The Frederiksborger is Denmark's oldest horse breed. It's founded in 16th century by the Frederick II of Denmark .
92-849: The Royal Frederiksborg Stud was founded in 1562 under King Frederik II , who populated it with the Neapolitan horse and the Iberian forerunners of the Andalusian horse . As the Norfolk Roadster and Arab-bred horses gained popularity later on, they, too, were selected to stand at the royal stud. As a courtly mount, the Frederiksborg had to be agile and trainable for the courtiers' pursuits in haute ecole and warfare , stylish and high-stepping for parades and court ceremonies, and strong and uniform in appearance to trot before
184-426: A brand on the left thigh. The brand identifies his registry. Although foals are not usually scored, some registries award "Premium" status to high-quality foals, and colts may be deemed stallion prospects by the judge(s). Foal inspections are also used to determine whether or not a stallion is producing offspring that fit the breeding goal. The first method of evaluating breeding stock in many warmblood registries
276-414: A "Pre-Mare Book", though she generally cannot produce stallion sons. What constitutes "approved" also depends on the registry. Most studbook inspections follow a similar outline. The horse is judged on their conformation from each side, and then led to and away the judge(s) at the walk and trot on a hard surface to show the gaits . To evaluate the canter, horses are turned loose in an enclosed area one at
368-559: A campaign under the aged Johan Rantzau , which reconquered Dithmarschen . However, after miscalculating the cost of the Northern Seven Years' War , he pursued a more prudent foreign policy . The remainder of Frederick II's reign was a period of tranquillity, in which king and nobles prospered. Frederick spent more time hunting and feasting with his councillors, and focused on architecture and science. During his reign, many building projects were begun, including additions to
460-401: A final test. The training environment, usually held at one of the state-owned stud farms, is standardized to increase the reliability of the results. Before the final test, the training director scores the horses on a number of traits. The final test is run by visiting experts and guest riders, who also score the horses. The results of the station test provide insight into the physical ability and
552-419: A foal with two Oldenburg parents may not be accepted through studbook selection to be an Oldenburg. The pattern of studbook selection varies from nation to nation and registry to registry, but among horse registries, particularly warmblood registries, the general outline includes an inspection of foals before formal registration, evaluation of conformation and movement of broodmares , and evaluation of
644-411: A good temperament is balanced, attentive, responsive, sensitive with a desire to please. A horse with a good constitution is resilient physically and psychologically, not succumbing to pressure, and is healthy with a lot of stamina. A willing horse is courageous, curious, trainable and does not balk from being asked to work. The basic gaits are evaluated under saddle both during the training period and by
736-545: A half-hearted attempt to do so in 1568, but neither Frederik nor his Swedish opponent was willing to concede defeat. The war developed into an extremely expensive war of attrition in which the areas of Scania were ravaged by the Swedes, and Norway was almost lost. During this war, King Frederick II led his army personally on the battlefield, but although with some small success, overall without much result. The council, in cutting off financial support, had hoped to coerce
828-475: A liberation for Frederick. He had finally escaped from the royal court with its tightly regulated existences and pious daily lives. Just outside the moats around Malmö Castle was the lively trading town of Malmö , which offered a young man all-out experiences. While spending many of his youth years in Scania , he became known as the " Prince of Scania " ( princeps Scaniæ ) ( Danish : Fyrste af Skåne ). It
920-621: A mare or gelding's. A stallion that attends the suitability test must perform at an age-appropriate level in open competition to complete his requirements. A mare or stallion may also fulfill these requirements with performance at a higher level of competition. Most registries prefer to see show results in dressage and show jumping , though eventing and combined driving are sometimes permitted. Some North American branches of sport horse registries even accept show results in show hunters . Registries may have further requirements for stallions to retain their approval for breeding. Most will disapprove
1012-663: A peace favoring Denmark-Norway in the Treaties of Roskilde (1568) , the ongoing war dragged on until it was ended by a status quo peace in the Treaty of Stettin (1570) , that let Denmark-Norway save face but also show limits of Danish and Norwegian military power. Frederik II learned a great deal about kingship during the war with Sweden. He learned to include the Council of the Realm in most matters of policy, but he also learned that it
