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27-646: The primary purpose of those militia formations was to provide security and civil order for the local population. The consolidation process of various smaller units started sometime in April near the town of Zvenyhorodka , Kiev Governorate during the local assembly of the Free Cossacks which created the Zvenyhorodka Kosh (battalion). The assembly elected Semen Hryzlo the Kosh Otaman , who became

54-630: A campaign of polarising Ukrainian nationals, which led to several uprisings in the 18th century. Haydamak forces were active in the area, led by the Cossack Gnat Goly  [ uk ] , and they twice stormed the local castle, in 1737 and then 1743. Following these attacks, the Polish government built fortifications around the castle, including new towers and barracks. During the Koliivshchyna rebellion in 1768, many residents of

81-564: A conical mountain. In 1504 Zvenyhorodka became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , after being relinquished by Meñli I Giray . It passed to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland in 1569 following the capture of Right-bank Ukraine . Following this takeover, the population was subject to significant socio-economic oppression from the Polish aristocracy in the forms of various taxes. During

108-513: A population of 16,269 (2022 estimate). Zvenyhorodka has its origins in the days of the Kievan Rus' and the first mention of the city dates back to 1394, although its actual origins are likely to be older, as the city was previously destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' . According to modern legend, the original city was situated 3km further from its current location, encircling

135-953: A rescript in 1765 to Archimandrite Melkhisedek and made the Russian ambassador in Warsaw facilitate assertion of the rights and privileges of the Orthodox in Right-bank Ukraine. In 1764, on the territory of the Zaporozhian Host and along the southern borders of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Russian Empire created the New Russia Governorate in place of the previously-existing New Serbia province and intensively militarised

162-558: A rule, so the members and supporters of the Bar Confederation and its military forces fled to the Ottoman Empire before the uprising. However, some fortresses such as Uman and Lysianka were still occupied by the members of the Bar Confederation. The term could also be an adaptation of the Polish words "kolej", "kolejno", "po kolei", which implies "służba kolejna" (patrolling service), designating Cossack militia in

189-458: A secret mission. They mistakenly thought that the rebels supported the Polish king, as did Potocki. There were rumours that Don Cossacks participated in fighting against the Bar Confederation supporting Zaporozhian Cossacks. Some were seized by Polish government forces and tried in Kodnya . Eventually, the uprising was crushed by Russian troops, Ukrainian-registered Cossacks of Left-Bank Ukraine and

216-558: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Zvenyhorodka Zvenyhorodka ( Ukrainian : Звенигородка , IPA: [zwenɪɦoˈrɔdkɐ] ) is a city in Cherkasy Oblast , central Ukraine , situated on the Hnylyi Tikych River . The town is the administrative center of Zvenyhorodka Raion . It hosts the administration of Zvenyhorodka urban hromada , one of the hromadas of Ukraine. The city has

243-689: The 1648–1654 Khmelnytsky Uprising , the townsfolk revolted and expelled the Polish nobility from the region. Zvenyhorodka then remained part of the Korsun Regiment, a military-territorial unit of the Hetman state, until the Polish crown regained control of Right-bank Ukraine in 1667 as per the Andrusiv Armistice. Under Polish rule, the population suffered under socio-economic oppression again and fell victim to various national and religious hostilities. The Catholic clergy violently pursued

270-598: The Second Partition of Poland . From 1798 Zvenyhorodka became an administrative centre of uyezd in Kiev Governorate of the Russian Empire . The intensive development of trade owing to the inclusion of Zvenyhorodka in the Russian market allowed for rapid development of industries, in particularly dairy and lumber , as well as pottery and handicrafts . The city became one of the centres of

297-546: The 20th century the town had a train station, three Greek Orthodox churches and one Roman Catholic church. A congress of Free Cossacks took place in the town in April 1917 during the Ukrainian struggle for independence . A local newspaper has been published here since March 14, 1919. Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census : Koliivshchyna The Koliivshchyna ( Ukrainian : Коліївщина ; Polish : koliszczyzna )

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324-422: The Bar Confederation, particularly ethnic Poles , Jews , Roman Catholics , and especially Byzantine Catholic priests and laity. This culminated in the massacre of Uman . The number of victims is estimated from 100,000 to 200,000. Many communities of national minorities (such as Old Believers , Armenians , Muslims and Greeks ) completely disappeared in the areas devastated by the uprising. The origin of

351-565: The Orthodox faith but the Uniate church to be pro-Russian. Later, the Polish government and Roman Catholic church accused both Eastern Churches of responsibility on the Uman massacre and the uprising because Russia supported the political rights of believers of both churches. Though almost all pupils of the Uman Uniate seminary had died in the massacre, they were accused of the fall of the city by

378-531: The Polish government. The rebellion of peasants was fueled by ducats paid by Maxim Zalizniak for every killed Bar Confederate and by the circulation of a fictitious proclamation of support and call to arms by Russian Empress Catherine II , the so-called "Golden Charter". Mostly based on rumours, the charter, however, had a real foundation and was connected with the Repnin sejm 's decisions to give political freedoms to Uniates and Orthodox Christians. Catherine issued

