Misplaced Pages

#743256

50-680: Fredriksberg (sometimes referred to as Säfsen or Säfsnäs , because of the nearby tourism facility or the parish and old municipality names) is a locality situated in Ludvika Municipality , Dalarna County , Sweden with 655 inhabitants in 2010. It's the 926th largest urban area in Sweden, and the fourth largest in Ludvika Municipality. Fredriksberg, located about 60 km west of the municipality seat in Ludvika ,

100-565: A tetrahedral arrangement. The symmetry of the isolated anion is the same as that of methane. The sulfur atom is in the +6 oxidation state while the four oxygen atoms are each in the −2 state. The sulfate ion carries an overall charge of −2 and it is the conjugate base of the bisulfate (or hydrogensulfate) ion, HSO − 4 , which is in turn the conjugate base of H 2 SO 4 , sulfuric acid . Organic sulfate esters , such as dimethyl sulfate , are covalent compounds and esters of sulfuric acid. The tetrahedral molecular geometry of

150-690: A "city" in 1948. From 1965 only "non-administrative localities" are counted, independently of municipal and county borders. In 1971 "city" was abolished as a type of municipality. Urban areas in the meaning of tätort are defined independently on the division into counties and municipalities, and are defined solely according to population density. In practice, most references in Sweden are to municipalities, not specifically to towns or cities, which complicates international comparisons. Most municipalities contain many localities (up to 26 in Kristianstad Municipality ), but some localities are, on

200-464: A cause of unemployment, urbanisation and strongly streamlined heavy industries. At the same time the town has experienced an increasing number of tourist visits. Cottages and an alpine skiing resort were created in Säfsbyn just east of the town in 1979, as a facility mainly owned labour union interests. This later came to be the private company that runs today's Säfsen Resort. It has hosted a stage of

250-535: A debate on the relative importance of pi bonding and bond polarity ( electrostatic attraction ) in causing the shortening of the S−O bond. The outcome was a broad consensus that d orbitals play a role, but are not as significant as Pauling had believed. A widely accepted description involving pπ – dπ bonding was initially proposed by Durward William John Cruickshank . In this model, fully occupied p orbitals on oxygen overlap with empty sulfur d orbitals (principally

300-570: A ligand attaching either by one oxygen (monodentate) or by two oxygens as either a chelate or a bridge. An example is the complex Co ( en ) 2 (SO 4 )] Br or the neutral metal complex Pt SO 4 ( PPh 3 ) 2 ] where the sulfate ion is acting as a bidentate ligand. The metal–oxygen bonds in sulfate complexes can have significant covalent character. Sulfates are widely used industrially. Major compounds include: Sulfate-reducing bacteria , some anaerobic microorganisms, such as those living in sediment or near deep sea thermal vents, use

350-495: A survey of the pollutes in order to remediate the area. There are plans on transforming the old industrial district into a golf course. Palmheden, a district in the westernmost part of the town hosts a recycling facility as well as the sewage treatment plant. Fredriksberg's central districts consists of shops, other commercial buildings and smaller apartment houses. This is Fredriksberg's commercial centre with restaurant, stores , petrol station , library etc. The central parts of

400-494: Is a relatively short-lived greenhouse gas), it is believed that simultaneous reductions in both would effectively cancel each other out. On regional and global scale, air pollution can affect the water cycle , in a manner similar to some natural processes. One example is the impact of Sahara dust on hurricane formation: air laden with sand and mineral particles moves over the Atlantic Ocean, where they block some of

450-412: Is dominated by the factory buildings which for a long time formed Fredriksberg's economic backbone. The large buildings are today derelict, but is still an interesting recent historic site, and is therefore subject to significant urban exploration . The area is highly polluted, and because of the lack of legal owners the remediation has become responsibility to the state. Länsstyrelsen is currently making