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#17327902629191104-435: A performance record in order to fulfill a stallion's performance requirement. The field test lasts only one day and is designed for mares and geldings with some education under saddle. In a field test, the horse is scored on the basic gaits, free jumping ability, and rideability. A guest rider is also used. The station test is attended by young horses, held separately for stallions, is made up of an initial training period and
1196-524: A rather peripatetic court, moving from residence to residence throughout the Danish countryside, spending a fair share of his time in hunting . This allowed him the opportunity to meet members of the Council individually and informally, in their home regions. As was required of the Danish King, he did summon the Council of the Realm once annually to meet at the herredag , but most of his business with
1288-527: A stallion earn an average 7.0 with no score below 5.0 to be licensed. Mares who do not earn a sufficient score (usually average 6.0 none below 5.0) are usually entered into the Pre-Mare Book. Almost all studbooks have some type of health requirement for stallions seeking approval. The veterinary exam may occur before, during, or after the Körung , and always rules out stallions with congenital defects of
1380-418: A stallion whose offspring do not fit the breeding aim. In the past, registries offered breeders a monetary prize or "premium" for exceptional mares. The condition of accepting the prize was that the mare couldn't be exported, a method of ensuring that high-quality mare lines were not lost. Today, mares can earn the "States Premium" award by receiving above-average scores on her studbook inspection and completing
1472-535: A taste for all things military. This was most troubling to Frederick's father, the ageing Christian III , who feared that in the Empire Frederick would develop ambitions that would exceed both his abilities and the resources of his kingdoms, and that the trip would ultimately drag Denmark-Norway into the maelstrom of German princely politics. In 1552, Steward of the Realm, Peder Oxe (1520–1575), had been raised to Councillor of State ( Rigsraad ). During
1564-549: A time. To evaluate jumping ability, the horse is sent down a chute over fences without a rider ("free jumping"). Horses are scored from 1 to 10 on a variety of traits, which may include any of the following: type, conformation, gaits, jumping, and overall impression. Type is a subjective quality, divided into "breed type" and "sex type." A horse with high sex type exhibits strong secondary sex characteristics ; in other words, feminine mares and masculine stallions. Breed type varies widely between registries, but essentially refers to
1656-532: A trip throughout the Holy Roman Empire in 1557–58. Here Frederik made the acquaintance of the new emperor, Ferdinand I (reigned 1558–64) at his coronation , his son and heir apparent Maximilian (emperor 1564–76), William of Orange , and a host of other more prominent German Protestant princes. The experience nurtured in Frederik a lasting appreciation of the great complexity of German politics and
1748-404: Is inbreeding due to a limited gene pool. However, studbook inspections are intended to safeguard the breed against weakness; a horse with a known genetic disorder is not approved to breed. Frederick II of Denmark Frederick II (1 July 1534 – 4 April 1588) was King of Denmark and Norway and Duke of Schleswig and Holstein from 1559 until his death in 1588. A member of
1840-414: Is balanced, attentive, intelligent and obedient. The cross-country test serves to test the stallion's stamina, though he is also judged on his canter and jumping during this part of the final test. His recovery time and heart rate are taken as part of the veterinary examination. The 70-Day, 100-Day and 300-Day tests fulfill a stallion's performance requirements, and both the station and field tests satisfy
1932-412: Is called culling , and does not suggest killing the animal in question. Typically, culls are castrated or they and their offspring are unable to be registered. Registries which implement studbook selection differ from registries which require only two parents of the proper pedigree or registration status. For example, a horse foal with two Thoroughbred parents is almost certainly a Thoroughbred, but
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#17327902629192024-580: Is called "harmony" and has that effect on the eye. Another quality generally agreed upon is that from the front and rear, all four legs should be straight. Beyond that, uphill build, high-set neck, a mobile head-neck connection and long legs are more important in dressage horses than jumping horses. The musculature and outline of the back and loin, called the topline, is important to most registries, as are large joints and hooves with "dry" legs. Conformation scores are usually broken down further to allow breeders to compare specific traits in horses - for instance
2116-465: Is not at home', which signalled to his guests that all court formalities were temporarily suspended, and that they could talk and joke as they pleased without restraint. The Danish court of Frederick II may have appeared to be unsophisticated to outside observers, but the openness and bawdiness of court life served Frederik's political purposes. In 1585, he visited Norway for the first and only time as king, but only went to Bohuslen . The great cost of
