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55-547: France was one of the first two countries outside of Italy to start playing tarot, the other being Switzerland. While various types of tarot games were played in France since the 16th century, the dominant form now popular is the 19th-century rule set from Bourgogne-Franche-Comté . Historically, tarot games in France were played with the Italian-suited Tarot of Marseilles which had Renaissance allegorical images on

110-428: A favorable enough hand to open the bidding. With shuffling between deals it is unlikely that any one player will be willing to bid on the hand dealt; this leads to multiple redeals before a hand is actually played. If a player's hand contains no trumps or no court cards (roi, dame, cavalier, valet), the player can declare Misère, which gives the declarer 30 points and subtracts 10 from the other players scores. This bonus

165-412: A half-point; see scoring below) from their scoring pile. The official FFT tournament rules do not cover the public or private nature of the contents of scoring piles during play. Generally in trick-taking games, the contents of players' scoring piles are not public information during play of the hand, except in cases where a revoke is suspected (a player not following suit, trumping or overtrumping when it

220-515: A method to determine the points within one's hand. The bids are, in increasing importance: If no one bids, the hand is void and the deal passes to the right. On a prise , pousse or garde , the taker may not set aside a king or a trump, except that if the player cannot discard anything else, they may discard a non- oudler trump. In this case, the taker has to display which trumps they set aside. An oudler may never be set aside. In earlier rules, still played outside of competitions, in place of

275-543: A player to declare a maldonne if their hand has no trumps, or fewer than a given number of combined trumps and face cards. The dog consists of six cards, each hand of 24 cards, dealt in packets of three. 13 trumps are needed for a single handful, 15 for a double handful, 18 for a triple. Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9 Bourgogne-Franche-Comté ( French pronunciation: [buʁɡɔɲ fʁɑ̃ʃ kɔ̃te] ; lit.   ' Burgundy-Free County ' , sometimes abbreviated BFC ; Arpitan : Borgogne-Franche-Comtât )

330-507: A player who has no trump except the Petit can still play, but the Petit is played like the Fool; if it does not take the trick, it is given back to its owner in exchange for a half-point card. In Petit sec ("dry Petit"), a player who has the Petit but no other trump nor the Fool must announce this; the hand is voided and this round will be redealt by the next dealer. Common house rules also allow

385-551: A population of 2,811,423 in 2017. Its prefecture and largest city is Dijon , although the regional council sits in Besançon , making Bourgogne-Franche-Comté one of two regions in France (along with Normandy ) in which the prefect does not sit in the same city as the regional council. The text of the territorial reform law gives interim names for most of the merged regions, combining the names of their constituent regions separated by hyphens. Permanent names would be proposed by

440-433: A press conference the desire for the merger of the two regions, further to the declarations of Prime Minister Manuel Valls , who proposed a simplification of the administrative divisions of France . On 2 June 2014 a map presented by President François Hollande showed the two regions as one. These two regions were the only ones to have voluntarily discussed a merger, and their alliance was the only one not needing revision by

495-400: A similar fashion as other trick-taking games with a trump suit; the highest trump, if played, takes the trick, and if trump is not played, the highest-value card of the led suit takes the trick. Every subsequent trick is led by the player who took the last trick. The leader of a trick can play any card they like. Once the leader of a trick has played a card, everyone else must follow suit . If

550-433: A simple variation). The 4-player variant is usually considered the most challenging and is the one played in competitions. The following rules are for 4 players. Players draw for the first deal ; the person with the lowest-value card deals first, with suits ordered spades > hearts > diamonds > clubs as a tiebreaker. All trumps rank higher than any suited card; anyone who draws the Fool must redraw. From this point,

605-487: Is a region in eastern France created by the 2014 territorial reform of French regions, from a merger of Burgundy and Franche-Comté . The new region came into existence on 1 January 2016, after the regional elections of December 2015 , electing 100 members to the Regional Council of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté . The region covers an area of 47,783 km (18,449 sq mi) and eight departments ; it had

