126-529: President (2017–present) Minister of Economy and Industry (2014–2016) Renaissance [REDACTED] Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron ( French: [emanɥɛl makʁɔ̃] ; born 21 December 1977) is a French politician who is serving as the 25th and current president of France and ex officio one of the two co-princes of Andorra since 2017. He previously was Minister of Economics, Industry and Digital Affairs under President François Hollande from 2014 to 2016 and deputy secretary-general to
252-572: A renewable energy transition . Dubbed "president of the rich" by political opponents, increasing protests against his domestic reforms and demanding his resignation marked the first years of his presidency, culminating in 2018–2020 with the yellow vests protests and the pension reform strike . In foreign policy, he called for reforms to the European Union (EU) and signed bilateral treaties with Italy and Germany . Macron conducted €40 billion in trade and business agreements with China during
378-623: A transpartisan organisation. Various sources have described the party as being centrist , centre-right , or big tent . Historically back in 2019 the party was also labelled by some sources as centre-left . Macron described the party in 2016 as being a progressive party of both the left and the right. In 2017, observers and political commentators have described the party as being culturally liberal , as well as socially liberal and economically liberal in ideology. The party has also been described as using anti-establishment , populist strategies and rhetoric, with discourse comparable to
504-469: A two-round system ; thus, 289 seats are required for a majority. The president of the National Assembly , currently Yaël Braun-Pivet , presides over the body. The officeholder is usually a member of the largest party represented, assisted by vice presidents from across the represented political spectrum. The National Assembly's term is five years; however, the president of France may dissolve
630-670: A deputy cannot receive a wage of more than €9,779.11. Deputies' expenses can be scrutinised by a commission; sanctions can be pronounced if expenses were undue. The position of deputy of the National Assembly is incompatible with that of any other elected legislative position (Senator or since 2000, Member of European Parliament ) or with some administrative functions (members of the Constitutional Council and senior officials such as prefects, magistrates, or officers who are ineligible for department where they are stationed). Deputies may not have more than one local mandate (in
756-431: A grab bag of measures liberalizing laws prohibiting work on Sunday and at night; restrictions on coaches for public transportation; regulations for debt collectors, barristers and auctioneers; and rules governing the rental of equipment by the military from private companies. The law also sought to simplify many government procedures, such as that for obtaining a driving licence. Manuel Valls, fearing that it would not pass in
882-526: A higher rate than other parties in France, and does not impose any fees on members who want to join. The party has been a founding member of Renew Europe , the political group of the European Parliament representing liberals and centrists, since June 2019. La Gauche Libre, the think tank for the movement, was declared as an organization on 1 March 2015. Afterwards, lesjeunesavecmacron.fr
1008-467: A highly-paid position at Rothschild & Cie Banque . In March 2010, he was appointed to the Attali Commission as a member. In September 2008, Macron left his job as an Inspector of Finances and took a position at Rothschild & Cie Banque . Macron left the government when Nicolas Sarkozy became president. He was originally offered the job by François Henrot. His first responsibility at
1134-583: A law can originate from the Government ( projet de loi ) or a member of Parliament ( proposition de loi ). Certain laws must come from the Government, including financial regulations. The law proposals may pass through the National Assembly and Senate in an indifferent order, except for financial laws which must go through the Assembly first, or territorial organisational laws or laws for French citizens living in foreign countries, which must first pass through
1260-522: A majority in the National Assembly . Macron was elected to a second term in the 2022 presidential election , again defeating Le Pen, thus becoming the first French presidential candidate to win reelection since Jacques Chirac defeated Jean-Marie Le Pen in 2002 . His centrist coalition lost its absolute majority in the 2022 legislative election , resulting in a hung parliament and the formation of France's first minority government since
1386-546: A marathon press conference that day. Macron accumulated a wide array of supporters, securing endorsements from François Bayrou of the Democratic Movement (MoDem), MEP Daniel Cohn-Bendit , the ecologist candidate François de Rugy of the primary of the left , and Socialist MP Richard Ferrand , secretary-general of En Marche, as well as numerous others – many of them from the Socialist Party, but also
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#17327930083441512-486: A married teacher with three children at Jésuites de la Providence, who later became his wife. In Paris, Macron twice failed to gain entry to the École normale supérieure . He instead studied philosophy at the University of Paris-Ouest Nanterre La Défense , obtaining a DEA degree (a master level degree ), with a thesis on Machiavelli and Hegel . Around 1999 Macron worked as an editorial assistant to Paul Ricoeur ,
1638-443: A meeting with President François Hollande. Michel Sapin was announced as Macron's replacement, while Hollande said he felt Macron had "methodically betrayed" him. An IFOP poll showed that 84% of those surveyed agreed with his decision to resign. Macron first showed his intention to run by forming En Marche, but following his resignation from the government, he was able to dedicate more time to his movement. He first announced that he
1764-400: A member of another republican party. On 10 April 2016, a few days after the movement's launch, Macron claimed 13,000 adherents. Le Canard enchaîné accused him of inflating the figure and claimed that 13,000 was in reality the number of clicks that Macron had received on his website. Ismaël Emelien , Macron's advisor, clarified that "each adherent signs a charter of values and has
1890-432: A member of the military corps on duty, as well as with the exercise of one of the following mandates: regional council executive, Corsican Assembly executive, departmental council executive or municipal council executive in a municipality of a least or more than 3,500 inhabitants. Prefects are also unable to be elected in France in every district they are exercising power or exercised power for less than three years before
2016-546: A member. Macron was an assistant for Mayor Georges Sarre of the 11th arrondissement of Paris during his time at Sciences Po. Macron joined the Socialist Party at the age of 24, but last renewed his membership for the period 2006–2009. Macron met François Hollande through Jean-Pierre Jouyet in 2006 and joined his staff in 2010. In 2007, Macron attempted to run for a seat in the National Assembly in Picardy under
