78-792: Frauenkirche (Church of Our Lady) is a common dedication for churches in German-speaking countries, and may refer to: Frauenkirche, Dresden , a Protestant church in Dresden, Germany Frauenkirche, Munich , the Catholic cathedral in Munich, Germany Frauenkirche, Nuremberg , a Catholic church in Nuremberg, Germany See also [ edit ] Church of Our Lady (disambiguation) Liebfrauenkirche (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
156-532: A canon emeritus of Coventry Cathedral and a founder of the Dresden Trust, wrote: "The church is to Dresden what St. Paul's is to London". (Referring to St. Paul's Cathedral .) Additional organizations include France's Association Frauenkirche Paris and Switzerland's Verein Schweizer Freunde der Frauenkirch. Rebuilding the church cost €180 million. Dresdner Bank financed more than half of
234-432: A German-born American, saw the original Church of Our Lady as a boy when his refugee family took shelter in a town just outside Dresden days before the city was bombed. In 1994, he became the founder and president of the nonprofit " Friends of Dresden, Inc. ", a United States organization dedicated to supporting the reconstruction, restoration, and preservation of Dresden's artistic and architectural legacy. In 1999, Blobel won
312-687: A copy of the Augsburg Confession which is primary confession of faith of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Considered an outstanding example of Protestant sacred architecture , it featured one of the largest domes in Europe. It was originally built as a sign of the will of the citizens of Dresden to remain Protestant after their ruler had converted to Catholicism. Having been reconstructed, it now also serves as
390-525: A crucified Jesus. The anniversary prompted historians to reflect on the memory, meanings and influence of the Reformation over five centuries. It is a civic holiday in the German states of Brandenburg , Hamburg , Bremen , Lower Saxony , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt , Schleswig-Holstein and Thuringia . Slovenia celebrates it as well due to the profound contribution of
468-564: A decision had to be made by state parliaments on whether to make Reformation Day a permanent official holiday in these respective states. Proclamations about this were passed in Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein, while Lower Saxony and Bremen still await their own votes on the matter. In 2017, the press of the Vatican released a stamp to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the Reformation; the stamp depicts Luther and Melanchton kneeling before
546-420: A degree of anti-Catholicism and nationalism. In 1617, the celebration of faith concentrated on Lutheran orthodoxy , while in 1717, the event was more focused on the liberation from the papal rule. Luther was celebrated as God's elected tool against the slavery of the new Roman Babylon . In 1817, the victory over Napoleon influenced the celebrations and led to the anniversary's national orientation: Luther became
624-665: A direct connection to religious events of the 16th century Europe. In the United States, churches often transfer the holiday, so that it falls on the Sunday (called Reformation Sunday ) on or before 31 October, with All Saints' Day moved to the Sunday on or after 1 November. On 31 October 1999, the Lutheran World Federation and the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity signed
702-568: A distinctive silhouette, captured in famous paintings by Bernardo Bellotto , a nephew of the artist Canaletto (also known by the same name), and in Dresden by Moonlight (1839) by Norwegian painter Johan Christian Dahl . In 1849, the church was at the heart of the revolutionary disturbances known as the May Uprising . It was surrounded by barricades, and fighting lasted for days before those rebels who had not already fled were rounded up in
780-724: A greater centrality to sacred Scripture in the Church's life". Luther set a stone in motion that was unstoppable and changed the world forever. — Angela Merkel , Chancellor of Germany in Wittenberg on 31 October 2017 31 October 2017 was an official holiday in all of Germany. As a legal basis, German states which usually do not celebrate Reformation Day annually passed legislation or made regulations. These states are Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Berlin, Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland, and Schleswig-Holstein. In
858-517: A nationwide holiday . In 1516–1517, Johann Tetzel , a Dominican friar and papal commissioner for indulgences , was sent to Germany to raise money to rebuild St Peter's Basilica in Rome . On 31 October 1517, Martin Luther wrote to Albrecht, Archbishop of Mainz and Magdeburg , protesting against the sale of indulgences . He enclosed in his letter a copy of his " Disputation of Martin Luther on