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660-484: Is a common house rule and is not considered "official" by the Fédération Française de Tarot for tournament purposes. If a player has 10 or more trumps in their hand, they can declare a single (10+), double (13+), or triple (15+) "handful" ( poignée ), right before playing their first card. A single handful adds 20 to the scoring. Doubles and triples add 40 and 60, respectively. The bonus is always added to

715-422: Is dealt one card at a time into the centre of the table, while dealing to the other players. A card may be dealt to the dog at any time, but the dealer may not: A common valid dealing order is player A → player B → dog → player C → dealer, but this is just one permutation and the dealer is free to choose the sequence while following the above rules. A maldonne ( misdeal ) occurs when the dealer makes mistakes in

770-483: Is multiplied according to the contract; if the contract is Guard Without, the gain or loss for a single hand score is adjusted by 40 points one way or the other. To Slam (in French, chelem ) is to take every trick in the round. "Announced" Slam (made while bidding in the auction) gains 400 points if made. It grants the taker the right (and obligation) to start the first trick. Otherwise, a non-announced Slam made by either

825-426: Is multiplied by the appropriate multiplier for the taker's bid level (see Bidding), and then two additional bonuses may be added if they apply; the poignée or "handful" bonus, and the chelem or slam bonus (see below for descriptions of bonuses). Thus, calculation of the hand score is expressed by the formula where: If the taker beats the target score, this hand score is deducted from the score of each defender. If

880-586: Is played using a 78-card tarot deck. This deck is composed of: Three cards known as oudlers ( honours ) are of particular importance in the game: the 1 of trumps ( le petit or "Little one"), the 21 of trumps ( le monde or "The World", a holdover from the name of this card in the Tarot of Marseilles), and the Excuse (the Fool). These cards, when captured by the high bidder , lower the point threshold needed to fulfil

935-666: Is the overtrumping rule. In France it is just known as jeu de Tarot . Cards appeared in Europe towards the end of the 14th century and may have been introduced first through Italy or Catalonia . Tarot cards are first mentioned in the mid-15th century in Italy. Initially called trionfi , meaning "triumph", whence the name "trump" in English, the Italians later called them tarocchi as the idea of trumps spread to other card games. Both

990-762: The County of Burgundy (now Franche-Comté) of the Holy Roman Empire . The County was reintegrated as a free province within the Kingdom of France in the 17th century, separately from the Duchy which remained a vassal province of the Kingdom of France. These two former provinces were abolished during the French Revolution . Most of the area making up the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté used to belong to

1045-548: The Duchy of Burgundy ( Duché de Bourgogne ) and the Free County of Burgundy ( Franche Comté de Bourgogne ) that were created by the partition of the Kingdom of Burgundy in the 843 Treaty of Verdun . The territory that is now Burgundy and Franche-Comté was already united under the Kingdom of Burgundy (from the 5th to the 8th century). It was divided into two parts: the Duchy of Burgundy (now Burgundy) of France, and

1100-525: The National Assembly or the Senate . Acte III de la décentralisation officially adopted the merger of the two regions on 17 December 2014. It became effective on 1 January 2016. The region borders Grand Est to the north, Île-de-France to the northwest, Centre-Val de Loire to the west, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the south and Switzerland (the cantons of Vaud , Neuchâtel and Jura ) to

1155-558: The atouts while lacking reversible court cards and trumps and corner indices. For ease of play, the late 19th century French-suited " Tarot Nouveau " or "Bourgeois Tarot" supplanted the Marseilles Tarot with depictions of typical fin de siècle genre scenes of French life and leisure. In English, the game is referred to as French Tarot or sometimes as French tarot , however, the latter usually refers to tarot cards of French origin or to cartomantic tarot and not to

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1210-424: The prise and simple garde , there were two bids, in increasing importance: the petite (small) and the pousse (push). The prise is still sometimes known as petite . There are also some players who play without the prise contract, with garde as the minimum allowable bid. First hand leads the first trick, and play proceeds anticlockwise, with every player playing a card to the trick. Tricks are evaluated in

