or 828,200, of Swiss residents speak High German (also called Standard German) at home, but mainly due to the presence of German or Austrian immigrants. The concurrent usage of Swiss Standard German and Swiss German dialects has been called

1584-493: Is only spoken in very few specific formal situations, such as in news broadcasts and reputable programmes of the public media channels; in the parliaments of German-speaking cantons ; in the federal parliament in Berne (unless another official language of Switzerland is used), although dialect is certainly encroaching on this domain; in loudspeaker announcements in public places such as railway stations, etc. Church services, including

1650-539: Is the respective local dialect. Due to a rather large inter-cantonal migration rate (about 5% p.a.) within modern Switzerland for decades, many different Swiss German dialects are spoken in any one place, especially in urban areas; for example, in the city of Zürich (end of 2013): of the 272,700 Swiss (total: 400,000) living in Zürich, only 40% (28%) are from Zürich itself with 51% (36%) from the entire canton of Zürich. Outside of any educational setting, Swiss Standard German

1716-402: Is therefore uncertain whether the city was founded by the Kyburgs really with the tacit approval of Reichenau, as was earlier believed. It is also conceivable that the castle and maybe a smaller surrounding village was built by a third party, perhaps a Toggenburg , of Murkart or Hagenbuch noble. If that was the case, as they lost influence in the 1220s in the lower Murgtal, the Kyburgs and later

1782-523: Is used in books, all official publications (including all laws and regulations), in newspapers, printed notices, most advertising, and other printed matter. Authors write literature mainly using Swiss Standard German; some dialect literature exists. SSG is similar in most respects to the Standard German in Germany and Austria ; there are a few differences in spelling, most notably the replacing of

1848-513: The ¨ dead key . The names of municipalities, towns, stations, and streets are often not written with a starting capital umlaut, but instead with Ae , Oe , or Ue , such as the Zürich suburb Oerlikon , the hamlet Aetzikofen , and the Bernese municipality Uebeschi . However, field names, such as Äbenegg, Ötikon (near Stäfa), or Überthal, and any other word, such as Ärzte (English: physicians), usually start with capital umlauts. As for

1914-582: The Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland , there are 337 individuals (or about 1.54% of the population) who belong to the Orthodox Church, and there are 486 individuals (or about 2.21% of the population) who belong to another Christian church. There were 18 individuals (or about 0.08% of the population) who were Jewish , and 1,043 (or about 4.75% of the population) who are Islamic . There are 160 individuals (or about 0.73% of

1980-605: The Helvetic Republic . This was a more centralized form of government than the previous and it was widely opposed as revoking the traditional liberties of local powers. Opposition was particularly fierce among the Catholic population, for whom the French imposed government was associated with the radical anti-clericalism of the French Revolution. This opposition eventually lead to the Stecklikrieg , which pitted

2046-611: The SP (15.55%), the CVP (15.03%) and the FDP (13.5%). In the federal election, a total of 7,105 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 48.5%. The historical population is given in the following table: There are ten buildings that are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance in Frauenfeld. There are four archives and a library on the list; archive of the Amtes für Denkmalpflege ,

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2112-533: The Swiss federal state in 1848. The Diet was a meeting of delegates from the individual cantons. It was the most wide-reaching political institution of the Old Swiss Confederacy , but its power was very limited, as the cantons were essentially sovereign. While the composition and functions of the Federal Diet had changed and evolved since its founding in the 15th century, it was most notably reorganised during

2178-538: The Wochenblatt für den Kanton Thurgau (Weekly Journal for the canton of Thurgau) opened. In 1809 it changed its name to Thurgauer Zeitung , a paper that is still being published. Between 1813 and 1816, Bernhard Greuter, who had established a branch factory of the Islikoner Textilfärberei (Islikon textile dyeing factory) in Frauenfeld in 1805, had the moat filled in and created the promenade -