500-408: Is the conjugate base of sulfuric acid ( H 2 SO 4 ). Sulfuric acid is classified as a strong acid; in aqueous solutions it ionizes completely to form hydronium ( H 3 O ) and hydrogensulfate ( HSO − 4 ) ions. In other words, the sulfuric acid behaves as a Brønsted–Lowry acid and is deprotonated to form hydrogensulfate ion. Hydrogensulfate has a valency of 1. An example of

550-456: Is the demographic and commercial centre of the western part of the municipality, and hosts some parts of the municipal administration. Fredriksberg is centrally situated in western Svealand , close to the border between Dalecarlia and Värmland , with most larger towns and cities in the region, such as Borlänge , Karlstad , Örebro , Falun , Karlskoga and Mora on a distance of between 80 and 130 kilometres (50 and 80 mi). Fredriksberg

SECTION 10

#1732797301744

600-585: Is the largest employer in Fredriksberg. The Säfsen Resort alpine skiing facility with 16 pistes by Mount Solberget close southeast of the district is also a popular tourist destination. Säfsbyn were originally a forest finn village and is older than the town of Fredriksberg. In Säfsbyn is also Säfsnäs church, built in 1762, located. Urban areas in Sweden In 2018, there were nearly two thousand urban areas in Sweden, which were inhabited by 87% of

650-401: Is the most insoluble sulfate known. The barium derivative is useful in the gravimetric analysis of sulfate: if one adds a solution of most barium salts, for instance barium chloride , to a solution containing sulfate ions, barium sulfate will precipitate out of solution as a whitish powder. This is a common laboratory test to determine if sulfate anions are present. The sulfate ion can act as

700-463: Is trialling a three-year update period. The number of urban areas in Sweden increased by 56 to 1,956 in 2010. A total of 8,016,000 – 85 per cent – of the Swedish population lived in an urban area; occupying only 1,3 per cent of Sweden's total land area, and the most populous urban area is Stockholm at 1,4 million people. Sulfate The sulfate or sulphate ion is a polyatomic anion with

750-518: Is zinc sulfate heptahydrate, ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O . Alum , a double sulfate of potassium and aluminium with the formula K 2 Al 2 (SO 4 ) 4 ·24H 2 O , figured in the development of the chemical industry. Sulfates occur as microscopic particles ( aerosols ) resulting from fossil fuel and biomass combustion. They increase the acidity of the atmosphere and form acid rain . The anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and D. vulgaris can remove

800-489: The Swedish rally . Fredriksberg today has a townscape where remains of several different historical epochs still play significant roles. The town is dominated by villa neighbourhoods and smaller apartment houses, most dating from the mid-20th century. Fredriksberg in by largely built up around water and a system of three lakes with regulated streams characterizes many parts of the town. The western districts around Annefors

850-520: The empirical formula SO 2− 4 . Salts, acid derivatives, and peroxides of sulfate are widely used in industry. Sulfates occur widely in everyday life. Sulfates are salts of sulfuric acid and many are prepared from that acid. "Sulfate" is the spelling recommended by IUPAC , but "sulphate" was traditionally used in British English . The sulfate anion consists of a central sulfur atom surrounded by four equivalent oxygen atoms in

900-430: The municipal entity were normally almost congruent. Urbanization and industrialization created, however, many new settlements without formal city status. New suburbs grew up just outside city limits, being de facto urban but de jure rural. This created a statistical problem. The census of 1910 introduced the concept of "densely populated localities in the countryside". The term tätort (literally "dense place")

950-550: The 1980s the Billerud group came to be acquired by Stora Kopparberg , and as a result the forest management moved from Fredriksberg. The county-council -owned laundry were sold by 1998 to the Danish Berendsen group, and were closen in 2003 when the company chose to centralize its Swedish operations to Eskilstuna . Since the record years during the 1950s Fredriksberg has experienced a drastic population decrease, as

