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61-414: Fredensborg-Humlebæk municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007) . It was merged with Karlebo Kommune municipality to form the new Fredensborg Kommune . This created a municipality with an area of 112 km² and a total population of 39,187 (2005). The new municipality belongs to Region Hovedstaden ("Capital Region"). The town of Fredensborg

122-542: A sui generis entity possessing an international personality. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta has likewise been described as a " sui generis primary subject of public international law". Another entity widely considered to have sui generis international legal personality is the International Committee of the Red Cross . In local government, a sui generis entity does not fit with

183-448: A confederation but less than a federation, thus being appropriately classified as an instance of neither political form. Compared to other international organizations, the EU is often considered "sui generis" because its legal system comprehensively rejects any use of retaliatory sanctions by one member state against another. A similar case that led to the use of the label sui generis is

244-728: A country's general scheme of local governance. For example, in England, the City of London and the Isles of Scilly are the two sui generis localities, as their forms of local government are both (for historical or geographical reasons) very different from those of elsewhere in the country. In a press conference during which reporters were trying to analyse his political personality, Huey Long said "say that I am sui generus , and let it go at that". The Joint Council of Municipalities in Croatia

305-453: A court's contempt powers arise sui generis and not from statute or rule. The New York Court of Appeals has used the term in describing cooperative apartment corporations, mostly because this form of housing is considered real property for some purposes and personal property for other purposes. When citing cases and other authorities, lawyers and judges may refer to "a sui generis case", or "a sui generis authority", meaning it

366-525: A final agreement merging many municipalities, as well as abolishing the 13 counties and setting up five regions , was reached by the parties Venstre , Conservative People's Party , Danish People's Party , Social Democratic Party and Det Radikale Venstre . Presented in February 2005 to the Folketing , the lawmakers finally approved the last of the 50 bills needed for the mergers by voting for

427-450: A maximum of 31 and minimum of 19 municipal councillors and the guidelines for a municipality with less than 20,000 inhabitants being a maximum of 31 and minimum of 9 municipal councillors. These guidelines replaced the old guidelines with the council elections in 2005 after the laws initiating the structural reform were passed in parliament. Many newly formed municipalities have chosen to have a maximum number of councillors so that all parts of

488-520: A merger from 1 January 2003, before the reform, that is 68 merged municipalities in all. 238 municipalities were merged 1 January 2007 to form 66 municipalities for a total of 245 merged municipalities in 2003, 2006, and 2007. The 30 remaining municipalities have not merged. Lolland , and Sønderborg each consist of seven (7) former municipalities. Before the merger on Bornholm there were 275 municipalities and 14 counties. Two sui generis municipalities, namely Copenhagen and Frederiksberg , were never

549-414: A part of a county, but were counties in their own right. Many of the responsibilities of the former counties were taken over by the 98 municipalities. With the increased responsibilities, the income tax rate that each of the 98 municipalities levies was raised by three percentage points on 1 January 2007. This tax had once been a part of the tax levied by the former counties. The archipelago of Ertholmene

610-460: A statute may require consideration of large vehicles separately from other vehicles. The word "large" is ambiguous per se but may be considered "heavy". The relevant legislation (in Australian law) contain sections called "Terms used" or "Definitions" that itemise all words deemed ambiguous and confers specific interpretations consistent with natural language. One indicates "heavy vehicle" means

671-516: A vehicle with a GVM over 4.5 tons, and GVM means "gross vehicle mass", the maximum loaded mass of the vehicle. Further explanations cover various contingencies. Thus, "large" is equivalent to "heavy" and is (for this unique case) clearly defined sui generis . In U.S. attorney admissions, an applicant for admission to the practice of law may be referred to the state committee on character and fitness, where proceedings are "neither civil nor criminal, but are sui generis". In town and country planning in

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732-562: Is a sui generis council of municipalities in the east of the country that was formed after the Erdut Agreement and UNTAES mission aimed at protection of the rights of the ethnic Serb community in the region and is, as such, unique form of local cooperation and minority self-government in Croatia. In sociology, methodological holists argue that social phenomena exist in their own right (sui generis) and are not reducible to

793-409: Is a Latin phrase that means "of its/their own kind" or "in a class by itself", therefore "unique". Several disciplines use the term to refer to unique entities. These include: In the taxonomical structure " genus → species ", a species is described as sui generis if its genus was created to classify it (i.e., its uniqueness at the time of classification merited the creation of a new genus,