2244-430: The secondary sector and there are 228 businesses in this sector. 11,759 people are employed in the tertiary sector , with 1,095 businesses in this sector. In 2000 there were 15,112 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 4,752 or about 31.4% of the residents worked outside Frauenfeld while 8,298 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 18,658 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in

2310-459: The 18th century. Starting in 1712, the gathering of Swiss Eidgenossen took place alternately in Frauenfeld and Baden . In 1742, this gathering took Frauenfeld as its regular meetingplace. The fall of the old Old Swiss Confederacy in 1798 as a result of the French invasion brought an end to the gatherings in Frauenfeld. Following the French invasion of the Confederation, Thurgau was created as

2376-670: The Bahnhofplatz in front of the main railway station. Trains operate over this line to Wil every half hour. There are plans to increase the frequency to every fifteen minutes. Services on this line, designated as S15 of the St. Gallen S-Bahn , also stop at Frauenfeld Marktplatz and Lüdem . Frauenfeld is twinned with the town of Swiss Standard German Swiss Standard German (SSG; German : Schweizer Standarddeutsch ), or Swiss High German ( German : Schweizer Hochdeutsch or Schweizerhochdeutsch ), referred to by

2442-470: The German ß with ss (since the 20th century). For example: There are some differences in vocabulary, including, for instance, using a loanword from another language. For example: In addition, SSG uses different orthography in letter writing, and the salutations used for the same also differ from Non-Swiss Standard German. The Swiss use the Standard German word Spital (hospital). Spital

2508-494: The Habsburg and Kyburg families. In 1246 a knight with the last name/title zum Kyburger Umfeld is first mentioned in Frauenfeld. In the next three decades, several knights who came from the Kyburg lands, adopted the von Frauenfeld name. It is unclear whether the inhabitants of Frauenfeld Castle were simply the aristocratic owners of houses in Frauenfeld or the administrator of the bailiwick of Frauenfeld. In 1286 Frauenfeld

2574-682: The Habsburgs expanded into the region and gained control of Reichenau's rights and castle. The city was integrated into the Habsburg Amt of Kyburg. In 1374, the Habsburgs bestowed the right of judgment for all of Thurgau (which then included St. Gallen ) on the Duke of Frauenfeld . In the 14th century the castle became the administrative center of the Habsburg Amt of Frauenfeld. As the Habsburgs sought to consolidate their position in

2640-592: The Historical Museum, are on the list. The last building on the list is the Rathaus or town council house. The entire old city of Frauenfeld is included in the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites . In 2007, Frauenfeld had an unemployment rate of 2.01%. As of 2005, there were 211 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 70 businesses involved in this sector. 4,120 people are employed in

2706-643: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic period. The understanding of the Federal Diet can be broken down into three main periods: before the French invasion in 1798, the period of the French invasion and the Act of Mediation , and from its restructuring by the Federal Treaty ( Bundesvertrag ) of 7 August 1815 to its dissolution after the Sonderbund War in 1848. Organised as a Diet since 1500, the seat of

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2772-734: The Swiss as Schriftdeutsch , or German : Hochdeutsch , is the written form of one ( German ) of four national languages in Switzerland , besides French , Italian , and Romansh . It is a variety of Standard German , used in the German-speaking part of Switzerland and in Liechtenstein . It is mainly written and rather less often spoken. Swiss Standard German is the official written language in German-speaking Switzerland and Liechtenstein. It

2838-407: The Swiss legislature was called the Federal Diet. This was not the sole source of authority in the loosely joined country, as each canton had relatively independent diets as well. Though a representative body, it differed from modern constitutional assemblies as its member were drawn almost exclusively from the picked interest of the landed and mercantile elite. The presiding canton of the Federal Diet

2904-606: The Thurgau, they granted the castle to one of the most important families of the Habsburg gentry , the Landsbergers. They held the position until 1534. Between 1415 and 1442 the city was under the auspices of an imperial provincial governor. After 1442 it temporarily fell back under Austrian control, then in 1460, the Thurgau (including Frauenfeld) was captured by the Swiss Confederation . Frauenfeld had been