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#1732765467016936-407: A symbol of reconciliation between former warring enemies. After the destruction of the church in 1945, the remaining ruins were left for nearly half a century as a war memorial, following decisions of local East German leaders. Following the reunification of Germany , it was decided to rebuild the church, starting in 1994. The reconstruction of its exterior was completed in 2004, and the interior
1014-630: A tourist destination in Dresden. In the first three years, seven million people have visited the church as tourists and to attend worship services. The project has inspired other revitalization projects throughout Europe, including the Dom-Römer Project in Frankfurt , the City Palace of Potsdam , and the City Palace, Berlin . In 2009, US President Barack Obama visited the church after a meeting with German Chancellor Angela Merkel in
1092-538: A year later The Society to Promote the Reconstruction of the Church of Our Lady, which began an aggressive private fund-raising campaign. The organisation grew to over 5,000 members in Germany and 20 other countries. A string of German auxiliary groups were formed, and three promotional organisations were created abroad. The project gathered momentum. As hundreds of architects, art historians and engineers sorted
1170-645: Is a Protestant Christian religious holiday celebrated on 31 October in remembrance of the onset of the Reformation . According to Philip Melanchthon , 31 October 1517 was the day Martin Luther nailed his Ninety-five Theses on the door of the All Saints' Church in Wittenberg , Electorate of Saxony , in the Holy Roman Empire . Historians and other experts on the subject argue that Luther may have chosen All Hallows' Eve on purpose to get
1248-410: Is considered a lesser festival, and is officially referred to as The Festival of the Reformation . Until the 20th century, most Lutheran churches celebrated Reformation Day on 31 October, regardless of which day of the week it occurred. Today, most Lutheran churches transfer the festival, so that it falls on the Sunday (called Reformation Sunday ) on or before 31 October and transfer All Saints' Day to
1326-529: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Church building disambiguation pages Frauenkirche, Dresden The Frauenkirche ( IPA: [ˈfʁaʊənˌkɪʁçə] , Church of Our Lady ) is a Lutheran church in Dresden , the capital of the German state of Saxony . Destroyed during the Allied firebombing of Dresden towards the end of World War II ,
1404-629: Is the Church of the Cross . Once a month, an Anglican Evensong is held in English, by clergy from St. George's Anglican Church, Berlin . A church dedicated to 'Our Lady' (Kirche zu unser Liebfrauen) was first built in the 11th century in a Romanesque style , outside the city walls and surrounded by a graveyard. The Frauenkirche was the seat of an archpriest in the Meissen Diocese until
1482-825: The Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification , regarding a resolution on some points of doctrinal disagreement between mainline Lutheran Churches and the Catholic Church (See also Criticism of Protestantism ). The World Methodist Council formally recognized the Declaration in 2006. In 2013, the Joint International Commission between representatives of the Lutheran World Federation and
1560-730: The Congress of Vienna . The 1917 anniversary was held amidst the First World War . The theme of "German Luther" was rather muted, marked by Germanophobia throughout the Anglo-Saxon world. In Germany, the anniversary was celebrated with nationalist elements. On Reformation Day in 2016, Pope Francis of the Catholic Church travelled to Sweden (where the Lutheran Church is the national Church ) to commemorate
1638-562: The Grünes Gewölbe . Architectural historian Mark Jarzombek complained that unidentifiable parts of the ruins were placed in arbitrary locations in the new building. As a result, he said, the socialist monument to the bombing was, in essence, dispersed throughout the fabric of the building. Reformation Day Electors of Saxony Holy Roman Emperors Building Literature Theater Liturgies Hymnals Monuments Calendrical commemoration Reformation Day
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#17327654670161716-688: The Nobel Prize for medicine and donated the entire amount of his award money (nearly US$ 1 million) to the organization for the restoration of Dresden, to the rebuilding of the Frauenkirche and the building of a new synagogue . It was the single largest individual donation to the project. In Britain, the Dresden Trust has Prince Edward, Duke of Kent , as its royal patron and the Bishop of Coventry among its curators. Dr. Paul Oestreicher ,