1265-641: The Italian word tarocchi and the French word tarot occur from the early 16th century onwards, although it is unclear whether one was derived from the other. Tarot was introduced into France in the early 16th century as a result of the First and Second Italian Wars (1494–1522) and is widely recorded in French literature of that century, the earliest reference being that by Rabelais in Gargantua in 1534. By 1622 it had become more popular in France than chess and

1320-429: The above procedure occur when the Excuse is played to the last trick, and what happens depends on whether the side playing the Fool has taken all the previous tricks (see Chelem /Slam below). If the side has taken all previous tricks, the card takes the last trick; if not, it changes hands to the other side, even if the trick is won by a partner or fellow defender of the person playing it. For 3 or 4 players (5 with

1375-426: The contract. In colloquial French, oudlers are often referred to as bouts (ends). The ranking of the hearts , clubs , diamonds and spades from the top is: King , Queen , Knight , Jack , 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 ( Ace ). The only card with a special effect is the "Fool", L'Excuse . The Excuse may be played on any trick; it "excuses" the player from following suit. However, it normally doesn't win

1430-443: The deal will pass to the right (anticlockwise) for each subsequent deal. The player at the left of the dealer cuts the deck. The dealer then deals out the entire deck, anticlockwise, starting with first hand. Each player is dealt their cards in packets of three consecutive cards at a time (they will each receive 6 such packets for a total of 18 cards). In addition, a chien (lit. "dog", alt. "kitty", " talon " or "nest") of 6 cards

1485-412: The dealing; if this happens, the hand is redealt, either by the same dealer or the next in rotation. Players inspect, sort and evaluate their hands, and then move on to the bidding round. Before the bidding phase, if one player has a "Petit sec" (only one trump in hand, and it is the Petit, and does not have the Fool), then the player has to announce it and the hand is redealt. If it is discovered later in

1540-540: The declaring player has no additional trumps. This bonus is not multiplied according to the contract. When the last trick contains the Petit (1 of trump), 10 points is added to or deducted from the hand score before multiplying. Whether it is added or subtracted depends on which would most benefit the side taking the trick with the Petit au bout (One at the End). Usually, when one side (taker or defenders) makes Petit au bout but

1595-538: The earliest account appeared around 1637 in Nevers . This describes a three-player, 78-card game played with an Italian-suited pack with the Fool acting as an Excuse and the suits ranking in their 'original' order i.e. with numeral cards in the suits of Cups and Coins ranking from Ace (high) to Ten (low). This ranking is retained in all Tarot games today except in France and Sicily. In France, Tarot remained in vogue until 1650, but then its popularity steadily waned to

1650-405: The east. Bourgogne-Franche-Comté comprises eight departments: Côte-d'Or , Doubs , Jura , Nièvre , Haute-Saône , Saône-et-Loire , Yonne , Territoire de Belfort . The largest communes are (population as of 2017): The gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was €75.6 billion in 2018, accounting for 3.2% of the total economic output of France. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power

1705-448: The first card played in a trick is the Fool, the suit which must be followed is determined by the next card. A player who cannot follow suit must play a trump card if able, and additionally, the player is compelled to overtrump if able (The "Petit" or 1 is valued lowest, and the "Monde" or 21 is valued highest). If a player must trump but cannot overtrump, they can play any trump. A player who cannot follow suit or trump may play any card to

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1760-592: The form of Droggn – a Tarot game with similarities to old French Tarot – into Austrian Tyrol. It is also recorded that French soldiers were issued with Tarot packs during the Franco-Prussian War (1870), First World War (1914–18) and Algerian War (1954–62), leading in each case to the spread of le jeu de Tarot throughout France according to Dummett and Berloquin. In 1973, the French Tarot Federation ( Fédération Française de Tarot )