2142-608: A millionaire. In February 2012, Macron advised businessman Philippe Tillous-Borde, the CEO of the Avril Group . Macron reported that he had earned €2 million between December 2010 and May 2012. Official documents show that between 2009 and 2013, Macron had earned almost €3 million. He left Rothschild & Cie in 2012. In his youth beginning in 1998, Macron worked for the Citizens' Movement for two years, but he never applied to be
2268-607: A modest upbringing of a stationmaster father and a housekeeping mother, became a teacher and then a principal. Although raised in a non-religious family, Macron was baptized a Catholic at his own request at age 12; he is agnostic today. Macron was educated mainly at the Jesuit institute Lycée la Providence in Amiens before his parents sent him to finish his last year of school at the elite Lycée Henri-IV in Paris, where he completed
2394-434: A municipal, intercommunal, general, or regional council) in addition to their incumbent mandate. Since the 2017 legislative election, deputies cannot hold an executive position in any local government (municipality, department, region). However, they can hold a part-time councillor mandate. In July 2017, 58% of deputies held such a seat. Since 1958, the mandate is also incompatible with a ministerial function. Upon appointment to
2520-425: A new majority which returned the National Assembly to the aforementioned two-round system. Of the 577 elected deputies, 539 represent metropolitan France , 27 represent the overseas departments and overseas collectivities ; 11 represent French residents overseas . The agenda of the National Assembly is mostly decided by the Government, although the Assembly can also enforce its own agenda. Indeed, article 48 of
2646-623: A reluctant parliament using the special 49.3 procedure . Macron increased the French share in the company Renault from 15% to 20% and then enforced the Florange law which grants double voting rights on shares registered for more than two years unless two-thirds of shareholders vote to overturn it. This gave the French state a minority share in the company though Macron later stated that the government would limit its powers within Renault. Macron
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#17327930083442772-497: A renaissance across Europe. Following the election, the ALDE parliamentary group reformed into Renew Europe , incorporating Macron's Renaissance, along with others. For the 2020 municipal elections , LREM set itself the objective of obtaining 10,000 municipal councilors (out of a total of 500,000 elected). The party invested 592 heads of the list in towns with more than 9,000 inhabitants, including 289 belonging to members. Between
2898-526: A result of population movements, births and deaths inequalities between the less populous rural districts and the urban districts arose. The deputy for the most populous (within Val-d'Oise ), represented 188,000 voters, while that for the other extreme (for Lozère at-large), represented 34,000. That for Saint Pierre and Miquelon serves fewer than 6,000. Most were redrawn in 2009 (boundaries officially adopted in 2010, effective in 2012 ), but this redistribution
3024-696: A result of the Fillon affair which sank the Republican nominee François Fillon 's chances, Macron topped the ballot in the first round of voting, and was elected President of France on 7 May 2017 with 66.1% of the vote in the second round, defeating Marine Le Pen of the National Front . At the age of 39, he became the youngest president in French history. In the 2017 legislative election in June, his party, renamed La République En Marche! (LREM), secured
3150-413: A seat at the National Assembly is set at 18 years old. The candidate must also have fulfilled his National Civic Day, a special day created to replace the military service. Finally, a candidate under guardianship and curatorship cannot be elected to the assembly. Furthermore, a person cannot be elected if they were declared ineligible following fraudulent funding of a previous electoral campaign. Indeed,
3276-401: A significant number of centrist and centre-right politicians. The Grand Mosque of Paris urged French Muslims to vote en masse for Macron. On 23 April 2017, Macron received the most votes in the first round of the presidential election, with more than 8 million votes (24%) and faced Marine Le Pen in the second round, with the support of former candidates François Fillon and Benoît Hamon and
3402-465: A voice in the movement's general assembly" and "that has nothing to do with those who sign up for the newsletter, who are much greater in number". Sylvain Fort , another of Macron's advisors, affirmed that the movement verifies the email addresses of adherents but conceded that "the system relies on the honesty of each adherent". In October 2016, Macron affirmed that En Marche! was "neck and neck with
3528-527: Is seldom exercised. In 1997, President Jacques Chirac dissolved the National Assembly due to the lack of popularity of Prime Minister Alain Juppé . However, the plan backfired, as the newly elected majority was opposed to Chirac. The National Assembly can dismiss the executive government (that is, the prime minister and other ministers) by a motion of no confidence ( motion de censure ). For this reason, prime ministers and their government are necessarily from
3654-512: Is the leading force of the centrist Ensemble coalition, coalesced around Emmanuel Macron 's original presidential majority . The party was established on 6 April 2016 by Macron, a former Minister of the Economy, Industry and Digital Affairs , who was later elected president in the 2017 presidential election with 66.1% of the second-round vote. Subsequently, the party ran candidates in the 2017 legislative election , including dissidents from
3780-518: The Grandes écoles , such as HEC or Sciences Po. In 2006, Laurence Parisot offered him the job of managing director for Mouvement des Entreprises de France , the largest employer federation in France, but he declined. In August 2007, Macron was appointed deputy rapporteur for Jacques Attali 's "Commission to Unleash French Growth". In 2008, Macron paid €50,000 to buy himself out of his government contract. He then became an investment banker in
3906-632: The Inspection générale des finances (IGF), a branch of the Finance Ministry . Macron was mentored by Jean-Pierre Jouyet , the then-head of the IGF. During his time as an Inspector of Finances, Macron gave lectures during the summer at the "prep'ENA" (a special cram school for the ENA entrance examination) at IPESUP , an elite private school specializing in preparation for the entrance examinations of
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4032-412: The 2000 referendum ) and are elected in the same year. While motions de censure are periodically proposed by the opposition following government actions that it deems highly inappropriate, they are purely rhetorical; party discipline ensures that, throughout a parliamentary term, the Government is never dismissed by the Assembly, at least when the governing party/coalition holds a working majority in