1794-890: The United States , the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America hosted an event to commemorate the Reformation in the Washington National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. , on Sunday, 29 October. The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod had various special Reformation services in their various districts to celebrate the 500th anniversary of the Reformation. In Germany, representatives from Lower Saxony , Schleswig-Holstein , Hamburg and Bremen concluded
1872-691: The "Frauenkirche Foundation Dresden", with the reconstruction backed by the State of Saxony , the City of Dresden and the Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Saxony . The new golden tower cross was funded officially by "the British people and the House of Windsor". It was made by the British silversmith company Grant Macdonald of which the main craftsman on the project was Alan Smith whose father
1950-431: The Catholic Church published a report entitled From Conflict to Communion , anticipating the forthcoming Lutheran-Catholic Common Commemoration of the Reformation in 2017 , which noted that "in 2017, Lutheran and Catholic Christians will commemorate together the 500th anniversary of the beginning of the Reformation". The "common commemoration" was a year-long remembrance concluded on Reformation Day 2017. Ten years after
2028-463: The Dresden townscape but also reassured the Saxonians that their ruler was not going to force the principle cuius regio, eius religio upon them. The original Baroque church was built between 1726 and 1743, and was designed by Dresden's city architect, George Bähr , who did not live to see the completion of his greatest work. Bähr's distinctive design for the church captured the new spirit of
2106-532: The Frauenkirche's 12,000-ton sandstone dome stood high resting on eight slender supports. Despite initial doubts, the dome proved to be extremely stable. Witnesses in 1760 said that the dome had been hit by more than 100 cannonballs fired by the Prussian army led by Friedrich II during the Seven Years' War . The projectiles bounced off and the church survived. The completed church gave the city of Dresden
2184-457: The German hero and the ideal role model for the bourgeoisie; he was depicted time and again in festive parades and popular prints. The "German Luther" also drew wide attention in 1917 during the First World War when nationalist themes were still recurring; at the same time, serious research of Luther's theology gained increasing importance. When the Lutheran areas of West Germany celebrated
2262-483: The Lutheran World Federation; and Pope Francis, Leader of the Catholic Church . Representatives from the Anglican Communion , Baptist World Alliance , Eastern Orthodox Church , and Salvation Army also participated in the predominantly Lutheran and Roman Catholic event. Pope Francis, in a joint statement with Bishop Munib Younan, stated that "With gratitude we acknowledge that the Reformation helped give
2340-604: The October Revolution at exactly the same time. In the Federal Republic of Germany, there were only local celebrations organised by the churches of the respective states. A central church event in Wittenberg on 31 October 1967 was held in order to keep up at least a pretence of an all-German Evangelical Church. According to some sources, Reformation Day has been commemorated since 1567. Exact dates for
2418-535: The Power and Efficacy of Indulgences ", which came to be known as the Ninety-five Theses . Hans Hillerbrand writes that Luther had no intention of confronting the church, but saw his disputation as a scholarly objection to church practices, and the tone of the writing is accordingly "searching, rather than doctrinaire". Hillerbrand writes that there is nevertheless an undercurrent of challenge in several of
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2496-603: The Protestant liturgy by placing the altar , pulpit , and baptismal font directly centre in view of the entire congregation . In 1736, famed organ maker Gottfried Silbermann built a three-manual, 43-stop instrument for the church. The organ was dedicated on 25 November and Johann Sebastian Bach gave a recital on the instrument on 1 December. The church's most distinctive feature was its unconventional high dome, 67 metres (220 ft) high, called die Steinerne Glocke or "Stone Bell". An engineering feat comparable to Michelangelo 's dome for St. Peter's Basilica in Rome ,
2574-915: The Psalms . This early part of Luther's career was one of his most creative and productive. Three of his best-known works were published in 1520: To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation , On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church , and On the Freedom of a Christian . The parish order for the New Church in Regensburg states that the Reformation of the city is to be observed the first Sunday after 15 October, every year. This document may be from 1567, however