854-506: Is a special one confined to its own facts and, therefore, may not be of broader application. Generally speaking, protection for intellectual property extends to intellectual creations to incentivize innovation and depends upon the nature of the work and its characteristics . The main types of intellectual property law are: copyright , which protects creative works; patent , which protects invention; trade secret , which protects information not generally known or readily ascertainable that

915-787: Is not part of any municipality, but is administered by the Ministry of Defence . The average land area of a Danish municipality is 432.59 km , 167.08 square miles. The area given in each article about municipalities – and regions – is the total area of land and water, of which the latter can make up a large part for instance in Halsnæs Municipality . The Constitution of Denmark states: "Article 82. The right of municipalities to manage their own affairs independently, under State supervision, shall be laid down by statute." 2,522 municipal councillors (and 205 regional councillors) were elected on Tuesday 15 November 2005 , being

976-406: Is situated on the shores of the Øresund, and is surrounded by small patches of forest and fields on its three remaining sides. Once a residence for fishermen, today the town is a part of suburban Copenhagen, and is mainly composed of residential areas. There are several small but pleasant beaches along the coast; some of these are public beaches. The best known attraction in the former municipality

1037-800: Is the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art . 55°58′05″N 12°23′58″E  /  55.96806°N 12.39944°E  / 55.96806; 12.39944 Municipalities of Denmark#Municipal Reform 2007 Denmark is divided into five regions , which contain 98 municipalities ( Danish : kommuner , [kʰoˈmuːnɐ] ; sg. kommune , [-nə] ). The Capital Region has 29 municipalities, Southern Denmark 22, Central Denmark 19, Zealand 17 and North Denmark 11. The government intends to merge R. Hovedstaden with R. Sjælland 1 January 2027 to form Region Østdanmark ( Region of Eastern Denmark ). The regional council will have 41 members, and will be elected Tuesday 18 November 2025 in

1098-412: Is the site of Fredensborg Palace . The palace by Lake Esrum ( Esrum Sø ) has special status among Danish palaces as the royal couple's most used residence. The palace was built in the 18th century, and is in the baroque style. It is often used for official purposes, as well as privately by the royal family. The town of Humlebæk has railroad connection to Elsinore ( Helsingør ) and Copenhagen . It

1159-663: Is valuable to the secret holder; and trademark , which protects branding and other exclusive properties of products and services. Any matter that meets these criteria can be protected. Sui generis statutes exist in many countries that extend intellectual property protection to matter that does not meet characteristic definitions. For example, integrated circuit layouts , ship hull designs , fashion designs in France, databases , and plant varieties require sui generis statutes because of their unique characteristics. The United States, Japan, Australia, and many EU countries protect

1220-525: The 1098 municipalities existing at the start of 1970 (with around 10,000 councillors) were merged to form 277 new municipalities. A few years later, the number was slightly reduced again to 275 as a few municipalities in Copenhagen County merged. 1 April 1974, Sengeløse municipality merged with Høje-Taastrup Municipality , and Store Magleby parish merged with Dragør parish to form the new Dragør Municipality . The voters of Sengeløse – which

1281-450: The Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2020, the following uses were added as sui generis: The grant of private hire vehicle (taxicab) operators licences by local authorities frequently has a condition that the appropriate sui generis change of use planning permission is granted to those premises to ensure those businesses cannot trade lawfully without

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1342-797: The United Kingdom , in particular, relating to the Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) Order 1987 , many common types of land use are categorised into specific "use classes". Change of use of land within a use class does not require planning permission; changing between use classes might require planning permission, and approval is always needed if the new use is sui generis . Examples of sui generis uses include embassies , theatres , amusement arcades , laundrettes , taxi or vehicle hire businesses, petrol filling stations , scrapyards , nightclubs , motor car showrooms , retail warehouses, clubs and hostels . As of 1 September 2020 following

1403-481: The Volcano as a sui generis movie. Film critic Michael Brooke used the term to describe Fantastic Planet , a 1973 Franco-Czech sci-fi animated film directed by René Laloux . In law , it is a term of art used to identify a legal classification that exists independently of other categorizations, either because of its singularity or due to the specific creation of an entitlement or obligation. For example,

1464-443: The actions of individuals. For example, Emile Durkheim argued that the suicide rate was a social phenomenon sui generis (existing over and above the actions of individuals) In a social constructionist perspective, " sui generis is what has been externalized, then internalized in the overall public and becomes a part of society that exists in its construct. It is not something that is not thought to have been created because it

1525-477: The bills 16 June 2005. The laws became effective 26 June 2005, as always the day after publication in Lovtidende . Half of the bills received support from more political parties than the three parties with the political majority of 94 seats. Then the mergers were specified and approved in a departmental order (Danish: ministeriel bekendtgørelse ) signed 29 June 2005 by Lars Løkke Rasmussen , then minister of