405-546: The Russian subjects who were captured by governmental Polish forces themselves. Taras Shevchenko 's epic poem Haidamaky ( The Haidamakas ) chronicles the events of the Koliivshchyna. The event also inspired recent artwork during the latest Ukrainian unrest. On 17 May 2018 the Kyiv City Council voted to hold events marking 250 years since Koliivshchyna; the proposal was put forward by two deputies of

432-473: The Zaporozhian Host, aided by the Polish army. The two leaders were arrested by Russian troops on 7 July 1768. Ivan Gonta was handed over to Polish authorities, who tortured him to death, and Maksym Zalizniak was exiled to Siberia. The rebellion was suppressed by the joint forces of Polish and Russian armies, with numerous hangings, decapitations, quarterings and impalings of Polish subjects and of

459-481: The city joined the insurgents in fighting against the Catholic church and Polish nobility, among others, due to the treatment of peasants and their serfdom. The rebellion was unsuccessful and the city remained under Polish control. In 1792 King Stanisław August Poniatowski granted Zwinogródka city rights under Magdeburg law and it became a royal city of Poland. In the following year it was annexed by Russia after

486-405: The dairy industry alongside Chyhyryn and Bila Tserkva . In the 1830s the city saw considerable development including the construction of a local hospital, post office, telegraph communications, and a bridge over the river Hnylyi Tikich . Classes began at the parish school in 1833 with just over 20 students being educated and most of the population being illiterate at the time. Around the turn to

513-518: The otaman of Kalnyboloto Kurin (company). Under this title, he was delegated to the 2nd All-Ukrainian Military Congress in Kiev in June 1917. Hryzlo was also one of the organizers of the 1st All-Ukrainian Congress of the Free Cossacks that took place on October 3, 1917, in the former Cossack capital of Chyhyryn . The congress elected the Hetman of All Ukraine, who became General Pavlo Skoropadskyi . Hryzlo

540-427: The rebels slaughtered 20,000 people, according to numerous Polish sources. The leaders of the uprising were Zaporozhian Cossacks , mainly Maksym Zalizniak , and a commander of a private militia of the owner of Uman , Ivan Gonta . The governor and other Polish nobles supporting the Bar Confederation capitulated since they knew that Gonta had been dispatched by Polish Count Franciszek Salezy Potocki to protect Uman by

567-757: The region. Preparations for the uprising against the Bar Confederation and the initial raid of the Cossack detachment of Maksym Zalizniak started at the Motronynskyi Holy Trinity Monastery (now a convent in Cherkasy Raion ), the hegumen of which was Archimandrite Melkhisedek (Znachko-Yavorsky), who also served as the director of all Orthodox monasteries and churches in Right-bank Ukraine in 1761–1768. The peasant rebellion quickly gained momentum and spread over

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594-546: The service of aristocrats. That etymology is suggested by Polish historians such as Władysław Andrzej Serczyk and Ukrainian Volodymyr Shcherbyna. The rebellion was simultaneous to the Confederation of Bar , which originated in an adjacent region in the city of Bar (historical Podolia ) and was a de facto civil war in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The Bar Confederation declared not only

621-436: The slaughter initiated, most likely by vengeful peasants, began. According to modern testimonies, about three thousand Jews died in the synagogue alone. Killed and tormented. Jews had their hands and ears cut off. They were pulled out of cellars, houses and even ditches, where they sought shelter in vain. Catholic and Uniate priests became the next victims of the hatred of the insurgent crowd. In three weeks of unbridled violence,

648-505: The territory from the right bank of the Dnieper River to the river Sian . The Massacre of Uman had many Poles, Jews, and Uniates herded into their churches and synagogues and killed in cold blood, but Uniates were not among the victims in other places: Crowds of insurgents broke into the city [...] Most of the nobles and Jews gathered in the churches, synagogue and town hall. Catholic priests communicated and gave absolution [...]

675-403: The word "Koliivshchyna" is not certain. Taras Shevchenko , whose grandfather had participated in the uprising, wrote a poem, Haydamaky , in which kolii is described as a knife that is blessed in a church and used by Ukrainian villagers to kill animals humanely, according to the local understanding of animal rights . The blessing of knives had occurred two or three weeks before the uprising as

702-488: Was a major haidamaky rebellion that broke out in Right-bank Ukraine in June 1768, caused by the dissatisfaction of peasants with the treatment of Orthodox Christians by the Bar Confederation and serfdom , as well as by hostility of Cossacks and peasants to the local Polonized Ruthenian nobility and ethnic Poles. The uprising was accompanied by pogroms against both real and imagined supporters of

729-777: Was elected as the General Yesaul . The Free Cossacks units distinguished themselves during the Ukrainian-Soviet War (particularly from December 1917 to April 1918) and were disbanded around May and June 1918. In January-April 1918 the Ukrainian government tried to create the Free Registered Cossack Troops for county security, but after the April coup-d'etat led by Pavlo Skoropadsky all Free Cossacks formations were officially dissolved. This Ukrainian history –related article

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