4158-709: The China–United States trade war and oversaw a dispute with Australia and the United States over the AUKUS security pact. From 2020, he led France's response to the COVID-19 pandemic and vaccination rollout . In 2023, the government of his prime minister, Élisabeth Borne, passed legislation raising the retirement age from 62 to 64 ; the pension reforms proved controversial and led to public sector strikes and violent protests . He continued Opération Chammal in
4284-410: The Democratic Movement (MoDem), which he leads, reserved 90 constituencies for MoDem candidates (running under the label of La République En Marche!), of which 50 were considered winnable. On 15 May 2017, the secretary general of the presidency announced the appointment of Édouard Philippe , a member of LR, as Prime Minister . On 18 June 2017, La République En Marche! won an absolute majority in
4410-609: The Fifth Republic greatly increased the power of the executive at the expense of Parliament, compared to previous constitutions ( Third and Fourth Republics), following the May 1958 crisis . The president of the Republic can decide to dissolve the National Assembly and call for new legislative elections. This is meant as a way to resolve stalemates where the Assembly cannot decide on a clear political direction. This possibility
4536-540: The French Protestant philosopher who was then writing his last major work, La Mémoire, l'Histoire, l'Oubli . Macron worked mainly on the notes and bibliography. Macron became a member of the editorial board of the literary magazine Esprit . Macron did not perform national service because he was pursuing his graduate studies. Born in December 1977, he belonged to the last cohort for whom military service
4662-626: The National Assembly and called for a snap legislative election which resulted in another hung parliament and electoral defeat for his ruling coalition. It was only the third time in the French Republic's history that a president lost an election he called of his own initiative. 59 days after the election, Macron appointed Michel Barnier , a conservative political figure and former chief Brexit negotiator, as Prime minister. During his presidency , Macron has overseen several reforms to labour laws , taxation , and pensions ; and has pursued
4788-482: The National Assembly , securing 308 seats (or 53% of the seats) while collecting only 28.21% of the vote on the first round, and 43.06% on the second round. Additionally, MoDem secured 42 seats. LREM became France's party of power , in support of the President. In the 2017 Senate election , La République En Marche! lost seats, ending up with 21, seven fewer than before. While hoping to double its representatives in
4914-511: The Senate ( Sénat ). The National Assembly's legislators are known as députés ( [depyte] ), meaning "delegate" or "envoy" in English; etymologically , it is a cognate of the English word deputy , the standard term for legislators in many parliamentary systems. There are 577 députés , each elected by a single-member constituency (at least one per department ) through
5040-591: The Socialist Party (PS) and the Republicans (LR), as well as minor parties, winning an absolute majority in the National Assembly . Macron was re-elected in the 2022 presidential election , but the party lost its absolute majority in the 2022 legislative election . Macron conceived RE as a progressive movement, uniting both left and right . RE supports pro-Europeanism and globalization and wants to "modernise and moralise" French politics. The party has accepted members from other political parties at
5166-712: The Socialist Party (PS) or the Republicans (LR). Macron previously said the legislative candidates would have to leave the PS before they could join LREM, though on 5 May 2017 Macron waived this requirement. However, then-spokesperson of LREM Christophe Castaner later said they could stay in the PS as long as they supported Macron. Moreover, spokesperson Jean-Paul Delevoye said the members of civil society could be mayors or members of regional councils and departmental councils . After François Bayrou endorsed Macron in February,
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5292-678: The Third Way as adopted by the Labour Party in the UK during its New Labour phase. The party has been described as supporting some policies close to centre-right classical liberalism . According to an Ipsos survey conducted in March 2018, some public perception of the party has moved to the right since March 2017, with 45% of respondents classifying the party as being centre-right (25%) to right-wing (20%). 21% of respondents place it in
5418-547: The University of Berlin with the help of businessman Alain Minc. He had also sought a position at Harvard University . Offered a chance to be a candidate in the municipal elections in 2014 in his hometown of Amiens, Macron declined, leading François Hollande to reject Manuel Valls's idea of appointing him Budget Minister, as he had never been elected to public office. He was appointed as the Minister of Economics and Industry in
5544-407: The high school curriculum and the undergraduate program with a "Bac S, Mention Très bien". At the same time, he was nominated for the " Concours général " (most selective national level high school competition) in French literature and received his diploma for his piano studies at Amiens Conservatory. His parents sent him to Paris due to their alarm at the bond he had formed with Brigitte Auzière ,
5670-624: The war against the Islamic State and joined in the international condemnation of the Russian invasion of Ukraine . Macron was born on 21 December 1977 in Amiens . He is the son of Françoise Macron (née Noguès), a physician, and Jean-Michel Macron , professor of neurology at the University of Picardy . The couple divorced in 2010. He has two siblings, Laurent, born in 1979, and Estelle, born in 1982. Françoise and Jean-Michel's first child
5796-554: The 2020–2025 mandate. Anne Rudisuhli is Coordinator in the SEDEC Commission and Magali Altounian is Deputy Coordinator in the ECON Commission. National Assembly (France) Opposition (364) Vacant (2) The National Assembly ( French : Assemblée nationale , [asɑ̃ble nɑsjɔnal] ) is the lower house of the bicameral French Parliament under the Fifth Republic , the upper house being
5922-469: The Assembly to pronounce itself in one vote only with the amendments proposed or accepted by the Government itself. Projects of propositions of laws will be examined succinctly by the two chambers of Parliament (National Assembly and Senate) until the text is identical. After two lectures by the two chambers (or just one if the Government chooses to engage an acceleration of the text adoption, which can happen only in certain conditions) and without any accord,
6048-458: The Chamber (which was no longer the case following the 2022 election ). Since the beginning of the Fifth Republic , there has only been one single successful motion de censure , in 1962 in hostility to the referendum on the method of election of the President of the Republic; President Charles de Gaulle dissolved the Assembly within a few days. The Government (the prime minister and