1586-419: The council election 29 May 2002 in the municipality of Bornholm ) and 205 (regional board councillors) (1998: 374 county board councillors) respectively. Until 31 December 2006 Denmark was divided into 13 counties , and 270 municipalities. Sui generis Sui generis ( / ˌ s uː i ˈ dʒ ɛ n ər ɪ s / SOO -ee JEN -ər-iss , Classical Latin : [ˈsʊ.iː ˈɡɛnɛrɪs] )

1647-454: The counties (1970–2006) (Danish (singular) amtskommune lit.   ' county municipality ' ) are not municipalities . The 270 municipalities were consolidated into 98 larger units, most of which have at least 20,000 inhabitants. 67 of the present municipalities are mergers as a result of the administrative reform, with Ærø being allowed to merge already on 1 January 2006, and one municipality, Bornholm Regional Municipality , being

1708-528: The county to form Bornholm regional municipality , in the process abolishing the county and thereby reducing the number of counties to 13. This brought the number of municipalities down to 271 from 1 January 2003. After the general election in 2001 and the formation of a new government, a new municipal reform was discussed. Among the reasons advanced in favour of the reform were more synergies through economies of scale (critical mass and greater professional and financial sustainability) and big item discounts and

1769-559: The expression to indicate an idea, an entity , or a reality that cannot be reduced to a lower concept or included in a higher concept. G. E. Moore , for example, refuted reductive ethical naturalism in moral theories like utilitarianism by arguing that moral properties (like good or bad) could not be reduced to or equated with non-moral properties (like pleasure) because moral properties are sui generis. This can be seen in Moore's open-question argument . In political philosophy ,

1830-430: The first councils elected since the new reform. In 1997 there were 4,685 municipal and 374 county councillors in the then-275 municipalities and 14 counties. As an example of the reduction in the number of councillors, Bornholm in the 1970s and 1980s had a total of 122 councillors (from 1999:89) in five municipalities and one county (18 county councillors in the 1990s [from 1999: 15]). After the merger on 1 January 2003, of

1891-418: The five municipalities and the county, there was one single municipal council with 27 municipal councillors. They were reduced to 23 from 1 January 2018. After 1 January 2007, when Bornholm Regional Municipality lost its (short-lived – four years: 2003 until 2006) county privileges, there has been talk of a reduction to 19 municipal councillors, the guidelines for a municipality with over 20,000 inhabitants being

Fredensborg-Humlebæk Municipality - Misplaced Pages Continue

1952-481: The four-year term of office (1 January) 1982 – (31 December) 1985. November 1985 local elections were for the following four-year term of office (1986–1989), etc. The election pages can be accessed from the templates at the bottom of each election page. Number of municipal councillors elected and term of office : Until the municipal reform of 1 April 1970, the number of councillors in Danish municipalities and counties

2013-473: The government coalition of Venstre (then 56 seats) and the Conservative People's Party (then 16 seats), thus securing 94 seats (90 needed for a majority in the 179 seat Folketing ). The laws behind the mergers were subjected to a hearing from 1 December 2004 to collect opinions – for or against or to modify the laws – from organisations and individuals. After the national election of 2005

2074-533: The interior and health . As a curiosity, all of Billund Airport , then partly located in Give Municipality , became a part of Billund Municipality , and any future expansion of the airport will also become a part of that municipality. The first elections to the new regions and municipalities were held in November 2005. The reform replaced the structure of municipalities and counties introduced with

2135-505: The international community to develop adaptive legal responses to emerging global challenges and contexts that are not adequately addressed by traditional international law. They often also serve as precursors to the evolution of wider customary international law or the development of new treaties and conventions. The uniqueness of sui generis legal regimes can sometimes make them challenging to interpret, enforce, or harmonize with existing legal frameworks. Analytic philosophy often uses

2196-426: The jurisdiction of a municipality in one county to the jurisdiction of a municipality in another county. Many of the 275 municipalities after 1 April 1974 built large city halls to consolidate the administration, thus changing the cityscape of Denmark. It also consolidated other municipal enterprises and the purchase of goods and services from the private sector. Until 1978 the fiscal year from 1 April to 31 March

2257-525: The mayor and treasurer/supervisor of the administration (Danish kæmner – a term last used until 1996 – in Sindal , today a part of Hjørring Municipality ), both employed part-time). In 1970, a municipal reform ended the distinction between parish municipalities and market city municipalities. With the reform of 1970, the term municipality ( kommune ) replaced the previous two terms, which are now never used except for historical purposes. By 1 April 1970,