2970-763: The archive of the Department of Archeology, the Citizen's Archive of Frauenfeld, the State Archives of the Canton and Cantonal Library. The Catholic City Church and the Simultaneum Church of St Laurenzen with St Anna Chapel and Messmerhaus are the two religious buildings on the list. Two museums, the Museum of Archeology and Natural History of the Canton of Thurgau and Frauenfeld Castle which contains

3036-423: The area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 7.9%. Out of the forested land, 22.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.1% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 43.0% is used for growing crops, while 2.4% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. The municipality is the cantonal and district capital. It

3102-540: The canton. Frauenfeld was the capital when Thurgau was under Confederation control, while Weinfelden was a leader in the Thurgau Freedom movement. While Frauenfeld eventually remained the capital, since 1832 the cantonal parliament has met semi-annually in Frauenfeld and Weinfelden. On 25 May 1799, Frauenfeld became a battlefield when French and Austrian forces met there. While the Austrians were victorious,

3168-421: The capital umlaut keys Ä , Ö and Ü . This dates back to mechanical typewriters that had the French diacritical marks letters on these keys to allow the Swiss to write French on a Swiss German QWERTZ keyboard (and vice versa). Thus a Swiss German VSM keyboard has an ä key that prints an à (a-grave) when shifted. However, it is possible to write uppercase umlauts by use of caps lock or by using

3234-496: The city grew in importance, the houses around the castle grew into a weakly fortified city. The city was separated by a wall and moat from the castle. The wooden houses were clustered around the two longitudinal and three cross streets, but a town square or other large, open space was missing. The castle and Niedertor (city gate) and the Strasshof dominated the southwest corner while the church and Oberturm (upper tower) were in

3300-484: The city was recaptured by the French later in the year. In 1800 the ability to move into the city was granted to anyone, and in 1807 the right to become a citizen was also opened to everyone. Between 1808 and 1834 the city walls were demolished. In 1807, the casino company was founded and in 1808 the businessman's society opened. In 1810, the Constable's association was re-established after it closed in 1798. In 1798

3366-464: The focal point of the later settlement of Oberkirch. On the ruins of the villa, an Early Middle Ages cemetery was built, and by the 9th century, the Oberkirch church was built. Perhaps as a result of royal donation in the 9th century, or more likely a donation in the 13th century, the area around Frauenfeld belonged to the Dinghof (a church- or monastery-owned manor farm) of Erching . Erching had

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3432-500: The houses, so that the current face of the old city dates from the end of the 18th century. The Protestant Reformation affected the city. Although in 1531 only about 70 Catholics lived in the city, the Catholic Cantons helped administer Frauenfeld and the rest of the Thurgau. Catholic membership in the town council never fell below 33% and the two denominations alternated appointing mayors. For church affairs ever existed

3498-716: The last ten years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 10.8%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (83.3%), with Italian being second most common (4.7%) and Portuguese being third (3.7%). As of 2008, the gender distribution of the population was 48.4% male and 51.6% female. The population was made up of 8,263 Swiss men (36.5% of the population), and 2,708 (11.9%) non-Swiss men. There were 9,338 Swiss women (41.2%), and 2,356 (10.4%) non-Swiss women. In 2008 there were 143 live births to Swiss citizens and 59 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 200 deaths of Swiss citizens and 9 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration,

3564-487: The municipality. Of the working population, 16.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 42.7% used a private car. The headquarters of Sigg are located in Frauenfeld. From the 2000 census, 8,239 or 37.5% were Roman Catholic , while 9,255 or 42.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church . Of the rest of the population, there were 18 Old Catholics (or about 0.08% of the population) who belonged to

3630-478: The northwestern corner. The so-called Gachnanger Stock was in the northeast and the Spiegelhof with Holdertor (city gate) were in the southeast corner. In the 15th century the city was slowly fortified, but even in 1460 the outer rows of houses were not protected by city walls. In the 16th century most of the houses in the city were built from stone. The two city fires of 1771 and 1788 destroyed nearly all

