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30-426: Free Speech Week is an opportunity for individuals and organizations to undertake independent projects and activities related to free speech. The celebration is designed to raise awareness of free speech issues and encourage a broad audience to openly express themselves. Free Speech Week involves the participation of many partnering organizations, creating a multi-faceted celebration of free speech. The Media Institute,

60-532: A collection of nearly 50 smaller meetings, is held annually in July. (In descending chronological order and by last name) (In descending chronological order) (In alphabetical order by last name) According to the NBER, they are funded by grants from government agencies, private foundations, by corporate and individual contributions, and by income from the NBER's investment portfolio. The largest donators currently are

90-657: A nonprofit organization located in Arlington, Virginia introduced the idea for Free Speech Week in 2003. The idea was an outgrowth of the institute's "Cornerstone Project", a First Amendment program that concluded in 2003. In 2005, the Institute asked the National Association of Broadcasters Education Foundation (NABEF) to collaborate on the inaugural week. The two organizations called themselves “founding partners” and conducted National Freedom of Speech Week as

120-657: A number of conferences and events, including the Transformation Conference, and issues annual awards for the best agencies in different categories. Marla Kaplowitz has served as AAAA's President and CEO since May 2017. In Mad Men S5.e12, " Commissions and Fees ", Lane Pryce is offered an unelected chairmanship of the organization's fiscal control committee after SCDP wins the Jaguar Cars account. National Bureau of Economic Research The National Bureau of Economic Research ( NBER )

150-511: A number of newspapers wrote that the majority of Americans did not believe the recession was over, mainly because they were still struggling and because the country still faced high unemployment. However, the NBER release had noted that "In determining that a trough occurred in June 2009, the committee did not conclude that economic conditions since that month have been favorable or that the economy has returned to operating at normal capacity. Rather,

180-708: A pivotal role in developing the US national income accounts. Kuznets' work laid the foundation for the Nobel Prize he received in 1971. After World War II, the NBER expanded its research scope. Arthur Burns succeeded Mitchell as research director. The 1950s and 1960s saw groundbreaking work by Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz on monetary policy's impact on business cycles. Research in labor economics also flourished during this period. Arthur Burns became NBER's president in 1956, followed by John R. Meyer in 1967. Meyer introduced several initiatives, including two NBER journals and

210-410: A policy of “open licensing,” allowing others to use both marks without charge. American Association of Advertising Agencies The American Association of Advertising Agencies ( 4A's ) is a U.S. trade association for advertising agencies which was founded in 1917. It serves over 600 member agencies across 1,200 offices, which control more than 85% of total U.S. advertising spend. Its goal

240-408: A recession commonly used in the media is two consecutive quarters of a shrinking gross domestic product (GDP). In contrast, the NBER defines a recession as "a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales". Business cycle dates are determined by

270-843: A “joint effort.” In the 2005 inaugural celebration, five "partnering organizations" were included: the American Association of Advertising Agencies , American Bar Association , Americans for the Arts , the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia, and the National Endowment for the Humanities . Since 2005, partners have included media companies and major trade associations representing broadcasters, cable operators, newspapers, and

300-526: Is an American private nonprofit research organization "committed to undertaking and disseminating unbiased economic research among public policymakers, business professionals, and the academic community." The NBER is known for proposing start and end dates for recessions in the United States. Many chairpersons of the Council of Economic Advisers were previously NBER research associates, including

330-496: Is claimed by some to serve the role as an arbiter of whether the U.S. is in a recession or not. The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) does not function as a real-time arbiter in determining the onset and duration of recessions but rather serves as a retrospective marker. The origins of this role can be traced to the 1960s when the Commerce Department began publishing a digest that relied on NBER's analysis of

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360-422: Is meant by "a significant decline", but rather determine if one has existed on a case by case basis after examining their catalogued factors which have no defined grade scale or weighting factors. The subjectivity of the determination has led to criticism and accusations committee members can "play politics" in their determinations. Though not listed by the NBER, another factor in favor of this alternate definition

390-492: Is that a long-term economic contraction may not always have two consecutive quarters of negative growth, as was the case in the recession following the bursting of the dot-com bubble . In September 2010, after a conference call with its Business Cycle Dating Committee, the NBER declared that the Great Recession in the United States had officially ended in 2009 and lasted from December 2007 to June 2009. In response,

420-411: Is to "foster, strengthen and improve the advertising agency business; to advance the cause of advertising as a whole; and to aid member agencies in operating more efficiently and profitably" by aiding member agencies with ad industry expertise, marketing research, training and professional development, lobbying, and even insurance benefits for employees. The American Association of Advertising Agencies

450-486: The 4A’s , to retire the words "American" (advertising is an international affair) and "Advertising Agencies" (as member firms offer a wide array of services). It has a Benefits division which provides insurance for more than 160,000 of its member agencies' employees. Its D.C. office, which opened in 1969, "monitors federal and state government activity and works to protect agencies and the advertising industry against burdensome legislation and taxation". It also organizes