2318-442: The mergers, because the center-rightwing voters in the merged municipalities would be in minority at the elections. (Since 1 January 1962 only two mayors of Høje-Taastrup have been Social Democrats, namely Per Søndergaard from 1 April 1978 until 31 December 1981 (three years and nine months), and Anders Bak (1948–2006) from 1986 until 2005 (20 years); Michael Ziegler, Conservative People's Party, has been mayor from 1 January 2006). Thus

2379-548: The municipalities; after that part of the central government Ministry of Taxation), electoral wards , and parishes in the Church of Denmark also were reduced in number following the municipal reform. The 2007 reform reduced the number of local and regional politicians by almost half to 2,522 (municipal councillors) ( council elections November 2005 ; reduced in the 2009 elections to 2,468; in 2013 2,444; in 2017 2,432) (1978: 4,735; 1989: 4,826; 1998: 4,685; reduced somewhat in

2440-631: The new municipalities and the small political parties have a chance of representation in the new councils: Copenhagen Municipality has 55 municipal councillors on its council , and populous municipalities such as Århus and Aalborg have 31 each, and Odense and Frederiksberg (Frb from 1 Jan 2022) have 29. Gentofte (from 17 to 19 councillors in elections 2009), Glostrup (from 17 to 19 cllrs in 2009), Hørsholm (from 15 to 19 cllrs in 2005), Ishøj (from 17 to 19 cllrs in 2009), Solrød (from 15 to 19 cllrs in 2009), and Tårnby (from 17 to 19 cllrs in 2009) are examples of municipalities that have increased

2501-408: The number of councillors because of the new guidelines. Council elections are held on the third Tuesday of November every four years. The previous elections were held on 16 November 2021. The newly formed five regional and 66 municipal councils acted as transitional merger committees ( sammenlægningsudvalg ) in 2006 with the responsibility of arranging the mergers (singular sammenlægning ) of

Fredensborg-Humlebæk Municipality - Misplaced Pages Continue

2562-402: The number of municipalities down to 270 that were finally reduced by mergers from 1 January 2007 to form 98 municipalities. Since the counties were not the only structure based on the municipal layout of Denmark, other related changes were carried out as well. Thus, police districts (reduced from 54 to 12), court districts (reduced from 82 to 24), tax districts (before 2007 the responsibility of

2623-433: The number of municipalities was 277 from 1 April 1970 to 1 April 1974, from that date dropping to 275. Also on 1 April 1974, Avedøre , which was part of Glostrup Municipality , was conjoined with Hvidovre Municipality . This combination was logical, as Avedøre borders Hvidovre, but is separated from Glostrup. Other minor municipal border adjustments - between 100 and 150 - were made 1 April 1972, sometimes moving an area from

2684-415: The old counties and municipalities into five and 66 new entities respectively. The 238 municipal councils and 13 county councils that were to be merged and replaced/abolished just continued their work one extra year beyond the fixed four-year term of office they were elected for (2002–2005) until 2006, and then ceased to exist. 32 municipalities including those of the recently formed Ærø Municipality (which

2745-413: The ordinary 2025 Danish local elections . This structure was established per an administrative reform (Danish: Strukturreformen ; English: ( The ) Structural Reform ) of the public sector of Denmark, effective 26 June 2005 (council elections 15 November 2005), which abolished the 13 counties ( amter ; singular amt ) and created five regions ( regioner ; singular region ) which unlike

2806-476: The possibility of offering a wider array of services closer to the public (via a one-stop place of access to the public sector not unlike the unitary councils ) Also, the reform was intended to alleviate the financial problems of depopulation in some areas due to limited job opportunities, high unemployment and aging, and to make introduction of new information technology more affordable. In short: fewer people, fewer municipalities. A commission on structural reform

2867-403: The process – because of its remote location 150 km (93 mi) southeast of Copenhagen retains some regional functions and is thus called a de facto regional municipality. It performs some tasks that are only performed by the regions in the rest of Denmark. (From 1 January 2016 and 2018 Ærø Municipality and Fanø Municipality , respectively, will also handle a task on the islands which

2928-472: The reform of 1970. Three sui generis municipalities who were also counties lost their county privileges and became part of the Capital Region of Denmark , although one of these three municipalities, Bornholm , which was created 1 January 2003 after the merger of its county with the five municipalities was approved in a law by the Folketing 19 March 2002 – thereby abolishing one of the 14 counties in