6174-483: The Constitution guarantees at least a monthly session decided by the Assembly. A law proposal is a document divided into three distinct parts: a title, an exposé des motifs and a dispositif . The exposé des motifs describes the arguments in favour of a modification of a given law or new measurements that are proposed. The dispositif is the normative part, which is developed within articles. A proposal for
6300-565: The French best-seller list in December 2016. Shortly after announcing his run, Jean-Christophe Cambadélis and Manuel Valls both asked Macron to run in the Socialist Party presidential primary , which he ultimately refused to do. Jean-Christophe Cambadélis began to threaten to exclude members who associated or supported Macron following Lyon mayor Gérard Collomb throwing his support behind him. Macron's campaign, headed by French economist Sophie Ferracci , announced in December 2016 that it had raised 3.7 million euros in donations, three times
6426-654: The French legislature at the time was called the Chamber of Deputies . Under the Second French Empire , the term National Assembly was not in use for any French government organ. The lower house of the French legislature at the time was called the Corps législatif . Initially, the National Assembly of the French Third Republic was a unicameral constituent assembly . Following the enactment of
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#17327930083446552-399: The French presidency after months of speculation. In his announcement speech, he called for a "democratic revolution" and promised to "unblock France". He had expressed hope that Hollande would run several months earlier, saying that—as the sitting president—he was the legitimate Socialist party candidate. Macron's book Révolution was published on 24 November 2016 and reached fifth position on
6678-415: The Government, the elected deputy has one month to choose between the mandate and the office. If they choose the second option, then they are replaced by their substitute . Since a change validated by the National Assembly in 2008, deputies can return to their seat in the assembly one month after the end of their cabinet position. Previously, a special election had to be held. To be eligible to be elected to
6804-675: The La République En Marche! financial association. Since its creation, the association has raised funds for the party. In 2016, Georges Fenech, a deputy of the Republicans , alerted the National Assembly that the association had continued fund raising even during Macron's trip to London. This led Prime Minister Manuel Valls to issue an official denial even though En Marche! had already done so. Macron declared in May 2016 that 2,000 donors had already contributed financially to
6930-695: The National Assembly, decided to push the law through with the 49.3 procedure and so it was adopted on 10 April 2015. Estimates of the increase in GDP the law might generate ranged from 0.3% to 0.5%. Macron first became known to the French public after his appearance on the French TV programme Des Paroles Et Des Actes in March 2015. Before forming his political party En Marche! , he gave a number of speeches, his first one in March 2015 in Val-de-Marne . He threatened to leave Manuel Valls' second government over
7056-415: The National Assembly, one must be at least 18 years old, of French citizenship, as well as not subject to a sentence of deprivation of civil rights or to personal bankruptcy . Eligibility conditions 1. Eligibility due to personal requirements The essential conditions to run for elections are the following. First, a candidate must have French citizenship. Secondly, the minimum age required to run for
7182-509: The Prime Minister or the two presidents of the chambers, conjointly with first, can convoke a special commission composed by an equal number of members of Assembly and Senators to reach a compromise and propose a new text. The new proposition has to be approved by the Government before being re-proposed to the two chambers. No new amendments can be added except on the Government's approval. If the new proposal of law fails to be approved by
7308-531: The Senate. For an ordinary proposition of law, texts must be first reviewed by a permanent parliamentary commission, or a special commission designated for this purpose. During the discussion in the commission, or in plenary sessions in the assembly, the Government and Parliament can add, modify or delete articles of the proposal. The text is thus amended. Amendments proposed by a parliamentarian cannot mobilise further public funding. The Government has to right to ask
7434-493: The Socialist Party label in the 2007 legislative elections ; however, his application was declined. Macron was offered the chance to be the deputy chief of staff to Prime Minister François Fillon in 2010, though he declined. On 15 May 2012, Macron became the deputy secretary-general of the Élysée , a senior role in President François Hollande's staff. Macron served with Nicolas Revel . He served under
7560-420: The Socialist Party" in terms of membership after only seven months of existence. According to Mediapart , this included many independents and executives, but few functionaries, farmers and unemployed people. Many of its members had never been engaged in politics. However, the majority had only shown interest by leaving their information on the party website. La République En Marche! takes inspiration from
7686-476: The address read by the presidents of both chambers of Parliament, with no subsequent debate. Following a tradition started by the first National Assembly during the French Revolution , the left-wing parties sit to the left as seen from the president's seat and the right-wing parties to the right; the seating arrangement thus directly indicates the left–right political spectrum as represented in
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#17327930083447812-427: The assembly, thereby calling for early elections, unless it has been dissolved in the preceding twelve months. This measure has become rarer since the 2000 French constitutional referendum reduced the presidential term from seven to five years; in the four elections between 2002 and 2017 , the president of the Republic has always had a coattail effect delivering a majority in the assembly election two months after
7938-696: The assembly. The official seat of the National Assembly is the Palais Bourbon on the Rive Gauche of the Seine in the 7th arrondissement of Paris . The Assembly also uses other neighbouring buildings, including the Immeuble Chaban-Delmas on the Rue de l'Université, Paris . Like most institutions of importance in Paris, it is guarded by Republican Guards . The Constitution of France in
8064-508: The bank was assisting with the acquisition of Cofidis by Crédit Mutuel Nord Europe. Macron formed a relationship with Alain Minc , a businessman on the supervisory board of Le Monde . In 2010, Macron was promoted to partner with the bank after working on the recapitalization of Le Monde and the acquisition by Atos of Siemens IT Solutions and Services. In the same year, Macron was put in charge of Nestlé 's acquisition of Pfizer's infant nutrition division for €9 billion, which made him
