Misplaced Pages

#737262

47-589: Until 2020, the Frenchman Mountain Dolostone was also informally called at one time either the supra-Muav , Grand Wash Dolomite , subdivision A , or Cambrian undifferentiated dolomites until formally assigned to and renamed as the Frenchman Mountain Dolostone. In some publications, the dolomite beds comprising the Frenchman Mountain Dolostone is ignored and only the Muav Limestone is illustrated. In 1875, G. K. Gilbert first mapped

94-543: A pitch accent . In Modern Greek, all vowels and consonants are short. Many vowels and diphthongs once pronounced distinctly are pronounced as /i/ ( iotacism ). Some of the stops and glides in diphthongs have become fricatives , and the pitch accent has changed to a stress accent . Many of the changes took place in the Koine Greek period. The writing system of Modern Greek, however, does not reflect all pronunciation changes. The examples below represent Attic Greek in

141-444: A 'seed', such as a piece of a shell. Strong intertidal currents wash the 'seeds' around on the seabed, where they accumulate layers of chemically precipitated calcite from the supersaturated water. The oolites are commonly found in large current bedding structures that resemble sand dunes. The size of the oolites reflect the time that they were exposed to the water before they were covered with later sediment. Oolites are often used in

188-477: A lack of contemporaneous evidence. Several theories exist about what Hellenic dialect groups may have existed between the divergence of early Greek-like speech from the common Proto-Indo-European language and the Classical period. They have the same general outline but differ in some of the detail. The only attested dialect from this period is Mycenaean Greek , but its relationship to the historical dialects and

235-419: A lesser degree. Pamphylian Greek , spoken in a small area on the southwestern coast of Anatolia and little preserved in inscriptions, may be either a fifth major dialect group, or it is Mycenaean Greek overlaid by Doric, with a non-Greek native influence. Regarding the speech of the ancient Macedonians diverse theories have been put forward, but the epigraphic activity and the archaeological discoveries in

282-875: A lot of surface area, which promotes high bacterial growth. Some exemplar oolitic limestone was formed in England during the Jurassic period, and forms the Cotswold Hills , the Isle of Portland with its famous Portland Stone , and part of the North York Moors . A particular type, Bath Stone , gives the buildings of the World Heritage City of Bath their distinctive appearance. Carboniferous Hunts Bay Oolite lies under much of south Wales . The Miami Rock Ridge of southeastern Florida,

329-550: A prefix /e-/, called the augment . This was probably originally a separate word, meaning something like "then", added because tenses in PIE had primarily aspectual meaning. The augment is added to the indicative of the aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect, but not to any of the other forms of the aorist (no other forms of the imperfect and pluperfect exist). The two kinds of augment in Greek are syllabic and quantitative. The syllabic augment

376-608: A separate historical stage, though its earliest form closely resembles Attic Greek , and its latest form approaches Medieval Greek . There were several regional dialects of Ancient Greek; Attic Greek developed into Koine. Ancient Greek was a pluricentric language , divided into many dialects. The main dialect groups are Attic and Ionic , Aeolic , Arcadocypriot , and Doric , many of them with several subdivisions. Some dialects are found in standardized literary forms in literature , while others are attested only in inscriptions. There are also several historical forms. Homeric Greek

423-630: A standard subject of study in educational institutions of the Western world since the Renaissance . This article primarily contains information about the Epic and Classical periods of the language, which are the best-attested periods and considered most typical of Ancient Greek. From the Hellenistic period ( c.  300 BC ), Ancient Greek was followed by Koine Greek , which is regarded as

470-826: A thickness of 370 m (1,210 ft) at Frenchman Mountain, the Frenchman Mountain Dolostone thins eastward to 362 m (1,188 ft) at Tramp Ridge in the Gold Butte National Monument and 270 m (890 ft) at Devils Cove in the Gold Butte National Monument. East of the Grand Wash fault and in the Grand Canyon region, its thickness decreases abruptly to 52 m (171 ft) at Quartermaster Canyon , 106 m (348 ft) at 269-Mile Canyon, and 70 m (230 ft) near Diamond Bar Ranch. Further eastward in