2208-461: Is not known whether this title was ever officially decreed to him. The only political education that Frederik received came from his close friendship with his brother-in-law, Elector Augustus of Saxony (reigned 1553–86). Some authors have later stated that Augustus was "the only strong emotional support" Frederick received in his youth. Augustus, who was the husband of Frederik's elder sister Anne , took Frederik under his wing, chaperoning him on
2300-494: Is the studbook inspection. Fillies may be evaluated at age 3 at a local mare and foal show, and colts may be evaluated at age 2 at the Körung , which translates to "breed survey", "bonitation" or "licensing". Typically there are prerequisites in terms of pedigree and height, which vary depending on the registry. Most registries would like to see colts at least 15.3 hands high at the withers , and fillies at least 15.2hh, with
2392-676: The House of Oldenburg , Frederick began his personal rule of Denmark-Norway at the age of 24. He inherited capable and strong realms, formed in large by his father after the civil war known as the Count's Feud , after which Denmark-Norway saw a period of economic recovery and of a great increase in the centralised authority of the Crown. Frederick was, especially in his youth and unlike his father, belligerent and adversarial, aroused by honor and national pride, and so he began his reign auspiciously with
2484-501: The Northern Seven Years' War a period of affluence and growth followed in Danish-Norwegian history. The greater financial liquidity of the crown and the king's decreased dependence on the Council for funding, while not meaning that Frederick was actively seeking to sidestep conciliar control, it did allow him to be less frugal than his late father, Christian III , had been. Considerable funds were devoted to an expansion of
2576-405: The Northern Seven Years' War , some 1.1 million rigsdaler , was recovered chiefly from higher taxation on both Danish and Norwegian farm properties. After state finances collapsed in the aftermath of the war, King Frederick II called Peder Oxe home to address the kingdom's economy. The taking over of Danish administration and finances by the able councillor, provided a marked improvement for
2668-552: The genitalia or dentition . Stallions may also undergo radiographs to screen against OCD , laryngoscopies to screen against airway obstructions, and semen analysis to ensure fertility. Stallions which have had surgeries or other treatments to correct a congenital defect are not allowed to breed. Based on the registry, stallions may have to be free of cribbing , recurrent airway obstruction ("heaves"), equine recurrent uveitis ("moon blindness"), laryngeal hemiplegia ("roaring"), glanders , etc. Performance tests take place when
2760-522: The jumping talent of a horse. At inspections, stallions in particular are judged on their ability to jump and their form. The best jumpers approach the jump confidently and alter their stride to find the correct take-off spot ("scope"), arc over the jump (" bascule ") and draw their forelegs up out of the way. Horses that do not arc over the fence, knock down fences, lose their rhythm, dangle their legs or hold their heads high and stiff are not good jumpers. All registries require stallions to free jump to pass
2852-462: The "forelimbs" and "hindlimbs" are almost always awarded separate scores. The walk, trot , and canter are the gaits needed for sport . All three are important for dressage , and the canter is especially important for jumping . In all three, a long stride and even rhythm are paramount. Most registries look for a diligent, marching walk in which the entire body is used. The trot and canter are ideally energetic with obvious suspension (moment in which
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2944-487: The 1562 Treaty of Mozhaysk . His brother Magnus was later made titular King of Livonia, as a vassal of Tsar Ivan IV. King Frederick's competition with Sweden for supremacy in the Baltic broke out into open warfare in 1563, the start of the Northern Seven Years' War , the dominating conflict of his rule. The leading councillors, Johan Friis foremost among them, had feared a Swedish onslaught for several years, and after
3036-574: The Council without sacrificing his own royal interests. This meant showing generosity to the conciliar aristocracy through various gifts and concessions, which he did in grand style. Shortly before the signing of his coronation charter ( haandfæstning ), Andreas von Barby , leader of the German Chancery, died. Barby was not well liked in the Council of the Realm, but he was extreamly wealthy. The extensive fiefs in his possession reverted to
3128-503: The Crown, and Frederik was careful to distribute out these properties among the leading members of the Council of the Realm. Throughout his reign, Frederik would reward his conciliar aristocracy generously. Fiefs were distributed on highly favourable terms. The substantially warmer relationship between king and Council of the Realm after the Ditmarschen campaign is best illustrated by the Danish central administration's performance in