1000-519: The 19th century the forest processing came to play an increasingly bigger role as one of the town's main industries and a number of sawmills were built in the surroundings of Fredriksberg. In today's Fredriksberg, Annefors became the main industrial district , a position it would keep until the late 20th century. During the second half of the 19th century the iron industry gradually came to lose its dominant position in Bergslagen , to be replaced by

1050-607: The Finns ). Fredriksberg was to be founded in 1729 as an industrial town , following the Industrial Revolution , when an ironworks were set up by Sebastian Grave at the southern end of Lake Säfssjön, close west to the forest finn village in Säfsbyn (which today essentially is a part of Fredriksberg). The limits of today's urban area would also include the Annefors ironworks, founded in 1736. The name Fredriksberg

SECTION 20

#1732797301744

1100-468: The Hellefors group was acquired by Billerud AB , and the paper mill in Fredriksberg became one of the company's smaller units. When the Swedish economy boom following the end of World War II started to come to an end in the beginning of the 1960s the competition got tougher and economies of scale made smaller units such as the one in Fredriksberg unprofitable as investment objects. The employment rate in

1150-567: The Reduction of Sulfur Emissions under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution , and with similar improvements. Since changes in aerosol concentrations already have an impact on the global climate, they would necessarily influence future projections as well. In fact, it is impossible to fully estimate the warming impact of all greenhouse gases without accounting for the counteracting cooling from aerosols. Regardless of

1200-528: The Swedish population. Urban area is a common English translation of the Swedish term tätort . The official term in English used by Statistics Sweden is, however, " locality " ( Swedish : ort ). It could be compared with " census-designated places " in the United States . Until the beginning of the 20th century, only the towns/cities were regarded as urban areas. The built-up area and

1250-504: The antibonding S−OH orbitals, weakening them resulting in the longer bond length of the latter. However, Pauling's representation for sulfate and other main group compounds with oxygen is still a common way of representing the bonding in many textbooks. The apparent contradiction can be clarified if one realizes that the covalent double bonds in the Lewis structure actually represent bonds that are strongly polarized by more than 90% towards

1300-517: The black sulfate crust that often tarnishes buildings. After 1990, the global dimming trend had clearly switched to global brightening. This followed measures taken to combat air pollution by the developed nations , typically through flue-gas desulfurization installations at thermal power plants , such as wet scrubbers or fluidized bed combustion . In the United States, sulfate aerosols have declined significantly since 1970 with

1350-456: The current strength of aerosol cooling, all future climate change scenarios project decreases in particulates and this includes the scenarios where 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and 2 °C (3.6 °F) targets are met: their specific emission reduction targets assume the need to make up for lower dimming. Since models estimate that the cooling caused by sulfates is largely equivalent to the warming caused by atmospheric methane (and since methane

1400-420: The d z and d x – y ). However, in this description, despite there being some π character to the S−O bonds, the bond has significant ionic character. For sulfuric acid, computational analysis (with natural bond orbitals ) confirms a clear positive charge on sulfur (theoretically +2.45) and a low 3d occupancy. Therefore, the representation with four single bonds is the optimal Lewis structure rather than

1450-426: The decade after the closure of the paper mill, amongst other things wallpapers , wooden shelves and automotive springs were produced before Lesjöfors AB went bankrupt in 1985. The following year automotive springs were produced in a labour-owned industry, which didn't manage the competition either. This came to be the last operations in the former paper mill. Since 1994 the factory buildings lack legal owners. During

1500-410: The end of 1963. Fredriksberg were until 1970 the seat of the former Säfsnäs Municipality, which by 1971 merged with Grangärde Municipality and Ludvika town council to form the new Ludvika Municipality . Billerud sold the factory buildings to Lesjöfors AB already in 1968. Different sorts of replacement industries were created with help of state subsidies both by Lesjöfors and other companies during