2652-609: The Reformation Day as less important, and celebrate it in a similar manner to Lutherans. The nailing of the Ninety-five Theses sparked the discussion about Catholic beliefs and practices of the day. Reformed theology first emerged in 1516 with Huldrych Zwingli in Switzerland who decided to participate in this European-wide discussion after seeing Luther's postulates; all this would not have happened without
2730-496: The Reformation anniversary in 1967, 450 years after the posting of the theses, the event took place during an "ice age" in the relationship between the state and the Church in East Germany . This became clear through the attempt to secularise the Reformation with the concept of the "early bourgeois revolution" and through the pointed marginalisation of events organised by the Church, for example by means of holding celebrations of
2808-538: The Reformation at Lund Cathedral , which serves as the seat for the Lutheran Bishop of Lund . An official press release from the Holy See stated: The Lutheran World Federation (LWF) and Roman Catholic Church joint event will highlight the 50 years of continuous ecumenical dialogue between Catholics and Lutherans and the joint gifts of this collaboration. The Catholic-Lutheran commemoration of 499 years of
2886-471: The Reformation is structured around the themes of thanksgiving, repentance and commitment to common witness. The aim is to express the gifts of the Reformation and ask forgiveness for division perpetuated by Christians from the two traditions. An ecumenical service was presided over by Bishop Munib Younan , President of the Lutheran World Federation ; Martin Junge [ de ] , General Secretary of
2964-624: The Reformation to that nation's cultural development, although Slovenes are mainly Roman Catholics . With the increasing influence of Protestantism in Latin America (particularly newer groups such as various Evangelical Protestants , Pentecostals or Charismatics ), it has been declared a national holiday in Chile in 2009, and in Peru in 2017. Within the Lutheran church, Reformation Day
3042-449: The Reformation, when it became a Protestant church. This first Frauenkirche was torn down in 1727 and replaced by a new, larger church with a greater capacity. The Frauenkirche was re-built as a Lutheran ( Protestant ) parish church by the citizenry. Even though Saxony 's Prince-elector , Frederick August I , had converted to Catholicism to become King of Poland , he supported the construction which not only gave an impressive cupola to
3120-527: The Reformation. Some scholars have questioned Melanchthon's account, since he did not move to Wittenberg until a year later and no contemporaneous evidence exists for Luther's posting of the theses. Others counter that such evidence is unnecessary because it was the custom at Wittenberg university to advertise a disputation by posting theses on the door of All Saints' Church , also known as "Castle Church". The Ninety-five Theses were quickly translated from Latin into German, printed, and widely copied, making
3198-532: The Sunday on or after 1 November. Reformation Day ( Reformationsfest ) was celebrated in Leipzig in Johann Sebastian Bach 's time with a service, for which he composed church cantatas , including Gott der Herr ist Sonn und Schild , BWV 79 and Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott , BWV 80 . Although not shaped by Luther's doctrine, Calvinist churches throughout the world do not regard
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3276-582: The aircrews who took part in the bombing of Dresden. Before travelling to Dresden, the cross was exhibited for five years in churches across the United Kingdom including Coventry Cathedral , Liverpool Cathedral , St Giles Cathedral in Edinburgh , and St Paul's Cathedral in London. In February 2000, the cross was ceremonially handed over by Prince Edward, Duke of Kent , to be placed on the top of
3354-577: The attention of common people, although that has never been proven. Available data suggest that 31 October was the day when Luther sent his work to Albert of Brandenburg , the Archbishop of Mainz . This has been verified; it is now regarded as the start of the Reformation alongside the unconfirmed (Melanchthon appears to be the only source for that) nailing of the Ninety-five Theses/grievances to All Saints' Church's door on
3432-436: The authorities from clearing the ruins away to make a car park. In 1966, the remnants were officially declared a "memorial against war", and state-controlled commemorations were held there on the anniversaries of the destruction of Dresden. In 1982, the ruins began to be the site of a peace movement combined with peaceful protests against the East German regime. On the anniversary of the bombing, 400 citizens of Dresden came to