3220-513: The Danish-Norwegian fleet and of the facilities for its support, not merely for security purposes but also to aid Frederick's active endeavours to rid the Baltic Sea of pirates . The increased revenues likewise enabled Frederik to undertake the construction of Denmark's first national road network , the so-called kongevej (' King's Road '), connecting the larger towns and the royal residences. The most visible area of expenditure, however,
3312-602: The Frederiksborger belie its showy trot. The legs are solid and square, a little more than half the horse's height. The tail is well-carried. The gaits of the Frederiksborger are expressive and powerful, with natural self-carriage. The trot is the best gait and is showy with a long stride. The walk is diligent and open, and the canter is sufficient. Most Frederiksborgers are willing jumpers, though calm-natured horses are less likely to be concerned about knocking rails. Frederiksborgers are best in harness and compete up to
3404-441: The Frederiksborger has been purebred for the past century, which accounts for their uniform type. Today, the numbers of Frederiksborgers are low, but the remaining examples are handsome horses. They are most often vividly marked flaxen chestnuts , though bays , buckskins , palominos , and greys are seen, as well. They usually have sabino -type markings and many have rabicano roaning, as well. In conformation and type,
3496-589: The Frederiksborger through the female lines, though the pedigrees of these horses are mostly German. Nevertheless, as the Danish breeders made use of German and Swedish horses, some part-Frederiksborger mares made their way back into the breeding population. So too do the Holsteiner Manfreid ( Markgraf ), Swedish Rousseau (Herzog), and the Hanoverians Atlantic ( Abglanz ), Ergo ( Abendjaeger ), and Boheme ( Bolero ). Otherwise,
3588-431: The Frederiksborger was "ahead of its time", so the horses express great quality and are quite uniform. The muzzle is wide and the straight lines of the head often border on convex. The neck is powerful and usually crested, and is set high on strong shoulders. The withers are not high, and the back, while long, has a strong loin. The hindquarters are broad and deep and the croup is level. The level topline and high-set neck of
3680-570: The Icelandic trade and fisheries into the hands of his own subjects instead of Englishmen and Germans and encouraged adventurers such as Magnus Heinason , to whom he gave a monopoly of trade with the Faeroes , a half-share in ships captured on unlawful passage to the White Sea , and backing for a bold but unsuccessful attempt to reach east Greenland . The necessity of maintaining order within
3772-412: The amazement, been when the teaching started. Frederick learned to write beautiful and clear letters, but when it came to reading and spelling, the royal student was "a disaster". For Hans Svaning , this deranged spelling of Frederick's could only be seen as sloppy and laziness, given that the royal boy otherwise seemed smart enough. Time and time again, Frederick has been punished, probably not only by
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3864-520: The attractiveness of the horse and its suitability for sport. This aesthetic is an important part of breeding marketable horses, though registries and their judges tend to be conscious of the danger of overweighing beauty. Standards of conformation do not vary as significantly for horses as they do for dogs, as a horse's conformation is extremely important to its ability to perform and stay sound doing so. Generally, all horses are ideally divisible into three equal parts: forehand, trunk, hindquarters. This
3956-575: The bosom of the family. In addition to Anna , who was born in 1532, and Frederik from 1534, the group of siblings consisted of Magnus , born 1540, and John , who was born in 1545 and called John the Younger , to distinguish him from Christian III's half-brother, John the Elder . Youngest was a girl who was born in 1546 and named after her mother. It was the usual pedagogical view of the time that parents were so inclined to spoil their own children that
4048-435: The breeding horses are old enough to be ridden, and are designed to give the registry detailed, objective information on the actual performance ability of the horses. It is mandatory for a stallion to prove himself in sport, and mares complete performance requirements to earn awards. Mare performance tests ( German : Stutenleistungsprüfung ) are often open to geldings, as well. By comparing mother-daughter scores, patterns in
4140-518: The campaign were cold comforts to the members of the Council of the Realm , Johan Friis in particular. Friis had warned Frederick that a very real threat of conflict with Sweden loomed just over the horizon, but the king had not listened, and had not even consulted with the Council about the Ditmarschen. The adversarial king–Council relationship improved relatively quickly however, and not because Frederik caved in to conciliar opposition. Rather,
4232-471: The church meant that royal interference into ecclesiastical affairs was unavoidable. There was no longer an archbishop within the hierarchy , so the king was the final authority in matters that could not be settled by the bishops alone. As his father, Christian III , put it, kings were the 'father to the superintendents'. As protector of the church and therefore of the clergy, Frederick frequently intervened in disputes between clergy and laity , even when