8190-446: The budget of then-front runner Alain Juppé . Macron came under criticism from several individuals, including Benoît Hamon −who requested he reveal a list of his donors and accused him of conflicts of interest due to the time he spent at Rothschilds, which Macron dismissed as "demagogy". Journalists Marion L'Hour and Frédéric Says later reported that he had spent €120,000 on setting up dinners and meetings with various personalities within
8316-457: The candidate's place if during tenure incapacitated or barred – if the deputy becomes a government member, most notably. The organic law of 10 July 1985 established a system of party-list proportional representation within the framework of the département . It was necessary within this framework to obtain at least 5% of the vote to elect an official. However, the legislative election of 1986 , carried out under this system, gave France
8442-534: The candidates had allied themselves with right-wing mayors, as in Bordeaux . The French ecologists won the majority of the metropolitan cities that the party wanted to win. "It is no longer a green wave, it is a tsunami," said an employee of the party after the election. "The danger for 2022 is the rise of the Europe Ecology – The Greens ," said a local official. A combination of circumstances symbolic of
8568-440: The centre, compared to 33% in March 2017. La République En Marche! considers every person who submits identification information (date of birth, email, full address and telephone number) and adheres to the party's charter to be an adherent. Unlike other political parties, it does not require adherents to make a monetary donation. Macron has indicated that it is possible to adhere to La République En Marche! while remaining
8694-489: The chance to help draft into the El Khomri law and put specific parts of "Macron 2" into the law though El Khomri was able to overturn these with the help of other ministers. Amid tensions and deterioration of relations with the current government, Macron founded an independent political party, En Marche, in Amiens on 6 April 2016. A social-liberal , progressive political movement that gathered huge media coverage when it
8820-491: The congress where hundred attendants unanimously resigned from the party due to accusations of a lack of internal democracy and corruption. The first by-election of 15th National Assembly of France in Val-d'Oise's 1st constituency's, which was a La République En Marche! seat, was up for contention after it was ruled that deputy Isabelle Muller-Quoy 's replacement Michel Alexeef was ineligible under electoral code. Muller-Quoy won
8946-498: The date of the election. Since 31 March 2017, being elected deputy is incompatible with most executive local mandates such as mayors, president of a regional council or member of the departmental council. In 1795, 1797 & 1798, only part of the legislature was elected. Under the Bourbon Restoration and July Monarchy , the term National Assembly was not in use for any French government organ. The lower house of
9072-468: The difficulties encountered by La République en Marche during this campaign, marked in particular by a certain embarrassment to display the LREM logo on posters in the midst of the yellow vests movement , social conflict on pensions, climate strikes , as well as the management of the COVID-19 crisis did not calm the rejection of the party. In May 2022, LREM announced that it would change the name of its parliamentary group to Renaissance. In September,
9198-406: The dominant party or coalition in the assembly. In the case of a president of the Republic and National Assembly from opposing parties, this leads to the situation known as cohabitation ; this situation, which has occurred three times (twice under François Mitterrand , once under Jacques Chirac ), is likely to be rarer now that terms of the president and Assembly are the same length (5 years since
9324-482: The endorsement of President Macron, allowing him to run unopposed. The congress took place on the 19 November 2017 and Castaner was elected the Executive Officer and leader of the party by a council of 800 people, with a quarter being adherents of the party. Castaner's term will last three years. The congress generated media attention for criticism surrounding it, including a walk-out done by attendees of
9450-463: The fall of the Bérégovoy government in 1993 . In early 2024, Macron appointed Gabriel Attal as Prime Minister, youngest head of government in French history and first openly gay man to hold the office, to replace Élisabeth Borne , the second female Prime Minister of France, after a major government crisis . Following crushing defeat at the 2024 European Parliament elections , Macron dissolved
9576-462: The first round by 18 percentage points in 2017 and won the first round by only 5 percentage points in the by-election, going onto lose the seat to the LR candidate Antoine Savignat . The race was the first loss the party had endured in the National Assembly. Several subsequent by-elections following showed a 10% overall swing against La République En Marche! since the June 2017 legislative elections. LREM
9702-408: The first round, those who account for in excess of 12.5% ( 1 ⁄ 8 ) of the registered voters are entered in the second round of voting. If no three or more meet such conditions, the two highest-placing candidates automatically advance to the second round of voting – at which, the candidate who receives the most votes is elected. Each candidate is enrolled along with a substitute , who takes
9828-504: The information gained to create a programme closer to the French electorate. Later that year, Chaker structured the movement and became the first general secretary of Emmanuel Macron's party En Marche! and its first official employee. He was then appointed as deputy general secretary and coordinator of Macron's campaign operations for the 2017 French presidential election . La République En Marche! ran candidates in most constituencies. At least half its candidates came from civil society,
9954-569: The largest group) or "opposition" group (having officially declared it did not support the Government). Legislators of the assembly can ask written or oral questions to ministers. The Wednesday afternoon 3 p.m. session of "questions to the government" is broadcast live on television. Like Prime Minister's Questions in the United Kingdom, it is largely a show for the viewers, with members of the majority asking flattering questions, while
10080-449: The media and in French popular culture while at Bercy. Christian Jacob and Philippe Vigier accused him of using this money to campaign without campaigning. His successor, Michel Sapin, saw nothing illegal about his actions, saying that he had the right to spend the funds. Macron called the allegations "defamatory" and said that none of the ministerial budget had been spent on his party. Macron's campaign enjoyed considerable coverage from
