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50-836: Frere Treaty was an treaty signed between Britain and the Sultanate of Zanzibar in 1873. Signed by Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar , it formally prohibited all import of slaves to the Sultanate of Zanzibar and forced the closure of the slave market in Zanzibar Stone Town. It made it possible for the British to stop all slave ships in the Indian Ocean, becoming a major blow to the Indian Ocean slave trade . The treaty

100-836: A constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth under the Sultan. Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah was overthrown a month later during the Zanzibar Revolution . Jamshid fled into exile, and the Sultanate was replaced by the People's Republic of Zanzibar . In April 1964, the existence of this socialist republic was ended with its union with Tanganyika to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar , which became known as Tanzania six months later. By 1964,

150-674: A fragment of an Arabic-Hebrew-Latin medical vocabulary he wrote for the Jewish physician Jacob Mantino , he signed his name in Arabic as Yuhanna al-Asad al-Gharnati (literally means John the Lion of Granada), a translation of his Christian name, John-Leo, or Johannes Leo (Latin), or Giovanni Leone (Italian). He was also given the family name Medici after his patron, Pope Leo X's family. The same manuscript also contained his original name al-Hasan ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan al-Fasi. al-Hasan ibn Muhammad

200-700: A large number of immigrants arrived from Britain and South Africa , the Protectorate was transferred from the authority of the Foreign Office to that of the Colonial Office. The capital was shifted from Mombasa to Nairobi in 1905. A regular Government and Legislature were constituted by Order in Council in 1906. This constituted the administrator a governor and provided for legislative and executive councils. Lieutenant Colonel J. Hayes Sadler

250-519: Is likely that Leo Africanus was welcomed to the papal court as the Pope feared that Turkish forces might invade Sicily and southern Italy, and a willing collaborator could provide useful information on North Africa. Leo Africanus left Rome and spent the next three or four years traveling in Italy. The death of his patron Leo X in 1521, and suspicions from the new Pope Adrian VI against a Muslim in court,

300-799: The Abushiri revolt , which was suppressed by the Kaiserliche Marine and heralded the end of Zanzibar's influence on the mainland. With the signing of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty between the United Kingdom and the German Empire in 1890, Zanzibar itself became a British protectorate . In August 1896, following the death of Sultan Hamad bin Thuwaini , Britain and Zanzibar fought a 38-minute war ,

350-537: The Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP). Leo Africanus Most of what is known about his life is gathered from autobiographical notes in his own work. Leo Africanus was born as al-Hasan, son of Muhammad in Granada around the year 1494. The year of birth can be estimated from his self-reported age at the time of various historical events. His family moved to Fez soon after his birth. In Fez he studied at

400-763: The Epistles of St. Paul , which is dated in January 1521; the manuscript belongs to the Biblioteca Estense in Modena. Another surviving work is a biographical encyclopedia of 25 major Islamic scholars and 5 major Jewish scholars which was completed in Rome before he left the city in 1527 and published for the first time in Latin by Johann Heinrich Hottinger in 1664. Unlike Description of Africa , this biographical work

450-639: The Red Sea to Arabia , where he probably performed a pilgrimage to Mecca . On his way back to Tunis in 1518 he was captured by Spanish corsairs either near the island of Djerba or more probably near Crete , and imprisoned on the island of Rhodes , the headquarters of the Knights Hospitaller . The usual fate of unransomed Muslim captives was slavery in Christian galleys , but when his captors realized his intelligence and importance, he

500-577: The Society for German Colonization forced local chiefs on the mainland to agree to German protection, prompting Sultan Bargash bin Said to protest. Coinciding with the Berlin Conference and the Scramble for Africa , further German interest in the area was soon shown in 1885 by the arrival of the newly created German East Africa Company , which had a mission to colonize the area. In 1886,

550-722: The University of al-Qarawiyyin (also spelled al-Karaouine). As a young man he accompanied an uncle on a diplomatic mission , reaching as far as the city of Timbuktu ( c.  1510 ), then part of the Songhai Empire . In 1517 when returning from a diplomatic mission to Constantinople on behalf of the Sultan of Fez Muhammad II he found himself in the port of Rosetta during the Ottoman conquest of Egypt . He continued with his journey through Cairo and Aswan and across