1815-504: The former provinces of Burgundy and Franche-Comté , but it also includes a significant part of the former provinces of Nivernais (now Nièvre ), Champagne (now the northern part of Yonne ), Orléanais (now the southwestern part of Yonne ), the Territoire de Belfort (the region of Alsace that remained French territory after 1871 ) and a small portion of Île-de-France (now the northwestern part of Yonne ). From 1941 to 1944

1870-522: The game that a player had a "Petit sec", then it is also annulled and redealt by the following dealer. The players look at the cards they have been dealt, and an auction begins, beginning with first hand and rotating anticlockwise. By bidding, a player states their confidence that they will be able to meet a set contract (see below ) and sets the terms by which they will try to do so. If a player does not wish to bid, they may "pass" but may not bid after having passed previously. One may only bid higher than

1925-478: The game. The name French Tarot is used in English to differentiate the card game from other uses of the tarot deck that are more familiar in the Americas and English-speaking countries, particularly the decks used for cartomancy and other divinatory purposes, and also to distinguish it from other card games played with a tarot deck. The unique feature that distinguishes French Tarot from other forms of tarot games

1980-400: The hand score, so if a player thinks that his or her side may not win, they might not want to declare a handful, so as not to give the other side points. The declaring player must show at least the number of trump cards for the level of the bonus declared. The Fool counts as a trump for the purposes of declaring handfuls, but if shown it gives information to other players as it usually means that

2035-577: The late 18th century in France, Tarot cards first became associated with fortune telling, a practice that eventually spread to much of the Western world. However, the cards preferred for divination are the older Italian-suited packs or bespoke modern designs, which have occultic symbology, rather than the packs with scenes of everyday life like the French Tarot Nouveau, German Cego and Austro-Hungarian Industrie und Glück packs. The game

2090-536: The majority of tricks, the defenders can pool their scoring piles and count their oudlers and points; the taker has all remaining points. Cards for scoring purposes are divided into two groups: "counters" (face cards and oudlers ) and "ordinary" cards or cartes basses (any suited pip card, and any trump except the 1 and 21). Cards are paired, with each counter matched to an ordinary card, and remaining ordinary cards are also paired. The values of pairs are then counted and summed: Each card thus has an individual value;

2145-400: The nearest 10 points after each game, however care must be taken as the scores should still sum to zero. Rounding each of the above scores independently yields 500 − 170 − 170 − 170 = −10. If rounding is to be done, the defenders' scores should be rounded and the taker's score adjusted accordingly. Doing so in the above example would make the taker's score 510, thus it balances out. This is not

2200-532: The new regional councils and confirmed by the Conseil d'État by 1 October 2016. Hence the interim name of the new administrative region is composed of the names of former administrative regions of Burgundy and Franche-Comté . The region chose to retain its interim name as its permanent name, a decision made official by the Conseil d'État on 28 September 2016. The merger represents a historic reunification of

2255-407: The only scoring method; the alternative is seen below. After each round, the cards are gathered, cut by the previous dealer, and dealt by the person to the right of the previous dealer. The cards are not commonly shuffled other than the "soft shuffling" that occurs as a natural result of playing the cards. By not shuffling, groups of desirable cards are kept together such that one person generally has

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2310-421: The other side was successful in either making or breaking contract, the bonus is subtracted; when one side is successful in the contract and also makes Petit au bout , the bonus is added. If the side attempting the Petit au bout wins all the tricks, the player gets the petit au bout bonus if the Petit was played at the second to last trick (and won the trick) and the Fool was played at the last trick. This bonus

2365-402: The pairing simply makes it easier to count points. If a card cannot be paired, because there are an odd number in the scoring pile (common with three or five players) or more counters than ordinary cards: The number of points the taker needs depends on how many of the oudlers (Excuse, Petit, 21 of trumps) are among the tricks won by the taker. There are 91 points to be taken in a round, so if

2420-579: The point where, in 18th century France, it was barely played outside the Provence region. The game experienced a revival in the course of the late 18th and 19th centuries. The original Italian-suited cards typified by the Tarot de Marseille came to be viewed as Italian and were replaced by French designs, notably the Tarot Nouveau . There is some evidence that Napoleon's troops introduced Tarot, in