4324-405: The clergy was, after all, part of the king's obligation to the state church . Studbook inspection Studbook selection is a process used in certain breeds of horses to select breeding stock. It allows a breed registry to direct the evolution of the breed towards the ideal by eliminating unhealthy or undesirable animals from the population. The removal of individuals from a population
4416-457: The company of learned men , and in the correspondence and legislation he dictated to his secretaries he showed himself to be quick-witted and articulate. Frederick was also open and loyal, and had a knack for establishing close personal bonds with fellow princes and with those who served him. In 1572, Frederick married his cousin Sophie of Mecklenburg . Their relationship is regarded as one of
4508-426: The conformation, movement, health, and performance ability of stallions . Decisions about which mares and stallions are suitable breeding stock are made by elected breed judges, who strive for objectivity and transparency. Foals are usually presented at a local mare and foal show by their dam's side. If the foal's sire and dam are in the studbook, and he generally fits into the breeding goal, he receives his papers and
4600-603: The coronation. Within weeks of Christian's passing, Frederick joined with his uncles in Holstein , John and Adolf , in a military campaign to conquer the Ditmarschen , under Johan Rantzau . Frederik II's great-uncle , King John , had failed to subjugate the peasant republic in 1500, but the Frederick's 1559-campaign was a quick and relatively painless victory for the Danish Kingdom. The brevity and low cost of
4692-599: The council from the direction of the war, and though he retained chief operational control he entrusted much responsibility to his councillors, including Holger Ottesen Rosenkrants , Marshal Otte Krumpen , and Admiral Herluf Trolle . Only one constitutional crisis emerged during the war ; in late 1569, after six years of war, the Council decided not to provide the king with further grants of taxation. The war had been costly, both in lives and in gold, but since 1565 Denmark-Norway had made no appreciable gains. The council had already asked Frederik to make peace, and he had made
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#17327902629194784-681: The council was done on a one-to-one basis. This ensured a very close personal bond with each member of the council while minimizing the opportunity for the council to oppose him as a full body. Frederik's personable disposition also helped, and so, too, did the informal nature of court life under Frederik II. The king hunted , feasted , and drank with his noble councillors and advisers , and even with visiting foreign dignitaries , treating them as his equal peers and companions rather than as political opponents or inferiors. The eighteenth-century chronicler Ludvig Holberg claimed that when dining at his court, Frederik would frequently announce that 'the king
4876-428: The elaborate ceremonies staged for royal weddings and other public celebrations. Frederick II had claimed naval supremacy in 'the king's sound', as he called The Sound and, indeed, the whole expanse of waters lying between his Norwegian and Icelandic possessions. In 1583 he secured an agreement by which England made an annual payment for permission to sail there, and France later followed suit. He also tried to bring
4968-477: The expectation that they will grow a bit more. Pedigree requirements also vary, and many studbooks expect to see only stallion sons of Main Mare Book mares. This encourages local breeders to keep high-quality mares in the region. Preferably, future breeding stock have at least 4 generations of approved sport horse pedigree. Mares with less pedigree, or less than is desirable to her registry, may be entered into
5060-477: The former King Christian II , a period known as the Count's Feud , Christian III finally became victorious, and was proclaimed King of a new Protestant Denmark. After King Christian III's victory in the Count's Feud , royal power had now returned to Denmark, and in such a way that the king could set his own terms. In his haandfæstning , a document which all former Danish Kings must sign, and which regulates
5152-537: The furthest, and who could construct the most formidable castles. In the 1570s he constructed Kronborg , a large Renaissance castle that became widely recognized abroad, and its dance hall was the largest in Northern Europe at the time. He enjoyed entertaining guests and throwing elaborate festivities, which were well known throughout Europe. During the same period, the Danish-Norwegian fleet
5244-576: The greatest national crisis of the reign, the Northern Seven Years' War (1563–70) against Sweden. From his predecessor, Frederick inherited the Livonian War . In 1560, he installed his younger brother, Magnus of Holstein (1540–1583), in the Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek . King Frederick II largely tried to avoid conflict in Livonia and consolidated amicable relations with Tsar Ivan IV of Russia in