517-510: A vowel or /n s r/ ; final stops were lost, as in γάλα "milk", compared with γάλακτος "of milk" (genitive). Ancient Greek of the classical period also differed in both the inventory and distribution of original PIE phonemes due to numerous sound changes, notably the following: The pronunciation of Ancient Greek was very different from that of Modern Greek . Ancient Greek had long and short vowels ; many diphthongs ; double and single consonants; voiced, voiceless, and aspirated stops ; and

SECTION 10

#1732773375738

564-637: A white to buff, granular, hard, massive dolomite; a white to yellow, aphanitic (porcelain-textured), thin-bedded dolomite; and a steel-gray, fine-grained, thick-bedded dolomite. the Garnd Canyon, all of these dolomites are pervasively dolomitized to dolomicrite and the original textures obliterated beyond all recognition. The thin-bedded dolomite exhibits fine irregular laminae on weathered surfaces. The thick-bedded dolomite has olive, silty weathering surfaces and forms resistant cliffs. Thin layers of shale (mudstone) frequently separate dolomite beds, especially in

611-614: Is 30 m (98 ft) thick at 50-Mile and decreases to only being 8 m (26 ft) thick at Palisades of the Desert. The Frenchman Mountain Dolostone lacks identifiable body fossils. On the other hand, trace fossils are commonly found in it. They consist of undescribed and unstudied, invertebrate horizontal burrows and trails. None of these fossils are datable, so age of the Frenchman Mountain Dolostone cannot be determined from them. Based upon sedimentary structures and stratigraphy,

658-570: Is a literary form of Archaic Greek (derived primarily from Ionic and Aeolic) used in the epic poems , the Iliad and the Odyssey , and in later poems by other authors. Homeric Greek had significant differences in grammar and pronunciation from Classical Attic and other Classical-era dialects. The origins, early form and development of the Hellenic language family are not well understood because of

705-418: Is added to stems beginning with consonants, and simply prefixes e (stems beginning with r , however, add er ). The quantitative augment is added to stems beginning with vowels, and involves lengthening the vowel: Some verbs augment irregularly; the most common variation is e → ei . The irregularity can be explained diachronically by the loss of s between vowels, or that of the letter w , which affected

752-996: Is also found in Indiana in the United States . The town of Oolitic, Indiana , was founded for the trade in limestone and bears its name. Quarries in Oolitic, Bedford , and Bloomington contributed the materials for such U.S. landmarks as the Empire State Building in New York and the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia . Many of the buildings on the Indiana University campus in Bloomington are built with native oolitic limestone material, and

799-666: Is called 'East Greek'. Arcadocypriot apparently descended more closely from the Mycenaean Greek of the Bronze Age. Boeotian Greek had come under a strong Northwest Greek influence, and can in some respects be considered a transitional dialect, as exemplified in the poems of the Boeotian poet Pindar who wrote in Doric with a small Aeolic admixture. Thessalian likewise had come under Northwest Greek influence, though to

846-448: Is considered by some linguists to have been closely related to Greek . Among Indo-European branches with living descendants, Greek is often argued to have the closest genetic ties with Armenian (see also Graeco-Armenian ) and Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan ). Ancient Greek differs from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) and other Indo-European languages in certain ways. In phonotactics , ancient Greek words could end only in

893-802: The ...the predominantly calcareous part of the Tonto group. lying beneath either the discontinuous lenses of overlying Devonian beds or base of the Redwall Limestone and overlying the Bright Angel Shale. In 1922, the Muav Limestone was subdivided by L F. Noble into four informal subdivisions. From top to base, they are subdivision A , bluff massive dolomite; subdivision B , gray cross-bedded sandstone; subdivision C , thin-bedded mottled limestone; and subdivision D , basal thin-bedded mottle limestone. Later in 1945, E. D. McKee and C. E. Resser removed subdivision A of L F. Noble from both