3696-521: The population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule ). Frauenfeld is home to the Kantonsbibliothek Thurgau library. The library has (as of 2008) 276,628 books or other media, and loaned out 163,766 items in the same year. It was open a total of 256 days with average of 47 hours per week during that year. Frauenfeld

3762-441: The population of Swiss citizens decreased by 57 while the foreign population increased by 50. There were 14 Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland to another country, 25 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland to another country, 101 non-Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland to another country and 105 non-Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland to another country. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources)

3828-415: The population) who belong to a church not listed on the census. There were 1,585 (or about 7.22% of the population) who belong to no church, are agnostic or atheist , and 813 individuals (or about 3.70% of the population) who did not answer the question. Frauenfeld has an average of 133 days of rain or snow per year and on average receives 1,072 mm (42.2 in) of precipitation . The wettest month

3894-515: The sermon and prayers, are usually in Swiss Standard German. Generally in any educational setting Swiss Standard German is used (during lessons, lectures or tutorials). However, outside of lessons Swiss-German dialects are used, even when, for example, talking to a teacher about the class. The situations in which Swiss Standard German is spoken are characteristically formal and public, and there are situations where written communication

3960-499: The total) out of a total of 3,305 inhabited buildings. There were 263 two family buildings (8.0%), 132 three family buildings (4.0%) and 638 multi-family buildings (or 19.3%). There were 5,189 (or 23.6%) persons who were part of a couple without children, and 10,577 (or 48.2%) who were part of a couple with children. There were 1,346 (or 6.1%) people who lived in single parent home, while there are 126 persons who were adult children living with one or both parents, 101 persons who lived in

4026-472: The various dialects of Swiss German, they are occasionally written, but their written usage is mostly restricted to informal situations such as private text messages , e-mails , letters , notes, or within social media such as Facebook . The ability of German Swiss to transliterate their language into writing is an integral and important part of the identity and culture of German-speaking Switzerland. The default spoken language in German-speaking Switzerland

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4092-479: Was about 761.63 CHF (US$ 610, £340, €490), a three-room apartment was about 960.43 CHF (US$ 770, £430, €610) and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 1936.19 CHF (US$ 1550, £870, €1240). The average apartment price in Frauenfeld was 97.4% of the national average of 1116 CHF. In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 34.4% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were

4158-593: Was an increase of 46 and the non-Swiss population change was an increase of 169 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.0%. The age distribution, as of 2009, in Frauenfeld is; 2,135 children or 9.3% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 2,488 teenagers or 10.9% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 3,465 people or 15.1% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 3,048 people or 13.3% are between 30 and 39, 3,631 people or 15.9% are between 40 and 49, and 3,140 people or 13.7% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution

4224-508: Was built and a third village began to grow up around the castle. This village, which would become Frauenfeld, grew gradually on land owned by Reichenau Abbey . The original fortified tower grew into Frauenfeld Castle . Frauenfeld is first mentioned in 1246 as Vrowinvelt though it had been growing slowly during the second third of the 13th century. The village was inhabited by the knightly family of Hörigen (who were allied with Reichnau) and several other knightly families who were allied with

4290-668: Was known as the Vorort and was usually the canton which had called the Diet. The Diet was held in varying locations, with Zurich becoming increasingly important following the 16th century. The last three presiding cantons before the French invasion were Bern , Lucerne , and Zürich . Following the invasion and victory of the French Republican forces, the Old Swiss Confederation was disbanded and replaced by

4356-406: Was the 4 room apartment of which there were 3,198. There were 537 single room apartments and 1,091 apartments with six or more rooms. As of 2000 the average price to rent an average apartment in Frauenfeld was 1087.26 Swiss francs (CHF) per month (US$ 870, £490, €700 approx. exchange rate from 2000). The average rate for a one-room apartment was 508.43 CHF (US$ 410, £230, €330), a two-room apartment

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