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600-677: The Zanzibar Sultanate , was an East African Muslim state controlled by the Sultan of Zanzibar , in place between 1856 and 1964. The Sultanate's territories varied over time, and after a period of decline, the state had sovereignty over only the Zanzibar Archipelago and a 16-kilometre-wide (10 mi) strip along the Kenyan coast, with the interior of Kenya constituting the British Kenya Colony and

650-649: The slave trade in Zanzibar and largely developed the country's infrastructure. The third Sultan, Khalifa bin Said , also furthered the country's progress toward abolishing slavery. Until 1884, the Sultans of Zanzibar controlled a substantial portion of the Swahili Coast , known as Zanj , and trading routes extending further into the continent, as far as Kindu on the Congo River . That year, however,

700-524: The succession , so Zanzibar and Oman were divided into two separate realms . Thuwaini became the Sultan of Muscat and Oman while Majid became the first Sultan of Zanzibar , but obliged to pay an annual tribute to the Omani court in Muscat. During his 14-year reign as Sultan, Majid consolidated his power around the local slave trade . Pressed by the British, his successor, Barghash bin Said , helped abolish

750-662: The African mainland to the Zanzibar Archipelago . The treaty resulted in the closure of the open slave market in the Zanzibar Stone Town . It made it possible for the British fleet to stop all slave ships outside of the Swahili coast of East Africa and more efficiently combat the slave trade between the Swahili coast and Oman and reduce the Indian Ocean slave trade. The treaty was therefore a considerable mile stone in

800-607: The British and Germans secretly met and discussed their aims of expansion in the African Great Lakes , with spheres of influence already agreed upon the year before, with the British to take what would become the East Africa Protectorate (now Kenya ) and the Germans to take present-day Tanzania . Both powers leased coastal territory from Zanzibar and established trading stations and outposts. Over

850-461: The British. The British launched an attack on the palace and other locations around the city after which Khalid retreated and later went into exile. Hamoud was then peacefully installed as Sultan. That "Zanzibar" for these purposes included the 16 km (10 mi) coastal strip of Kenya that would later become the Protectorate of Kenya was a matter recorded in the parliamentary debates at

900-577: The Imam of Oman, defeated the Portuguese in Mombasa , in what is now Kenya . In 1832 or 1840, Omani ruler Said bin Sultan moved his court from Muscat to Stone Town on the island of Unguja (that is, Zanzibar Island). He established a ruling Arab elite and encouraged the development of clove plantations , using the island's slave labour . The East African slave trade flourished greatly from

950-733: The Kenya highlands, which was then part of the Protectorate. Lord Delamere was impressed by the agricultural possibilities of the area. In 1902 the boundaries of the Protectorate were extended to include what was previously the Eastern Province of Uganda . Also, in 1902, the East Africa Syndicate received a grant of 1,300 km (500 sq mi) to promote white settlement in the Highlands . Lord Delamere now commenced extensive farming operations, and in 1905, when

1000-569: The Lebanese-French author Amin Maalouf , fills in key gaps in the story and places Leo Africanus in prominent events of his time. The BBC produced a documentary about his life called "Leo Africanus: A Man Between Worlds" in 2011. It was presented by Badr Sayegh  [ ar ] and directed by Jeremy Jeffs. The film followed in Leo's footsteps from Granada, through Fez and Timbuktu, all

1050-498: The Sultan agreed that simultaneously with independence for Kenya, the Sultan would cease to have sovereignty over the Protectorate of Kenya. In this way, Kenya became an independent country under the Kenya Independence Act 1963. Exactly 12 months later on 12 December 1964, Kenya became a republic under the name " Republic of Kenya ". On 10 December 1963, the Protectorate that had existed over Zanzibar since 1890

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1100-435: The coastal strip administered as a de facto part of that colony. Under an agreement reached on 8 October 1963, the Sultan of Zanzibar relinquished sovereignty over his remaining territory on the mainland, and on 12 December 1963, Kenya officially obtained independence from the British. On 12 January 1964, Jamshid bin Abdullah , the last sultan, was deposed and lost sovereignty over the last of his dominions, Zanzibar, marking