940-759: The Greek region of Macedonia during the last decades has brought to light documents, among which the first texts written in Macedonian , such as the Pella curse tablet , as Hatzopoulos and other scholars note. Based on the conclusions drawn by several studies and findings such as Pella curse tablet , Emilio Crespo and other scholars suggest that ancient Macedonian was a Northwest Doric dialect , which shares isoglosses with its neighboring Thessalian dialects spoken in northeastern Thessaly . Some have also suggested an Aeolic Greek classification. The Lesbian dialect

987-773: The Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument in downtown Indianapolis , Indiana, is built mainly of grey oolitic limestone. Oolites also appear in the Conococheague limestone , of Cambrian age, in the Great Appalachian Valley in Pennsylvania , Maryland , West Virginia , and Virginia . Rogenstein is a term describing a specific type of oolite in which the cementing matter is argillaceous . Ancient Greek language Ancient Greek ( Ἑλληνῐκή , Hellēnikḗ ; [hellɛːnikɛ́ː] ) includes

SECTION 20

#1732773375738

1034-501: The present , future , and imperfect are imperfective in aspect; the aorist , present perfect , pluperfect and future perfect are perfective in aspect. Most tenses display all four moods and three voices, although there is no future subjunctive or imperative. Also, there is no imperfect subjunctive, optative or imperative. The infinitives and participles correspond to the finite combinations of tense, aspect, and voice. The indicative of past tenses adds (conceptually, at least)

1081-556: The supra-Muav , Grand Wash Dolomite , and the Frenchman Mountain Dolostone . The Cambrian undifferentiated dolomites was formally named the Frenchman Mountain Dolostone and restored to the Tonto Group. In the Grand Canyon and using the informal name, Cambrian undifferentiated dolomites , E. D. McKee and C. E. Resser recognized three types of dolostone within the Frenchman Mountain Dolostone. They are

1128-1031: The 5th century BC. Ancient pronunciation cannot be reconstructed with certainty, but Greek from the period is well documented, and there is little disagreement among linguists as to the general nature of the sounds that the letters represent. /oː/ raised to [uː] , probably by the 4th century BC. Greek, like all of the older Indo-European languages , is highly inflected. It is highly archaic in its preservation of Proto-Indo-European forms. In ancient Greek, nouns (including proper nouns) have five cases ( nominative , genitive , dative , accusative , and vocative ), three genders ( masculine , feminine , and neuter ), and three numbers (singular, dual , and plural ). Verbs have four moods ( indicative , imperative , subjunctive , and optative ) and three voices (active, middle, and passive ), as well as three persons (first, second, and third) and various other forms. Verbs are conjugated through seven combinations of tenses and aspect (generally simply called "tenses"):

1175-495: The Archaic period of ancient Greek (see Homeric Greek for more details): Μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκε, πολλὰς δ' ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι· Διὸς δ' ἐτελείετο βουλή· ἐξ οὗ δὴ τὰ πρῶτα διαστήτην ἐρίσαντε Ἀτρεΐδης τε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς. The beginning of Apology by Plato exemplifies Attic Greek from

1222-642: The Frenchman Mountain Dolostone as separate stratigraphic unit from the Muav Limestone. In the Lake Mead region and Frenchman Mountain, the dolomites of the Frenchman Mountain Dolostone consist of thick beds of oolitic grainstones and stromatolites that are interbedded with the fine-grained dolomites. These dolomites mostly retain their original sedimentary textures despite dolomitization. The sedimentary structures include wavy and asymmetric ripple laminations and small-scale cross-stratification. Trace fossils consist mainly of horizontal burrows and tracks. From

1269-783: The Frenchman Mountain Dolostone is interpreted as shallow subtidal to possibly intertidal in depositional environments associated with a regressing sea. Oolite Oolite or oölite (from Ancient Greek ᾠόν (ōión)  'egg stone') is a sedimentary rock formed from ooids , spherical grains composed of concentric layers. Strictly, oolites consist of ooids of diameter 0.25–2 millimetres; rocks composed of ooids larger than 2 mm are called pisolites . The term oolith can refer to oolite or individual ooids. Ooids are most commonly composed of calcium carbonate ( calcite or aragonite ), but can be composed of phosphate, clays, chert , dolomite or iron minerals, including hematite . Dolomitic and chert ooids are most likely