480-666: The Carnegie Foundation , the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Foundation, and various corporations. Columbia University professor Wesley Clair Mitchell was the first director of research, guiding the organization's research for 25 years. The NBER's initial projects included measuring labor's share of national income and studying unemployment and business-cycle fluctuations. In 1927, Mitchell brought in Simon Kuznets , who later played

510-550: The Marketing Science Institute and the National Bureau of Economic Research . In 1998, it opened up its membership to marketing communications companies in addition to advertising agencies. Ad industry changes meant that agencies were no longer just creating ads but also engaging in public relations, direct marketing , sales promotion, and corporate branding. Furthermore, in 2009, it rebranded as

540-450: The NBER dating committee. Typically, these dates correspond to peaks and troughs in real GDP, although not always so. The NBER prefers this method for a variety of reasons. First, they feel by measuring a wide range of economic factors, rather than just GDP, a more accurate assessment of the health of an economy can be gained. For instance, the NBER considers not only the product-side estimates like GDP, but also income-side estimates such as

570-597: The NBER's expansion. The number of affiliated researchers grew significantly, and new programs and working groups were introduced. The NBER now distributes over 1,200 new research studies annually and holds around 125 meetings each year on various economic topics. The NBER's research activities are mostly identified by 20 research programs on different subjects and 14 working groups. Research Programs Working Groups The NBER convenes over 120 meetings each year at which researchers share and discuss their latest findings and launch new projects. The Summer Institute,

600-826: The National Institute of Health, the National Science Foundation, the Social Security Administration, and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. In a 2010 report by the University of Pennsylvania , the NBER was ranked as the second most influential domestic economic policy think tank (the first was the Brookings Institution ). The NBER is also known for its start and end dates of US recessions. The NBER

630-489: The advisory council. Free Speech Week is neither a political event nor an ideological platform. According to the organizers, “Free Speech Week is designed as a unifying celebration, elevating the vision of the Founding Fathers above the political fray and recognizing free speech as something we can all believe in and cherish.” Specific Free Speech Week activities (e.g., contests, seminars, exhibits) are funded by

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660-498: The business cycle. The recession markers are made by the Business Cycle Dating Committee, whose eight members are selected by the president of the NBER. The eight members tend to be highly distinguished economists. The NBER's Business Cycle Dating Committee, responsible for officially dating recessions, does not make real-time judgments or predict economic downturns. The committee's meetings are held on

690-610: The establishment of NBER offices in various cities. In 1977, Martin S. Feldstein became the NBER's president, transforming the organization. He expanded the NBER's network of university-based affiliates, moved its headquarters to Cambridge, and introduced the NBER Working Paper Series. Feldstein also established research programs focusing on specific areas and initiated the NBER Summer Institute. James Poterba succeeded Feldstein in 2008, continuing

720-620: The former NBER president and Harvard professor Martin Feldstein . The NBER's current president and CEO is James M. Poterba of MIT . The NBER was established in 1920 due to debates during the Progressive era over income distribution. Founded by Malcolm Rorty and Nachum Stone, the NBER aimed to fill the information gap on economic data. The organization's research is restricted to presenting data and findings without making policy recommendations. The NBER initially received support from

750-516: The gross domestic income (GDI). Second, since the NBER wishes to measure the duration of economic expansion and recession at a fine grain, they place emphasis on monthly—rather than quarterly—economic indicators. Finally, by using a looser definition, they can take into account the depth of decline in economic activity. For example, the NBER may declare not a recession simply because of two quarters of very slight negative growth, but rather an economic stagnation . However, they do not precisely define what

780-893: The organization's auspices, with a government charter to coordinate all wartime campaigns, including advertising for the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, liberty bonds , victory loans, and the Red Cross . In 1967, the AAAA seeking to connect with university researchers founded the Educational Foundation, which merged with the Educational Foundation of the American Advertising Foundation to form the Advertising Educational Foundation in 1983. It funded academic research on marketing and advertising and jointly sponsored projects with

810-620: The organizations that conduct them. The week's original title, “National Freedom of Speech Week,” was recognized by the United States Patent and Trademark Office as a mark owned by The Media Institute in March 2008. The Patent and Trademark Office also recognized the Free Speech Week slogan, “Free Speech: The Language of America,” as a protected mark owned by The Media Institute. However, the institute has always pursued

840-459: The recording industry. Many university departments of communication and law schools have also participated as "educational partners." In 2011, the name was shortened to “Free Speech Week.” The Media Institute created a Free Speech Week Advisory Council in 2012 to increase the reach and impact of Free Speech Week. On July 30, 2012, the Institute announced that Robert Pittman , CEO of Clear Channel Communications Inc., agreed to serve as chairman of

870-424: The third floor of NBER's headquarters. The meetings are neither publicized nor on a fixed schedule. The board's decisions are not always unanimous, but the disagreements within the committee tend not to be about the presence of a recession; rather they are about the specific start and end points of the recession. The NBER uses a broader definition of a recession than commonly appears in the media. A definition of

900-585: Was founded on June 4, 1917, in St. Louis by five regional advertising industry groups and 111 charter members. As its founding came right after the U.S. entry into World War I , one of the association's earliest actions was to urge its members to "sound a patriotic note in ads in support of the war effort". In December 1917, the Division of Advertising of the Committee of Public Information office opened under

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