1150-594: The combat against the Indian Ocean slave trade. However, the slave trade was not eradicated. The Zanzibar slave traders did not discontinued their business, but continued in a clandestine basis, acquiring slaves by kidnapping and trafficking them via smuggling. The Zanzibar slave trade continued in a reduced scale until the 20th-century. Slavery in Zanzibar itself was not prohibited until 1897–1909. Sultanate of Zanzibar The Sultanate of Zanzibar ( Swahili : Usultani wa Zanzibar , Arabic : سلطنة زنجبار , romanized :  Sulṭanat Zanjībār ), also known as

1200-587: The company began to fail, and on 1 July 1895 the British government proclaimed a protectorate , the East Africa Protectorate , the administration being transferred to the Foreign Office . In 1902, administration was again transferred to the Colonial Office and the Uganda territory was incorporated as part of the protectorate also. In 1897 Lord Delamere , the pioneer of white settlement, arrived in

1250-423: The country was a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth ruled by Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah . Zanzibar had a population of around 230,000 natives, some of whom claimed Persian ancestry and were known locally as Shirazis . It also contained significant minorities in the 50,000 Arabs and 20,000 South Asians who were prominent in business and trade. The various ethnic groups were becoming mixed and

1300-502: The distinctions between them had blurred; according to one historian, an important reason for the general support for Sultan Jamshid was his family's ethnic diversity. However, the island's Arab inhabitants, as the major landowners, were generally wealthier than the natives; the major political parties were organised largely along ethnic lines, with Arabs dominating the Zanzibar Nationalist Party (ZNP) and natives

1350-466: The eastern African coast running from Kenya to Mozambique, dominated by five semi-independent Muslim kingdoms: Mombasa , Malindi , Kilwa , Mozambique , and Sofala . Africanus further noted that they all had standing agreements of loyalty with the major central African states, including the Kingdom of Mutapa . In 1698, Zanzibar became part of the overseas holdings of Oman after Saif bin Sultan ,

1400-627: The end of the Sultanate. On the 12th of January, 1964, a revolution happened in The Sultanate of Zanzibar, led by the African Afro-Shirazi Party to overthrow the mainly Arab government, led by its black majority in the sultanate. It was one of the East Africa City States. According to the 16th-century explorer Leo Africanus , Zanzibar (Zanguebar) was the term used by Arabs and Persians to refer to

1450-545: The export of slaves from Zanzibar to India, and the Hamerton Treaty of 1845 had prohibited the export of slaves to the Arabian Peninsula. An agreement with the British in 1867 further restricted the slave trade to be legal only from the mainland to the Sultanate of Zanzibar itself. However, these agreements had been mainly nominal in nature. Since it was still legal to import slaves from mainland Africa to

1500-451: The former Protectorate was thereby constituted as the Colony of Kenya and from that time, the Sultan of Zanzibar ceased to be sovereign over that territory. The remaining 16 km (10 mi) wide coastal strip (with the exception of Witu ) remained a Protectorate under an agreement with the Sultan of Zanzibar. That coastal strip, remaining under the sovereignty of the Sultan of Zanzibar,

1550-465: The island of Zanzibar, it was in practice difficult for the British to control the slave ships and prevent them from continuing to the Arabian Peninsula. The British therefore deemed it necessary to prevent all legal slave ship traffick in order to prevent the export of slaves between the African East coast and the Arabian Peninsula. The Frere Treaty of 1873 banned all further import of slaves from

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1600-571: The next few years, all of the mainland possessions of Zanzibar came to be administered by European imperial powers, beginning in 1888 when the Imperial British East Africa Company took over administration of Mombasa . The same year the German East Africa Company acquired formal direct rule over the coastal area previously submitted to German protection. This resulted in a native uprising,

1650-576: The places that he describes and he must therefore have relied on information obtained from other travellers. It is doubtful whether he visited Hausaland and Bornu and it is even possible that he never crossed the Sahara but relied on information from other travellers that he met in Morocco. The historian Pekka Masonen has argued that the belief of his further travels was based on misreadings by modern scholars who interpreted his book as an itinerary. At

1700-525: The same year. The work was published in Italian with the title Della descrittione dell'Africa et delle cose notabili che ivi sono, per Giovan Lioni Africano in 1550 by the Venetian publisher Giovanni Battista Ramusio . The book proved to be extremely popular and was reprinted five times. It was also translated into other languages. French and Latin editions were published in 1556 while an English version