5336-411: The guest experts. The regulations require that the movements be as natural as possible. A good walk is flat-footed with a regular 4-beat rhythm, diligent with long stride. A poor walk is arhythmical, pacey or short-strided. A good trot and canter are rhythmical and never disconnected. The stride is long, the horse swings through a relaxed topline. The trot and canter are elastic and give the impression that
5428-576: The happiest royal marriages in Renaissance Europe . In the first ten years after the wedding, they had seven children, and are described as inseparable and harmonious. Frederick was committed to becoming the mightiest king in the North , and for several years he fought exhausting wars against his archrival Erik XIV of Sweden , after which the battles changed character. It became a competition to see who could trace their family history
5520-422: The horse is pushing from the rear. In particular, the canter must have a distinct uphill tendency. Short or choppy canter strides are not desirable. Jumping is scored a number of different ways. The training director scores his or her general impression of the horse's aptitude, and the experts evaluate the horse while jumping with and without a rider. A good jumper never loses the rhythm of his canter. He approaches
5612-421: The horse is totally airborne) and an elastic quality. The energy for all three gaits should come from the hind end. Scores may be given for "walk", "trot" and "canter" individually, with a separate score for "correctness of gaits". Some registries do not ask to see the mare canter, though this is uncommon. The canter is, in some cases, weighted more heavily for jumping mares. The free jump can give insight into
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#17327902629195704-534: The interior qualities that make a riding horse a good partner. Horses attending a station test are evaluated on the following: The scores for the "inner" qualities are given by the training director, who depends on the input of the horse's riders and handlers. The interior qualities include character, temperament, constitution, and willingness. A horse with a good character is affable and people-oriented, and does not display defensive reactions such as ear-pinning during grooming, saddling, or everyday handling. A horse with
5796-400: The international levels of combined driving . They are also suitable horses for amateurs, as they are not selected for sensitivity. Some individuals are successful in competitive dressage and show jumping , as well. Frederiksborgers are early-maturing, long-lived, and sound reproductively and structurally well into their old age. The greatest concern facing the health of the Frederiksborger
5888-536: The issues involved were trivial ones. Frederik II, repeatedly came to the defence of new parish priests whose congregations tried to force them to marry their predecessors' widows , and sometimes to protect preachers from the wrath of overbearing noblemen. Conversely, the king – and especially Frederik II – would see to it personally that unruly, incompetent, or disreputable priests lost their parishes, or he would pardon those who had been punished by their superintendents for minor infractions. Protecting and disciplining
5980-418: The jump in balance, arcs over the fence (bascule), draws both the front and rear legs out of the way, and adapts his stride to the space between the jumps (scope). Rideability is scored by both the training director and the guest riders, and is of paramount importance. A highly rideable horse is comfortable and uncomplicated to ride, and does not require the rider to hold him or her up (self-carriage). The horse
6072-456: The king into ending the war. Frederik felt betrayed, and after some reflection, Frederick felt that the only honourable recourse was abdication . With his letter of resignation in the hands of the councillors, he left the capital to go hunting in the countryside . The king, still unmarried, had no heir, and consequently the Council of the Realm had good reason to fear another leaderless interregnum and even another civil war. It played into
6164-548: The king's hands; the Council begging for his return to the throne and allowed him to summon a Diet to consider additional tax levies . The conflict damaged his relationship with his noble councillors; however, the later Sture murders of 24 May 1567 by the insane King Eric XIV in Sweden, eventually helped stabilize the situation in Denmark-Norway. After King John III of Sweden , King Eric's successor, refused to accept
6256-464: The kingdom with the king , had not chosen a successor, and now Denmark had, for more than a year, functioned as an Aristocratic Republic. The father of the newborn Frederik, Christian, although eldest son of the late king, was not automatically King of Denmark, as the kingship in Denmark was not hereditary , but elective . Noblemen of the Council of the Realm could choose to pick another member of
6348-590: The monarch's power, a Danish parallel to the Magna Carta ) and on 20 August 1559 Frederick II was crowned at the Church of Our Lady in Copenhagen by a Danish superintendent , with Nicolaus Palladius and Jens Skielderup two Norwegian superintendent assisting, symbolizing the relationship between the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway . Week-long and elaborate celebrations are said to have taken place after