3510-426: The bombings, has been restored and again stands in front of the church. It is the work of sculptor Adolf von Donndorf from 1885. There are two devotional services every day and two liturgies every Sunday. Since October 2005, there has been an exhibition on the history and reconstruction of the Frauenkirche at the Stadtmuseum (City Museum) in Dresden's Alten Landhaus. Since re-opening, the Church of Our Lady has been
3588-422: The church and arrested. For more than 200 years, the bell-shaped dome stood over the skyline of old Dresden, dominating the city. Burials include Heinrich Schütz and George Bähr . On 13 February 1945, Allied forces began the bombing of Dresden in World War II . The church withstood two days and nights of the attacks, and the eight interior sandstone pillars supporting the large dome held up long enough for
3666-399: The church was reconstructed between 1994 and 2005. The current structure is the third church building to stand at this site. The earliest was founded as a Catholic church before being converted to Protestantism during the Reformation . It was replaced in the 18th century by a larger Baroque purpose-built Lutheran building. When its foundation stone was laid on 26 August 1726, it contained
3744-518: The city of Dresden in 2006. The church was reconsecrated with a festive service one day before Reformation Day . The rebuilt church is a monument reminding people of its history and a symbol of hope and reconciliation. As far as possible, the church – except for its dome – was rebuilt using original material and plans, with the help of modern technology. The heap of rubble was documented and carried off stone by stone. The approximate original position of each stone could be determined from its position in
3822-400: The controversy one of the first in history to be aided by the printing press . Within two weeks, copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany; within two months throughout Europe. Luther's writings circulated widely, reaching France, England, and Italy as early as 1519. Students thronged to Wittenberg to hear Luther speak. He published a short commentary on Galatians and his Work on
3900-457: The dating is uncertain. The 1569 church order in Pomerania states that the Reformation was to be observed on St. Martin's Day , which falls on 11 November. The hundredth anniversary of the Reformation, celebrated throughout the Protestant areas of Germany, was observed from 31 October to 1 November 1617, but a standard annual observance began much later, sometime after the two hundredth anniversary commemoration in 1717. The first annual observance
3978-413: The desire to rebuild the church. However, due to political circumstances in East Germany , the reconstruction came to a halt. The heap of ruins was conserved as a war memorial within the inner city of Dresden, as a direct counterpart to the ruins of Coventry Cathedral , which was destroyed by German bombing in 1940 and also serves as a war memorial in the United Kingdom . Because of the continuing decay of
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#17327654670164056-442: The dome a few days after the 60th commemoration of D-Day on 22 June 2004. The external structure of the Frauenkirche was completed. For the first time since the last war, the completed dome and its gilded cross grace Dresden's skyline as in centuries prior. The cross that once topped the dome, now twisted and charred, stands to the right of the new altar. Builders decided not to reproduce the 1736 Gottfried Silbermann organ, despite
4134-464: The evacuation of 300 people who had sought shelter in the church crypt, before succumbing to the heat generated by some 650,000 incendiary bombs that were dropped on the city. The temperature surrounding and inside the church eventually reached 1,000 °C (1,830 °F). The dome finally collapsed at 10 a.m. on 15 February. The pillars glowed bright red and exploded; the outer walls shattered and nearly 6,000 tons of stone plunged to earth, penetrating
4212-441: The events of 31 October 1517. French lawyer John Calvin joined the theological conversation in 1536 with publication of his Institutes of the Christian Religion . Other Protestant denominations differ in their celebration of this holiday from the Lutheran and Reformed way of honoring the events, to a complete lack of observance. In 2016, Anglicans from the Diocese of Chile of the Anglican Church of South America participated in
4290-404: The fact that the original design papers, description, and details exist, giving rise to the Dresden organ dispute (" Dresdner Orgelstreit "). When installed, the Silbermann organ had three manuals with 43 ranks and over the years had been remodeled and expanded to five manuals with 80 ranks. Daniel Kern of Strasbourg , Alsace , completed a 4,873 pipe organ for the structure in April 2005 and it