10206-435: The media with Libération reporting that L'Express , Les Échos , Le 1 [ fr ] , and L'Opinion had begun to support him. Following several controversies surrounding trade unionists and their protests, Acrimed [ fr ] reported that major newspapers began to run front-page stories about Macron and En Marche. Criticized by both the far-left and the far-right, these pro-Macron influencers in
10332-598: The media. Mediapart reported that over fifty magazine covers were dedicated purely to him. Friends with the owners of Le Monde and Claude Perdiel, the former owner of Nouvel Observateur , he was labelled the "media candidate" by the far-left and far-right and was viewed as such in opinion polls. Many observers compared his campaign to a product being sold due to Maurice Lévy , a former Publicis CEO, using marketing tactics to try to advance his presidential ambitions. The magazine Marianne reported that BFM TV , owned by Patrick Drahi , broadcast more coverage of Macron than of all
10458-400: The minister in charge of relations with Parliament) used to set the priorities of the agenda for the Assembly's sessions, except for a single day each month. In practice, given the number of priority items, it meant that the schedule of the assembly was almost entirely set by the executive; bills generally only have a chance to be examined if proposed or supported by the executive. This, however,
10584-464: The movement) and efficacy. Those wishing to seek the endorsement of LREM had to sign up online and the movement received nearly 15,000 applications. When dealing with nominations sought by those in the political world, the party considered the popularity, establishment and media skills of applicants, with the most difficult cases adjudicated by Macron himself. To present themselves under the label of La République En Marche!, outgoing deputies had to leave
10710-399: The office, as well as a total of €8,949 per month to pay up to five employees. They also have an office in the assembly, various perquisites in terms of transport and communications, social security , a pension fund and unemployment insurance . Under article 26 of the Constitution, deputies, like Senators, are protected by parliamentary immunity. In the case of an accumulation of mandates,
10836-430: The opportunity to freely join or create a local committee. Each of these committees is led by one or more adherents who organize the committee by planning local events, meetings and debates centered around the ideas and values promoted by the movement. La République En Marche! counted more than 2,600 of these committees in December 2016. Christian Dargnat, former general director of BNP Paribas Asset Management, leads
10962-474: The opposition tries to embarrass the government. Since 1988, the 577 deputies are elected by direct universal suffrage with a two-round system by constituency , for a five-year mandate, subject to dissolution. The constituencies each have about 100,000 inhabitants. The electoral law of 1986 specifies their variance of population within a department should not exceed 20%, when conducting any redistribution. However, none were redrawn between 1982 and 2009. As
11088-467: The other deputy secretary-general of the Élysée opposed Macron on a proposed budget responsibility pact favoured by the Medef . On 10 June 2014, it was announced that Macron had resigned from his role and was replaced by Laurence Boone . Reasons given for his departure included his disappointment at not being included in the first Government of Manuel Valls and his frustration with his lack of influence on
11214-413: The other half having previously held political office and half were women. Candidates could not be selected for more than one constituency. In addition to those parameters, Macron specified in his initial press conference on 19 January that he would require that candidates demonstrate probity (disqualifying any prospective candidates with a criminal record ), political plurality (representing the threads of
11340-446: The other main candidates combined. Marianne speculated that this might be due to the campaigns links with Drahi through Bernard Mourad . François Bayrou , with whom Macron had been compared, announced he was not going to stand in the presidential election and instead formed an electoral alliance with Macron, whose poll ratings began to rise. After several legal issues surrounding François Fillon were publicized, Macron overtook him in
11466-446: The participatory model of Désirs d'avenir , Ségolène Royal 's movement and intends to rely on its member files, according to deputy Pascal Terrasse and former leader of Désirs d'avenir . According to Libération , the movement relies on a pyramidal enrolment system inspired by Barack Obama 's campaigns of 2008 and 2012 . By relying on a participatory political model, each La République En Marche! adherent has
11592-525: The party also switched its name to Renaissance. The change was part of an effort to bring all of the presidential majority into a single party, though only Agir and Territories of Progress merged into Renaissance. President Macron called for a snap legislative election after the 2024 European Parliament election . Although Macron was a member of the PS from 2006 to 2009 and an independent politician from 2009 to 2016, La République En Marche! seeks to transcend traditional political boundaries to be
11718-556: The party. In December 2016, he spoke of more than 10,000 donors from 1 euro to 7,500 euros. By the end of December 2016, he had collected between 4 and 5 million euros in donations. At the end of March, this figure exceeded 9 million euros from 35,000 donations, averaging 257 euros per donation. 600 donors made up half of the total amount donated, with donations upwards of 5,000 euros. In the book Dans l'enfer de Bercy: Enquête sur les secrets du ministère des Finances ( JC Lattès , 2017) by journalists Frédéric Says and Marion L'Hour, Macron
11844-503: The poll and only had 146 mayors supported or invested in municipalities with more than 9,000 inhabitants and 4 in municipalities with more than 30,000 inhabitants. In many cities, the ruling party was relegated to third or even fourth place. As expected, in Paris as in Lyon, important place for the movement, the LREM candidates suffered serious setbacks. The defeat is all the stronger where
11970-477: The polls to become the front-runner. Macron attracted criticism for the time taken to spell out a formal program during his campaign; despite declaring in November that he had still not released a complete set of proposals by February, attracting both attacks from critics and concern among allies and supporters. He eventually laid out his 150-page formal program on 2 March, publishing it online and discussing it at
12096-399: The potential presidential run. The launch of the party was widely covered throughout the media and media coverage continued to peak as tensions rose among Macron and other government ministers as his loyalty was questioned. In the weeks following the creation of En Marche!, Macron soared in the opinion polls, coming to be seen as the main competitor on the left. The creation of En Marche!