6440-526: The national treasury. Councillors of experience, including Niels Kaas , Arild Huitfeldt , and Christoffer Valkendorff , took care of the domestic administration. Subsequently, government finances were put in order and Denmark-Norway's economy improved. One of the chief expedients of the improved state of affairs was the raising of the Sound Dues . Oxe, as lord treasurer, reduced the national debt considerably and redeemed portions of crown lands . After
6532-401: The relationship between king and nobility , he reduced the nobility's power, and established that the first son of the king should always be seen as heir apparent , and succeed his father automatically. On 30 October 1536 Christian convened the estates of the realm ( Rigsdag ) to Copenhagen , where they formally proclaimed Frederick heir apparent and successor to the throne, granting him
6624-518: The royal carriages . By the 18th century, the Frederiksborger enjoyed such particular fame that the Danes began to export them in great numbers. They contributed to the formation of the heavy warmbloods , but also to the Lipizzaner . A grey Frederiksborger stallion born in 1765, Pluto , became a foundation stallion in the breed. The popularity of the breed took its toll, and in 1839, the royal stud
6716-502: The royal castles of Kronborg at Elsinore and Frederikborg Castle at Hillerød . Frederick has to a great extent been overshadowed by his popular, long-reigning son Christian IV , and often been portrayed with skepticism and resentment, resulting in the prevailing portrait of Frederick as a man and as king: an unlettered, inebriated, brutish sot. This portrayal is, however, inequitable and inaccurate, and recent studies reappraise and acknowledge him as highly intelligent; he craved
6808-441: The royal couple's concern by leaving the children too much out of sight in the tense political situation that prevailed in the first ten years of Frederik's life. Frederik's education, although profound and thorough, was focused on the ecclesiastical and lutheran doctrine, Frederick mainly learning instructions in theology. While a princely educational program, which included learning the art of stewardship , diplomacy and war,
6900-492: The royal family as king if they so decided. Frederick I and his son Christian were staunch Protestants and adherents to the Lutheran cause , however, in the Council of the Realm , which consisted of many Catholic bishops as well as a number of powerful noblemen from the old nobility, there were a majority to support the established Catholic Church . After a period of interregnum and after subsequent risings in favour of
6992-612: The spring of 1557, Oxe and the King had quarreled over a mutual property exchange. Failing to compromise matters with the King, Oxe had fled to Germany in 1558. Frederick's father Christian III died on 1 January 1559 at Koldinghus . Frederick was not present at his father's bedside when he died, a circumstance that did not endear the new king, now King Frederick II of Denmark-Norway, to the councillors who had grown to appreciate and revere Christian. On 12 August 1559 Frederick signed his haandfæstning (lit. "Handbinding" viz. curtailment of
7084-440: The studbook inspection, though usually dressage-oriented stallions are not asked to jump as high. Mares may not jump at all, or may only be asked to jump if they are from jumping-oriented families. The category for "overall impression" gives the judge(s) a place to comment on other qualities. Obvious behavioral tendencies or personality traits may be noted here, as is the physical maturity of the horse. Most registries require that
7176-498: The succession of Frederick II's first cousin, the ambitious and unbalanced Eric XIV (reigned 1560–1568) to the Vasa throne a confrontation appeared inevitable. Still, few councillors wanted war, and they preferred to wait until it was forced upon them, while Frederik preferred a preemptive strike . Despite its initial opposition to the war, the Council of the Realm went along with the king. Frederik II, wisely, made no effort to exclude
7268-510: The teacher, but also by his strict mother, who would gladly step in if Svaning's teaching was not sufficient. Because of Frederick's heavy dyslexia , he was perceived by his contemporaries as unlettered and illiterate. Both Frederick's father and mother looked with skepticism at the heir to the throne, and they kept him under the watchful eye of knowledgeable men as far as possible to prevent him from publicly speaking out. Neither did his father entrust Frederik with any administrative duties. It
7360-877: The title " Prince of Denmark ". In 1542, the Prince travelled around Denmark and was hailed by the people. In the Midsummer of 1548 Christian III and his son Frederick, in a fleet of 7 ships and together with 30 Danish nobles, sailed for Oslo , where Frederick was hailed as heir apparent to the Throne of the Kingdom of Norway . The royal reception included Danish nobles holding fiefs in Norway , received by Prince Frederik on his ship. The entire Norwegian nobility had been summoned to Oslo. While Christian III secured control of Denmark and Norway, his and Dorothea's children grew up in