4368-470: The first time in his domains. After celebrations in 1717 and 1817, it became more and more popular across Europe. After the Thirty Years' War ended in 1648, it made an impact with observations in 1717 being largely anti-Catholic. The 1817 anniversary was largely nationalist in outlook, being impacted by some of the most important events in human history: the French Revolution , the Napoleonic Wars , and political and territorial rearranging of Europe with
4446-440: The following year. The church was reconsecrated on 30 October 2005 with festive services lasting through the Protestant observance of Reformation Day on 31 October. The surrounding Neumarkt square with its many valuable baroque buildings was also reconstructed in 2004. The Frauenkirche is often called a cathedral, but it is not the seat of a bishop; the church of the Landesbischof of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Saxony
4524-465: The fragments lay under the rubble. The building vanished from Dresden's skyline, and the blackened stones would lie in wait in a pile in the centre of the city for the next 45 years as Communist rule enveloped what was now East Germany . Shortly after the end of World War II, residents of Dresden had already begun salvaging unique stone fragments from the Church of Our Lady and numbering them for future use in reconstruction. Popular sentiment discouraged
4602-423: The heap. Every usable piece was measured and catalogued. A computer imaging program that could move the stones three-dimensionally around the screen in various configurations was used to help architects find where the original stones sat and how they fit together. Of the millions of stones used in the rebuilding, more than 8,500 original stones were salvaged from the original church and approximately 3,800 reused in
4680-421: The holiday varied until after the two hundredth celebration in 1717 when 31 October became the official date of celebration in Germany and later expanded internationally. In 1617, the celebration of faith concentrated on Lutheran orthodoxy. In early 1617, the Lutheran duke and elector John George I of Saxony received a politically delicate dispatch. The University of Wittenberg asked for permission to celebrate
4758-407: The indulgences have been destroyed; in memory of this we both drink and are comforted at this hour. — Martin Luther to Nikolaus von Amsdorf on 1 November 1527 In Germany , with wars related to the Reformation reaching into 1648 , and continued Catholic–Protestant animosity all over Europe well into the early 20th century, most of the following Reformation anniversaries were tainted by
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#17327654670164836-417: The massive floor as it fell. The altar , a relief depiction of Jesus ' Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane on the Mount of Olives by Johann Christian Feige , was only partially damaged during the bombing raid and fire that destroyed the church. The altar and the structure behind it, the chancel , were among the remnants left standing. Features of most of the figures were lopped off by falling debris and
4914-427: The memory of its former lecturer Martin Luther. The duke agreed and made the commemoration obligatory for all of Electoral Saxony. The worship services and sermons were, however, all prewritten and prescribed in detail and provided as a recommendation to other Protestant regional rulers as well. They did not want any trouble with the Catholics. In 1667, John George II, Elector of Saxony made it an official holiday for
4992-461: The quality of the mortar or pigments of the paint (as in the 18th century, copious quantities of eggs were used to make the color that provides the interior with its almost luminescent glow). When it came time to duplicate the oak doors of the entrance, the builders had only vague descriptions of the detailed carving. Because people (especially wedding parties) often posed for photos outside the church doors, they issued an appeal for old photographs and
5070-484: The reconstruction costs via a "donor certificates campaign", collecting almost €70 million after 1995. The bank itself contributed more than seven million Euros, including more than one million donated by its employees. Over the years, thousands of watches containing tiny fragments of Church of Our Lady stone were sold, as were specially printed medals. One sponsor raised nearly €2.3 million through symbolic sales of individual church stones. Funds raised were turned over to
5148-456: The reconstruction. As the older stones are covered with a darker patina , due to fire damage and weathering, the difference between old and new stones will be clearly visible for many years after reconstruction. Two thousand pieces of the original altar were cleaned and incorporated into the new structure. The builders relied on thousands of old photographs, memories of worshippers and church officials, and crumbling old purchase orders detailing