12222-645: The president from 2012 to 2014. He has been a member of Renaissance since he founded it in 2016. Born in Amiens , Macron studied philosophy at Paris Nanterre University . He completed a master's degree in public affairs at Sciences Po and graduated from the École nationale d'administration in 2004. He worked as a senior civil servant at the Inspectorate General of Finances and as an investment banker at Rothschild & Co . Appointed Élysée deputy secretary-general by President François Hollande shortly after his election in May 2012, Macron
12348-655: The presidential election, and it was accordingly of little benefit to dissolve it. In 2024 , it was dissolved following the announcement of the results of the European Parliament election . Due to the separation of powers , the president of the Republic may not take part in parliamentary debates. They can address the Congress of the French Parliament , which meets at the Palace of Versailles , or have
12474-457: The press were dubbed "Macronites". In May 2016, Orleans mayor Olivier Carré invited Macron to the festival commemorating the 587th anniversary of Joan of Arc 's efforts during the Siege of Orléans . LCI reported that Macron was trying to take back the symbol of Joan of Arc from the far-right. Macron later went to Puy du Fou and declared he was "not a socialist" in a speech amid rumours he
12600-452: The proposed removal of dual-nationality from terrorists. He also took various foreign trips, including one to Israel where he spoke on the advancement of digital technology. Tensions around the question of Macron's loyalty to the Valls government and Hollande increased when they turned down a bill he put forward dubbed "Macron 2", which had a larger scope than his original law. Macron was given
12726-407: The reforms proposed by the government. This was following the appointment of Jean-Pierre Jouyet as chief of staff. Jouyet said that Macron left to "continue personal aspirations" and create his own financial consultancy firm. It was later reported that he was planning to create an investment firm that would attempt to fund educational projects. Shortly afterwards he was hired as a research fellow at
12852-507: The second Valls Cabinet on 26 August 2014, replacing Arnaud Montebourg . He was the youngest Minister of Economics since Valéry Giscard d'Estaing in 1962. Macron was branded by the media as the "Anti-Montebourg" due to being pro-EU and much more liberal, while Montebourg was eurosceptic and left-wing. As Minister of Economics, Macron was at the forefront of pushing through business-friendly reforms. On 17 February 2015, prime minister Manuel Valls pushed Macron's signature law package through
12978-417: The secretary-general, Pierre-René Lemas . During the summer of 2012, Macron put forward a proposal that would increase the 35-hour work week to 37 hours until 2014. He also tried to hold back the large tax increases on the highest earners that were planned by the government. Hollande refused Macron's proposals. In 2013, his was one of the deciding votes against regulating the salaries of CEOs . Nicolas Revel,
13104-506: The senate, party officials have noted that due to the elections electoral system of indirect universal suffrage, where deputies, senators and regional councilors elect senators, the party had a disadvantage due to being new. In the same month, the first party congress was announced to be held in Lyon . The first gathering of party adherents and representatives, party spokesman, Christophe Castaner announced his candidacy on 25 October 2017 with
13230-420: The sitting president François Hollande. Many foreign politicians supported Macron in his bid against right-wing populist candidate Marine Le Pen , including European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker , German Chancellor Angela Merkel , and former US President Barack Obama . A debate was arranged between Macron and Le Pen on 3 May 2017. The debate lasted for two hours and opinion polls showed that he
13356-405: The success of the right in the 2014 elections; Marie Guévenoux , co-president of the national investiture commission of LREM, affirms to have "even rather want to forge alliances on the left, but that was not possible" because the majority on the left didn't want. Confident after the electoral results of the legislative and European elections, the party did not conquer any large city at the end of
13482-399: The two chambers' proposal, can submit every law proposal as a referendum if it concerns the organisation of public powers, reforms on the economy, social and environmental measures, or every proposition that would have an impact on the functioning of the institutions. A referendum on the previous conditions can also be initiated by a fifth of the membership of Parliament, supported by a tenth of
13608-402: The two chambers, the Government can, after a new lecture by the National Assembly and the Senate, ask the National Assembly to rule a final judgement. In that case, the National Assembly can either take back the text elaborated by the special commission or the last one that they voted for – possibly modified by several amendments by the Senate. The president of the Republic, on the Government or
13734-414: The two rounds, the party formed 76 alliances with the right and 33 with the left in towns with more than 9,000 inhabitants; alliances are notably formed with right-wing lists against Europe Ecology – The Greens or union lists on the left, in large cities such as Bordeaux , Strasbourg and Tours . LREM leaders justify this imbalance by the fact that the outgoing right-wing mayors are more numerous given
13860-500: The voter could be considered as highly influenced and their decision making could be impacted. The sincerity of the results could thus not be regarded as viable and legitimate. 2. Eligibility due to positions that a person may occupy The deputy mandate cannot be cumulated with a mandate of Senator, MEP, member of the Government or of the Constitutional Council. The deputy mandate is also incompatible with being
13986-512: The voters inscribed on the electoral lists. Finally, the laws are promulgated by the president of the Republic's signature. The officeholder may call for a new legislative deliberation of the law or one of its articles in front of the National Assembly, which cannot be denied. Assembly legislators receive a salary of €7,043.69 per month. There is also the "compensation representing official expenses" ( indemnité représentative de frais de mandat , IRFM) of €5,867.39 per month to pay costs related to