2475-474: The previous bidders. The preneur ("taker", sometimes called declarer as in Bridge ) is the one who wins this auction and who must subsequently try to achieve the contract while the other players are the defenders and attempt to prevent the taker from doing so. The level of bid is based on the strength of a player's hand, usually estimated by counting the points within it. See evaluating one's hand below for

2530-498: The regional prefecture of Vichy reunited Burgundy and Franche-Comté , as did the igamie  [ fr ] of Dijon from 1948 to 1964. During the formation of the regions of France , Burgundy and Franche-Comté once again became two separate regions, first as public establishments in 1972, then as territorial collectivities in 1982. On 14 April 2014, François Patriat and Marie-Guite Dufay (the presidents of Burgundy and Franche-Comté , respectively) announced in

2585-401: The running totals after each hand, should be zero. For example, a Garde Sans bid with a simple handful won by player A by a margin of 12 points gives the following hand score: ((25 + 12 + 0) × 4) + 20 + 0 = 168 points. This score is deducted from the scores of all defenders and the sum of this loss is added to the taker's score, hence the scorecard: Some players prefer to round the scores to

2640-408: The taker has: Scoring in Tarot is "zero-sum"; when one player gains points, one or more other players lose an equal number. To calculate the basic "hand score" that is to be added or deducted, the scorer starts with a basic score of 25 points, then adds the absolute (non-negative) difference between the points earned by the taker and the threshold, and, if any, the Petit au bout bonus. This quantity

2695-406: The taker misses the target score, this score is added to the score of each defender. The opposite of the sum of the defenders' gain or loss is then added to or deducted from the taker's score to balance the scores; with four players, the taker will gain or lose three times the hand score depending on whether the taker made or missed the contract. The sum of all scores for each hand, and thus the sum of

2750-451: The taker or the defenders gains 200 points. Failure to fulfill a pre-declared Slam costs the announcer 200 points. This bonus is not multiplied according to the contract. "Petit Slam" is a bid to take every trick but three. It is, like the misère , unofficial. An unannounced Petit Slam is worth 150 points, while an announced slam can gain the taker 300 points or lose them 150 if they make or miss. In Petit imprenable ("untouchable Petit"),

2805-414: The trick, however it cannot win the trick. If a trump is led to the trick, the others must play a trump, and each trump must exceed the rank of all trump previously played in the trick if possible. If this is not possible, a lower-ranked trump, or any card if the player has no trumps, can be played. The Fool ( L'Excuse ) may be played to any trick, instead of following suit or trumping. The Fool never wins

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2860-406: The trick, unless it is played to the last trick and the side playing it has taken every previous trick. However, it never changes sides, unless played to the last trick and the side playing it has not won every trick. After playing the Fool to a trick, the player who played it simply takes the Fool back, places it into their scoring pile and gives the side who took the trick an "ordinary" card (worth

2915-452: The trick. The card also normally remains the property of the person who played it, not the winner of that trick; to compensate for this in the scoring count, the owner of the Excuse should instead give the winner of the trick a half-point card (a trump other than an oudler , or a suited number card; see Scoring ) from the tricks the Excuse holder has already taken. Two common exceptions to

2970-466: Was formed and, by the late 20th century, Tarot had become the second-most popular card game in France, only trailing Belote . Part of the reason why French Tarot persisted is the fact that the rules have been very consistent wherever the game is played. However, it is important to note that details of play outside of officially sanctioned tournaments may vary from circle to circle so that the known rules and terminologies are more typical than definitive. In

3025-399: Was possible for them to do so). A player is neither required to divulge the contents of the score pile nor permitted to look through it except as necessary to find a half-point card to replace the Fool. When the last trick has been played, the round ends. The taker counts the number of oudlers and the point value of all cards in the taker's scoring pile. Alternatively, if the taker has taken

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