1316-538: The Grand Canyon region, the thickness of the Frenchman Mountain Dolostone gradually decreases to 52 m (171 ft) in Fern Glen Canyon. and 20 m (66 ft) at Blacktail Canyon. The abrupt change in its thickness on either side of the Grand Wash fault suggests that this fault was active during the Cambrian Period. In its eastern Grand Canyon (Marble Canyon), the Frenchman Mountain Dolostone

1363-500: The Muav Limestone and the Tonto Group. It assigned it to an informal geologic unit called the Cambrian undifferentiated dolomites . This action created an informal formation-rank geologic unit composed entirely of dolomite that overlies the limestone beds of the Muav Limestone. As discussed in detail by S. M. Rowland and others, Between 1945 and 2020, the Cambrian undifferentiated dolomites have also been informally referred to as either

1410-496: The Plain formed the bed of Lake Idaho . Wave action in the lake washed sediments back and forth in the shallows on the southwestern shore, forming ooids and depositing them on steeper benches near the shore in 2- to 40-foot thicknesses. When the lake drained (2 to 4 million years ago), the oolite was left behind, along with siltstone , volcanic tuffs and alluvium from adjacent mountain slopes. The other sediments eroded away, while

1457-712: The Tonto Group within the Grand Canyon. He also subdivided it, from base to top, into the Tonto sandstone , Tonto shale , and Marbled Limestone . In 1914, Gilbert's three subdivisions of the Tonto Group were renamed by L. F. Noble. The Tonto sandstone was renamed as the Tapeats Sandstone . The Tonto shale was renamed as the Bright Angel Shale . The Marbled limestone was renamed as the Muav Limestone . L. F. Noble redefined his Muav Limestone as being

Frenchman Mountain Dolostone - Misplaced Pages Continue

1504-550: The aorist. Following Homer 's practice, the augment is sometimes not made in poetry , especially epic poetry. The augment sometimes substitutes for reduplication; see below. Almost all forms of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect reduplicate the initial syllable of the verb stem. (A few irregular forms of perfect do not reduplicate, whereas a handful of irregular aorists reduplicate.) The three types of reduplication are: Irregular duplication can be understood diachronically. For example, lambanō (root lab ) has

1551-419: The augment when it was word-initial. In verbs with a preposition as a prefix, the augment is placed not at the start of the word, but between the preposition and the original verb. For example, προσ(-)βάλλω (I attack) goes to προσ έ βαλoν in the aorist. However compound verbs consisting of a prefix that is not a preposition retain the augment at the start of the word: αὐτο(-)μολῶ goes to ηὐ τομόλησα in

1598-438: The center of Greek scholarship, this division of people and language is quite similar to the results of modern archaeological-linguistic investigation. One standard formulation for the dialects is: West vs. non-West Greek is the strongest-marked and earliest division, with non-West in subsets of Ionic-Attic (or Attic-Ionic) and Aeolic vs. Arcadocypriot, or Aeolic and Arcado-Cypriot vs. Ionic-Attic. Often non-West

1645-615: The dialect of Sparta ), and Northern Peloponnesus Doric (including Corinthian ). All the groups were represented by colonies beyond Greece proper as well, and these colonies generally developed local characteristics, often under the influence of settlers or neighbors speaking different Greek dialects. After the conquests of Alexander the Great in the late 4th century BC, a new international dialect known as Koine or Common Greek developed, largely based on Attic Greek , but with influence from other dialects. This dialect slowly replaced most of

1692-673: The forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek ( c.  1400–1200 BC ), Dark Ages ( c.  1200–800 BC ), the Archaic or Epic period ( c.  800–500 BC ), and the Classical period ( c.  500–300 BC ). Ancient Greek was the language of Homer and of fifth-century Athenian historians, playwrights, and philosophers . It has contributed many words to English vocabulary and has been