14112-654: Was accused of using 120,000 euros from the state budget from 1 January to 30 August 2016 in order to fund his presidential campaign. In the European Parliament , La République En Marche sits in the Renew Europe group with five MEPs. In the European Committee of the Regions , La République En Marche sits in the Renew Europe CoR group , with three full members and one alternate member for
14238-405: Was amended on 23 July 2008. Under the amended Constitution, the Government sets the priorities for two weeks in a month. Another week is designated for the Assembly's "control" prerogatives (consisting mainly of oral questions addressed to the Government). The fourth one is also set by the Assembly. Furthermore, one day per month is set by a "minority" (group supporting the Government but which is not
14364-462: Was considering running for president in April 2016, and after his resignation from the position of economy minister, media sources began to identify patterns in his fundraising indicating he would run. In October 2016, Macron criticized Hollande's goal of being a "normal" president, saying that France needed a more " Jupiterian presidency". On 16 November 2016, Macron formally declared his candidacy for
14490-408: Was controversial, such as the creation of eleven constituencies for French residents overseas without increasing the number of seats. The electoral map is drawn by an independent commission. To be elected in the first round of voting, a candidate must obtain at least 50% of the votes cast, with a turnout of at least 25% of the registered voters on the electoral rolls. If no candidate is elected in
14616-474: Was expected to sign a cooperation agreement with the ALDE group for the 2019 European Parliament election . However, owing to the Gilets Jaunes protests and the rise of national populism within France, Macron opted to run a campaign focusing more on electing representatives of his party to the European Parliament , than campaigning for ALDE . Macron styled his campaign as " Renaissance ", calling for
14742-436: Was first established, the party and Macron were both reprimanded by President Hollande and the question of Macron's loyalty to the government was raised. Several MEPs spoke out in support for the movement though the majority of the Socialist Party spoke against En Marche including Manuel Valls , Michel Sapin , Axelle Lemaire and Christian Eckert . In June 2016, support for Macron and his movement, En Marche, began to grow in
14868-419: Was going to leave the current government. On 30 August 2016, Macron resigned from the government ahead of the 2017 presidential election , to devote himself to his En Marche movement. There had been rising tensions and several reports that he had wanted to leave the Valls government since early 2015. He initially planned to leave after the cancellation of his "Macron 2" law but decided to stay on temporarily after
14994-534: Was mandatory. Macron obtained a master's degree in public affairs at Sciences Po , majoring in "Public Guidance and Economy" before training for a senior civil service career at the selective École nationale d'administration (ENA), training at the French Embassy in Nigeria and at the prefecture of Oise before graduating in 2004. After graduating from ENA in 2004, Macron became an Inspector in
15120-526: Was one of Hollande's senior advisers. Appointed Minister of Economics, Industry and Digital Affairs in August 2014 in the second Valls government , he led a number of business-friendly reforms. He resigned in August 2016, in order to launch his 2017 presidential campaign. A member of the Socialist Party from 2006 to 2009, he ran in the election under the banner of En Marche , a centrist and pro-European political movement he founded in April 2016. Partly as
15246-619: Was perceived to have won. Renaissance (French political party) Renaissance ( RE ) is a political party in France that is typically described as liberal and centrist or centre-right . The party was originally known as En Marche ! ( EM ) and later La République En Marche ! ( transl. The Republic on the Move , LREM , LaREM or REM ), before adopting its current name in September 2022. RE
15372-472: Was registered as a domain on 23 June 2015. Eventually, two Facebook pages were created and an extra domain registered. Another organization was eventually created by Macron, declared as L'Association pour le renouvellement de la vie politique and registered as a micro-party in January 2016. This was following en-marche.fr being claimed as a domain. L'Association pour le renouvellement de la vie politique
15498-675: Was stillborn. The Macron family legacy is traced back to the village of Authie , Picardy . One of his paternal great-grandfathers, George William Robertson, was English, and was born in Bristol , United Kingdom. His maternal grandparents, Jean and Germaine Noguès (née Arribet), are from the Pyrenean town of Bagnères-de-Bigorre , Gascony . He commonly visited Bagnères-de-Bigorre to visit his grandmother Germaine, whom he called "Manette". Macron associates his enjoyment of reading and his leftward political leanings to Germaine, who, after coming from
15624-445: Was then registered as EMA EN MARCHE in March 2016. En Marche! was established on 6 April 2016 in Amiens by Emmanuel Macron, then aged 38, with the help of political advisor Ismaël Emelien . The initials of the name of the party are the same as the initials of Macron's name. The announcement of En Marche! was the first indication by Macron that he was planning to run for President , with Macron using En Marche! to fundraise for
15750-402: Was welcomed by several political figures including Najat Vallaud-Belkacem , Jean-Pierre Raffarin and Pierre Gattaz , although it was also criticised by Jean-Luc Mélenchon and Christian Estrosi . In an attempt to create the party's first campaign platform, Macron and head of operations Ludovic Chaker recruited 4,000 volunteers to conduct door-to-door surveys of 100,000 people, using
15876-503: Was widely criticized for being unable to prevent the closing down of an Ecopla factory in Isère . In August 2015, Macron said that he was no longer a member of the Socialist Party and was an independent. A law which had originally been sponsored by Arnaud Montebourg before he left the government, and which had focused on "purchasing power", grew into the Macron law [ fr ] ,
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