1550-451: The epoch with about 2,000 inhabitants, and the economy was good. Fredriksberg had already since 1875 a railway connection with Hörken on Bergslagsbanan (the so-called Säfsbanan ), but came from 1931 (when a line to Hällefors was opened) to 1940 (when the line to Hörken was discontinued) to be the centre of the narrow gauge 802 mm (2 ft 7.6 in) railway network between Hällefors, Hörken and Neva on Inlandsbanan . 1957

Fredriksberg, Sweden - Misplaced Pages Continue

1600-504: The factories returned to private ownership and were transformed into a full scale paper mill . As a result of the Swedish neutrality in World War II and the following lack of foreign competition and the Swedish economic boom during the 1940s and '50s the paper mill in Fredriksberg got a stronger economic position. This time could in many ways be described as Fredriksberg's industrial golden age. The town's population culminated during

1650-470: The forest industry. In Fredriksberg a sulfite factory, for usage in paper production, was constructed by the Gravendal Industries ( swedish: Gravendalsverken ) in 1897. This factory's rise and fall came to play the main role in the town's 20th-century history. In Fredriksberg a limestone mine was also reopened, whose production went directly to the sulfite production. The sulfite factory

1700-565: The local history association as well as the Fredriksberg Mansion , built in the 18th century. On Skarpa, one of the eastern districts, is the Fredriksberg school with classes in both junior-level and senior-level located. Säfsbyn , or Säfsen , the seasonal area which today essentially, though not statistically, makes up the easternmost part of Fredriksberg is dominated by the Säfsen Resort tourism facility, which also

1750-458: The main economic revenue for the town. The townscape of Fredriksberg still today carries many remains of older industrial epochs, which has made the town to a popular target for urban exploration . The surroundings of Fredriksberg is counted as inhabited since the 17th century. The first settlers were Finnish immigrants who conducted svedjebruk (a type of slash and burn ), why the lands came to be called finnmarker ( English translation: land of

1800-441: The most significant resonance canonicals had two pi bonds involving d orbitals. His reasoning was that the charge on sulfur was thus reduced, in accordance with his principle of electroneutrality . The S−O bond length of 149 pm is shorter than the bond lengths in sulfuric acid of 157 pm for S−OH. The double bonding was taken by Pauling to account for the shortness of the S−O bond. Pauling's use of d orbitals provoked

1850-524: The one with two double bonds (thus the Lewis model, not the Pauling model). In this model, the structure obeys the octet rule and the charge distribution is in agreement with the electronegativity of the atoms. The discrepancy between the S−O bond length in the sulfate ion and the S−OH bond length in sulfuric acid is explained by donation of p-orbital electrons from the terminal S=O bonds in sulfuric acid into

1900-522: The other hand, multimunicipal. Stockholm urban area is spread over 11 municipalities. When comparing the population of different cities, the urban area ( tätort ) population is preferred to the population of the municipality. The population of, e.g., Stockholm should be accounted as about 1.6 million rather than the approximately 990,000 of the municipality, and Lund rather about 94,000 than about 130,000. Before 2015 delimitation of localities were made by Statistics Sweden every five years, since then it

1950-932: The oxygen atom. On the other hand, in the structure with a dipolar bond , the charge is localized as a lone pair on the oxygen. Typically metal sulfates are prepared by treating metal oxides, metal carbonates, or the metal itself with sulfuric acid : Although written with simple anhydrous formulas, these conversions generally are conducted in the presence of water. Consequently the product sulfates are hydrated , corresponding to zinc sulfate ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O , copper(II) sulfate CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O , and cadmium sulfate CdSO 4 ·H 2 O . Some metal sulfides can be oxidized to give metal sulfates. There are numerous examples of ionic sulfates, many of which are highly soluble in water . Exceptions include calcium sulfate , strontium sulfate , lead(II) sulfate , barium sulfate , silver sulfate , and mercury sulfate , which are poorly soluble. Radium sulfate