5226-413: The response – which included entire wedding albums – allowed artisans to recreate the original doors. The new gilded orb and cross on top of the dome was forged by Grant Macdonald Silversmiths in London using the original 18th-century techniques as much as possible. It was constructed by Alan Smith, a British goldsmith from London whose father, Frank, was a member of one of
5304-450: The ruins in silence with flowers and candles, part of a growing East German civil rights movement . By 1989, the number of protesters in Dresden, Leipzig , and other parts of East Germany had increased to tens of thousands. On 9 November 1989, the Berlin Wall "fell" and the inner German border dividing East and West Germany toppled. This opened the way to German reunification . During the last months of World War II, residents expressed
5382-417: The ruins, Dresden leaders decided in 1985 (after the Semperoper was finally finished) to rebuild the Church of Our Lady after the completion of the reconstruction of Dresden Castle . The reunification of Germany , brought new life to the reconstruction plans. In 1989, a 14-member group of enthusiasts headed by Ludwig Güttler , a noted Dresden musician, formed a Citizens' Initiative. From that group emerged
5460-614: The same date. The holiday is significant for the Lutheran and Reformed Churches, although other Protestant communities also tend to commemorate the day. The Roman Catholic Church recognized it only recently, and often sends its official representatives in ecumenical spirit to various commemoration events held by Protestants. It is lawfully and officially recognized in some states of Germany and sovereign countries of Slovenia and Chile . In addition, countries like Switzerland and Austria provide specifics in laws pertaining to Protestant churches, while not officially proclaiming it
5538-421: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Frauenkirche . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frauenkirche&oldid=1083900945 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
5616-511: The theses, particularly in Thesis 86, which asks: "Why does the pope, whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus , build the basilica of St. Peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money?" Luther objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory [also attested as 'into heaven'] springs." He insisted that, since forgiveness
5694-488: The thousands of stones, identifying and labeling each for reuse in the new structure, others worked to raise money. IBM provided a key element by contracting with RTI International, a nonprofit research institute in Research Triangle Park NC to create an interactive virtual reality representation of the Church. The VR drew donations large and small, helping to make the project possible. Günter Blobel ,
5772-421: Was God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error. Christians, he said, must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances. According to Philipp Melanchthon , writing in 1546, Luther "wrote theses on indulgences and posted them on the church of All Saints on 31 October 1517", an event now seen as sparking
5850-478: Was completed in 1996 and the inner cupola in 2000. Seven new bells were cast for the church and rang for the first time for the Pentecost celebration in 2003. The exterior was completed ahead of schedule in 2004 and the interior painted in 2005. The intensive efforts to rebuild this world-famous landmark were completed in 2005, one year earlier than originally planned, and in time for the 800-year anniversary of
5928-555: Was inaugurated in October of that year; Samuel Kummer was the organist until 2022. The Kern organ contains all the stops which were in the Silbermann organ and attempts to recreate their sounds. The Kern work contains 68 stops and a fourth swell manual in the symphonic 19th century style which is apt for the organ literature composed after the baroque period. A bronze statue of reformer and theologian Martin Luther , which survived
6006-542: Was instituted by John George II, Elector of Saxony in his domains in 1667. It is celebrated among various Protestants, especially by Lutheran and Reformed Churches . Due to ecumenical movements , some other Christian groups now tend to acknowledge or co-participate in church services celebrating Reformation Day. That includes the Roman Catholic Church , as well as various Protestant denominations that are neither Lutheran or Reformed, i.e. those that lack
6084-611: Was one of the bomber pilots responsible for the destruction of the church. Using original plans from builder Georg Bähr in the 1720s, the Dresden City Council decided to proceed with reconstruction in February 1992. A rubble-sorting ceremony started the event in January 1993 under the direction of church architect and engineer Eberhard Burger . The foundation stone was laid in 1994, and stabilized in 1995. The crypt
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