7452-516: The traits that stallions pass on can be calculated. A performance test for mares or geldings is either a one-day "Field Test" or 2- to 5-week "Station Test". A stallion performance test ( German : Hengsteigenleistungsprüfung ) is either a 30-day "suitability test", or a "station test" lasting 70, 100, or even 300 days. Today, only young stallions owned by the State Stud of Celle attend the 300-Day Test. The suitability test must be combined with
7544-476: The two parties quickly learned to work together because their interests, and the Kingdom's, required that they did so. From an early time, the council invested much power in Frederick, as they had no desire to go back to the destructive near-anarchy of the pre-civil war years. Frederik would soon learn how to play the constitutional game, that is required in a consensual monarchy, such as Denmark; namely to humour
7636-446: The upbringing of the children should be delegated to other members of the family, typically the child's maternal grandparents. But Queen Dorothea didn't want to send the children away when in infancy . Moreover, her own mother was suspected of nurturing Catholic sympathies, and in the religious era, a Lutheran Danish king could not in good conscience expose his child to Catholic influences. Another contributing factor has probably been
7728-511: The young Prince Frederick. He was to have a Danish court steward , but he also had to work with and be inspected daily by a chamberlain , who was to be a reliable and sobering man from the Holstein nobility . The prince had to learn Latin , German, Danish , French and other languages, and when he got older he had to learn fencing and other chivalry exercises. He was to have 10–15 young men for company both in his studies and in his chivalrous exercises. To which extent this educational program
7820-447: Was closed. The breeding of Frederiksborgers continued with private breeders, though the needs of the people reshaped the horse to some degree. Instead of a luxury item, the horses were redirected to be more suitable for the stagecoach and agricultural work. In 1939, efforts to re-establish the breed were started, adding East Friesian , Oldenburgs , Thoroughbreds , and Arabians later. The modern Danish Warmblood often traces back to
7912-432: Was developed into one of Europe's largest and most modern. As part of his efforts to strengthen the kingdoms, he provided much support for science and culture . Frederick was born on 1 July 1534 at Haderslevhus Castle , the son of Duke Christian of Schleswig and Holstein (later King Christian III of Denmark and Norway) and Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg , the daughter of Magnus I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg . His mother
8004-409: Was followed is not known. In 1541, Frederick aged 7, he began his schooling. Frederick was appointed Hans Svenning , a reputed Danish humanist and professor of rhetoric at University of Copenhagen , as teacher. Christian III and Dorothea had probably been expecting a lot from Frederick's schooling. The son was obviously bright and had a good memory. So much bigger has the disappointment, and
8096-424: Was only at the age of 20 in 1554 that Frederik was allowed to hold his own court at Malmö Castle in Scania , but under the supervision of the middle-aged lensman (' Fief -man') Ejler Hardenberg , who was appointed the prince's court master. At the same time, political training began, which was put in the hands of the two driven noblemen Eiler Rønnow and Erik Rosenkrantz. The years in Scania , must have felt like
8188-412: Was possible to manipulate the council, even to bend it to his own will, without humiliating it or undermining its authority. He would later come to master this ability and use it extensively. During the eighteen remaining years of his reign, Frederik would come to drew extensively on the lessons he learned in the Northern Seven Years' War with Eric XIV of Sweden . In the peacetime years, he maintained
8280-492: Was proposed and planned by the Danish Chancellor, it was not executed in full as the Danish Chancellor's relationship with Christian III deteriorated before the education could begin. Life at the court of Christian III and Dorothea was imbued with a fervent Lutheran Christianity with which all their children naturally grew up. In March 1538 Chancellor Wolfgang von Utenhof proposed an educational program for
8372-426: Was the royal castles and the court itself. Frederick spent freely on the reconstruction of several royal residences and other cities: For all Frederick's egalitarian behaviour at his court, Frederick was acutely aware of his elevated status. Like most monarchs of his day, he sought to bolster his international reputation through a measure of ostentatious display, in his patronage of artists and musicians, as well as in
8464-553: Was the sister of Catherine , the first wife of the Swedish king Gustav Vasa , and the mother of Eric XIV , his future rival. At the time of Frederick's birth, a civil war of Denmark was coming to an end (just three days after Frederick's birth his father Christian became King of Denmark). The previous king, Frederick I , died on 10 April the year before, but the Danish Council of the Realm , which traditionally ruled
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