2000-632: The passage of the Clean Air Act , which was strengthened in 1977 and 1990. According to the EPA , from 1970 to 2005, total emissions of the six principal air pollutants, including sulfates, dropped by 53% in the US. By 2010, this reduction in sulfate pollution led to estimated healthcare cost savings valued at $ 50 billion annually. Similar measures were taken in Europe, such as the 1985 Helsinki Protocol on

2050-535: The reduction of sulfates coupled with the oxidation of organic compounds or hydrogen as an energy source for chemosynthesis. Some sulfates were known to alchemists. The vitriol salts, from the Latin vitreolum , glassy, were so-called because they were some of the first transparent crystals known. Green vitriol is iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate, FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O ; blue vitriol is copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate, CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O and white vitriol

Fredriksberg, Sweden - Misplaced Pages Continue

2100-418: The southern parts of the town. Close south of the town is also a bathing place. The northern and eastern districts of the town, which mostly consist of the districts Övre Egnahem and Skarpa , is dominated by villa neighbourhoods and some remains of the original Fredriksberg ironworks by the southern end of Lake Säfssjöns. There is also a memorial of the town's founder Sebastian Grave , a building museum by

2150-410: The sulfate ion is as predicted by VSEPR theory . The first description of the bonding in modern terms was by Gilbert Lewis in his groundbreaking paper of 1916 where he described the bonding in terms of electron octets around each atom, that is no double bonds and a formal charge of +2 on the sulfur atom and -1 on each oxygen atom. Later, Linus Pauling used valence bond theory to propose that

2200-418: The sunlight from reaching the water surface, slightly cooling it and dampening the development of hurricanes. Likewise, it has been suggested since the early 2000s that since aerosols decrease solar radiation over the ocean and hence reduce evaporation from it, they would be "spinning down the hydrological cycle of the planet." The hydrogensulfate ion ( HSO − 4 ), also called the bisulfate ion,

2250-583: The town also hosts the sports ground of Fredriksberg (where Säfsnäs IF plays their home games in football ), the main bus terminal, a medical clinic, Folkets hus with cinema , rescue service and fire station . The southern parts of the town consists mainly out of today's industrial district , with numerous smaller companies and the County Council-owned laundry (which reopened by the beginning of 2009). Also some areas with villa neighbourhoods, referred to as Nedre Egnahem , can be counted to

2300-534: The town decreased already in 1964, which made Fredriksberg a target for regional policies, in 1966 the Dalarna County council opened a laundry in the town. The recession continued and by 1971–72 Billerud ceased their operations at the Fredriksberg paper mill. The railway to Hällefors had been replaced by truck transports by 1970 and the rails were lifted shortly after. The railway traffic westbound, towards Neva on Inlandsbanan had been discontinued already by

2350-459: Was chosen in honor of the king, Frederick I of Sweden . During both the 18th and the 19th century the iron operations were dominating the economy in the area. Smelteries and trip hammers were built on several locations, not only in Fredriksberg but also in Ulriksberg , Tyfors , Strömsdal and Gravendal , whereas the latter later would become the main actor in the area. However, during

2400-419: Was founded during the 18th century as an industrial society , and heavy industries , mainly focused on iron ore and forest processing, did for a long period of time play an important role in the town. The surroundings of Fredriksberg is dominated by a beautiful landscape of wilderness , great forests and lakes. Being one of the most popular destination for foreign visitors to Sweden, the tourism today stands for

2450-483: Was in 1910 supplemented with a sulfate factory. But already by 1916 the Gravendal Industries were overtaken by Hellefors AB (by this time a major player in central Sweden), which by that became the owner of the factories in Fredriksberg. However, financial problems made Hellefors forced to be taken over by the government, and the industries in Fredriksberg became state owned. During the 1930s and '40s

2500-399: Was introduced in 1930. The municipal amalgamations placed more and more rural areas within city municipalities, which was the other side of the same problem. The administrative boundaries were in fact not suitable for defining rural and urban populations. From 1950 rural and urban areas had to be separated even within city limits, as, e.g., the huge wilderness around Kiruna had been declared

#743256