1739-561: The historical Dorians . The invasion is known to have displaced population to the later Attic-Ionic regions, who regarded themselves as descendants of the population displaced by or contending with the Dorians. The Greeks of this period believed there were three major divisions of all Greek people – Dorians, Aeolians, and Ionians (including Athenians), each with their own defining and distinctive dialects. Allowing for their oversight of Arcadian, an obscure mountain dialect, and Cypriot, far from

1786-476: The historical circumstances of the times imply that the overall groups already existed in some form. Scholars assume that major Ancient Greek period dialect groups developed not later than 1120 BC, at the time of the Dorian invasions —and that their first appearances as precise alphabetic writing began in the 8th century BC. The invasion would not be "Dorian" unless the invaders had some cultural relationship to

1833-470: The home aquarium industry because their small grain size (0.2 to 1.22 mm) is ideal for shallow static beds and bottom covering of up to 1" in depth. Also known as "oolitic" sand, the sugar-sized round grains of this sand pass easily through the gills of gobies and other sand-sifting organisms. This unusually smooth sand promotes the growth of bacteria, which are important biofilters in home aquaria. Because of its extremely small grain size, oolitic sand has

1880-751: The islands of the Lower Florida Keys , and much of the Everglades , are underlain by Miami Oolite . This limestone was formed by deposition when shallow seas covered the area between periods of glaciation . The material consolidated and eroded during later exposure above the ocean surface. One of the world's largest freshwater lakebed oolites is the Shoofly Oolite, a section of the Glenns Ferry Formation on southwestern Idaho 's Snake River Plain . 10 million years ago,

1927-467: The lower part of this formation. The dolomites of the Frenchman Mountain Dolostone distinctly differ in both lithology and weathering characteristics from the limestones and dolomites of the underlying Muav Limestone. Typically, limestones and dolomites at the top of the Muav Limestone are darker and more resistant to erosion than those at the base of the Frenchman Mountain Dolostone. These differences are why E. D. McKee and C. E. Resser recognized and mapped

Frenchman Mountain Dolostone - Misplaced Pages Continue

1974-517: The more resistant oolite weathered into hummocks, small arches and other natural "sculptures". The Shoofly Oolite lies on public land west of Bruneau, Idaho managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The physical and chemical properties of the Shoofly Oolite are the setting for a suite of rare plants, which the BLM protects through land use management and on-site interpretation. This type of limestone

2021-508: The older dialects, although the Doric dialect has survived in the Tsakonian language , which is spoken in the region of modern Sparta. Doric has also passed down its aorist terminations into most verbs of Demotic Greek . By about the 6th century AD, the Koine had slowly metamorphosed into Medieval Greek . Phrygian is an extinct Indo-European language of West and Central Anatolia , which

2068-487: The perfect stem eilēpha (not * lelēpha ) because it was originally slambanō , with perfect seslēpha , becoming eilēpha through compensatory lengthening. Reduplication is also visible in the present tense stems of certain verbs. These stems add a syllable consisting of the root's initial consonant followed by i . A nasal stop appears after the reduplication in some verbs. The earliest extant examples of ancient Greek writing ( c.  1450 BC ) are in

2115-399: The result of the replacement of the original texture in limestone. Oolitic hematite occurs at Red Mountain near Birmingham, Alabama , along with oolitic limestone. They are usually formed in warm, supersaturated, shallow, highly agitated marine water intertidal environments, though some are formed in inland lakes. The mechanism of formation starts with a small fragment of sediment acting as

2162-517: The syllabic script Linear B . Beginning in the 8th century BC, however, the Greek alphabet became standard, albeit with some variation among dialects. Early texts are written in boustrophedon style, but left-to-right became standard during the classic period. Modern editions of ancient Greek texts are usually written with accents and breathing marks , interword spacing , modern punctuation , and sometimes mixed case , but these were all introduced later. The beginning of Homer 's Iliad exemplifies

2209-480: Was Aeolic. For example, fragments of the works of the poet Sappho from the island of Lesbos are in Aeolian. Most of the dialect sub-groups listed above had further subdivisions, generally equivalent to a city-state and its surrounding territory, or to an island. Doric notably had several intermediate divisions as well, into Island Doric (including Cretan Doric ), Southern Peloponnesus Doric (including Laconian ,

#737262