2989-517: The relationship of New Caledonia relative to France because the legal status of New Caledonia can aptly be said to lie somewhere between a French overseas collectivity and a sovereign nation . Although other examples of such status for further dependent or disputed territories may exist, this arrangement is unique within the French realm. The legal status of the Holy See is also described as

3050-485: The relevant planning consent. When applied to international law, " sui generis " refers to situations which are distinct and thus not easily categorized under existing legal frameworks or conventions. Sui generis in international law may suggest novel legal frameworks to address unprecedented issues using a new set of legal principles. For example, the legal status of the internet or space law. Sui generis systems can be crucial in international law because they allow

3111-506: The sole member of which was initially the sui generis species). A species that is the sole extant member of its genus (e.g., the genus Homo ) is not necessarily sui generis ; extinctions may have eliminated other congeneric species. A sui generis genus may also be called a monotypic genus . A book, movie, television series, or other artistic creation is called sui generis when it does not fit into standard genre boundaries. Movie critic Richard Schickel identifies Joe Versus

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3172-521: The topography of semiconductor chips and integrated circuits under sui generis laws, which borrow some aspects from patent or copyright law. In the U.S., this sui generis law is known as the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984 . In statutory interpretation , sui generis refers to the problem of giving meaning to groups of words where one of the words is ambiguous or inherently unclear. In road traffic law,

3233-476: The unparalleled development of the European Union as compared with other international organizations has led to its designation as a sui generis geopolitical entity. The legal nature of the EU is widely debated because its mixture of intergovernmental and supranational elements causes it to share characteristics with both confederal and federal entities. It is generally considered more than

3294-474: Was around 10,000 in around 1,000 parish municipalities ( sognekommuner ), being supervised by their county, and market city municipalities ( købstadskommuner ), the latter numbering 86 (including Bornholm whose county as an exception supervised the county's six market city municipalities (of 21 in total)) and not being part of a county but being supervised by the Interior Ministry. The reform

3355-488: Was changed from 1 April until 31 March into 1 January until 31 December, local elections were held in March and the elected councillors took their seats the following month, 1 April. Elections were held in even years (a few examples given here): March 1966, March 1970, March 1974, March 1978. Term of office for local politicians elected in 1978 was 1 April 1978 until 31 December 1981. Local elections were held in November 1981 for

3416-431: Was created a municipality 1 April 1970 but only existed until 31 March 1974, being deemed too small in population – and Store Magleby parish were almost exclusively owner-occupiers, who voted center-rightwing in elections for the municipal council, whereas Høje-Taastrup Municipality and Dragør parish consisted of mainly tenants who rented their apartments and who voted center-leftwing, so heated debates took place before

3477-505: Was formerly the responsibility of the Region of Southern Denmark , namely public mass transit.) Almost all the mergers of the municipalities took place 1 January 2007, but Marstal municipality and Ærøskøbing municipality , both on the island of Ærø , after a referendum on the island had decided to merge the two municipalities, were allowed by the Danish government to merge already from 1 January 2006 to form Ærø municipality , thus bringing

3538-466: Was in use in the public sector since a law was passed in 1849. As a consequence of a law passed by the Folketing in 1976, from 1 January 1979 the fiscal year is concurrent with the calendar year . Many reforms and laws passed prior to 1979 therefore have effect from 1 April. The 275 municipalities existed from 1 April 1974 until 31 December 2002, when the five municipalities on Bornholm merged with

3599-413: Was included in the reform) and Bornholm Regional Municipality (which was not merged as a result of the reform, merger decided locally by voters already 29 May 2001 and made effective from 1 January 2003) remained unchanged and were not merged with other municipalities. Local elections have also been held in odd years earlier, but immediately before 1 January 1979, when the fiscal year in the public sector

3660-723: Was initiated from 1958 by the Interior Minister Søren Olesen , (1891–1973), a member of the Justice Party of Denmark . The number of municipalities was reduced during the period from April 1962 to 1966 when 398 existing municipalities merged voluntarily to form 118 new ones. The number of municipalities was the highest in 1965, at 1345 – with more than 10,000 councillors – of which 88 were market city municipalities, including Copenhagen and Frederiksberg, and 1257 were parish municipalities (821 (the least populous; see table) of which had no staff employed except

3721-715: Was set up by the government 1 October 2002 and presented its report 9 January 2004. It was then presented to politicians, researchers, and journalists, more than 1,000 in all, 14 January 2004 in Vingstedcentret in Egtved Municipality near Vejle . The government put forward a proposal in April 2004, and a parliamentary majority backing the reform was secured 24 June 2004 when the Danish People's Party (then 22 seats) said it would support an agreement with

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