1750-481: The second half of the nineteenth century, when Said bin Sultan made Zanzibar his capital and expanded international commercial activities and plantation economy in cloves and coconuts. Zanzibar's commerce fell increasingly into the hands of traders from the Indian subcontinent , whom Said encouraged to settle on the island. After his death in 1856, two of his sons, Majid bin Said and Thuwaini bin Said , struggled over

1800-625: The shortest in recorded history. A struggle for succession took place as the Sultan's cousin Khalid bin Barghash seized power. The British instead wanted Hamoud bin Mohammed to become Sultan, believing that he would be much easier to work with. The British gave Khalid an hour to vacate the Sultan's palace in Stone Town. Khalid failed to do so, and instead assembled an army of 2,800 men to fight

1850-482: The territory. It administered about 240 km (150 mi) of coastline stretching from the River Jubba via Mombasa to German East Africa which were leased from the Sultan. The British " sphere of influence ", agreed at the Berlin Conference of 1885, extended up the coast and inland across the future Kenya and after 1890 included Uganda as well. Mombasa was the administrative centre at this time. However,

1900-630: The time Leo visited the city of Timbuktu , it was a thriving Islamic city famous for its learning. Home to many scholars and learned men, Timbuktu also possessed a Great Mosque , renowned for its expansive library. The town was to become a byword in Europe as the most inaccessible of cities. At the time of Leo's journey there, it was the centre of a busy trade carried on by traders in African products, gold, printed cottons , slaves and in Islamic books. In an autograph in one of his surviving manuscripts,

1950-409: The time. In 1886, the British government encouraged William Mackinnon , who already had an agreement with the Sultan and whose shipping company traded extensively in the African Great Lakes , to increase British influence in the region. He formed a British East Africa Association which led to the Imperial British East Africa Company being chartered in 1888 and given the original grant to administer

2000-417: Was a patronymic name meaning "al-Hasan, son of Muhammad", and al-Fasi is the Arabic demonym for someone from Fez, Morocco . Cosmographia et geographia de Affrica , later published by Giovanni Battista Ramusio as Description of Africa in 1550, is Leo's most famous work. He wrote an Arabic-Hebrew-Latin medical vocabulary for the Jewish physician Jacob Mantino . He also wrote an Arabic translation of

2050-562: Was a result of the Bartle Frere Mission to Zanzibar by Henry Bartle Frere . Anti slavery policy, which had been a part of British foreign policy since they abolished their own slave trade in 1807. The Bartle Frere Mission addressed the issue of the Zanzibar slave trade between the Swahili coast in Zanzibar and Oman in the Arabian Peninsula, which was at the time the major part of the ancient Indian Ocean slave trade . The Zanzibar slave trade had been an issue of British abolitionist interest for decades. The Moresby Treaty of 1822 had banned

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2100-517: Was based on indirect allusion in a later preface to this book. According to another theory, he left shortly before the Sack of Rome by Charles V 's troops in 1527. He then returned to North Africa and lived in Tunis until his death, some time after 1550. This was based on records by German orientalist Johann Albrecht Widmannstetter , who arrived in Italy and planned (but ultimately failed) to travel to Tunis to meet Leo who had since reconverted to Islam. Yet another theory said that he left Tunis after it

2150-433: Was captured by Charles V in 1535 for Morocco, his second home country after Granada where his relatives were still living. This was based on the assumption that Leo, having left Granada, would not have wanted to live under Christian Spanish rule again, and his wish (recorded in Description of Africa ) that he wanted to ultimately return to his home country "by God's assistance". It is unlikely that Leo Africanus visited all

2200-426: Was constituted as the Protectorate of Kenya in 1920. The Protectorate of Kenya was governed as part of the Colony of Kenya by virtue of an agreement between the United Kingdom and the Sultan dated 14 December 1895. The Colony of Kenya and the Protectorate of Kenya each came to an end on 12 December 1963. The United Kingdom ceded sovereignty over the Colony of Kenya and, under an agreement dated 8 October 1963,

2250-625: Was hardly noticed in Europe; the book contains various erroneous information, likely due to his lack of sources when he was in Italy, forcing him to rely on memory. In Description of Africa , he referred to plans to write other books. He planned two descriptions of places, one for the Middle East and another for Europe. He also planned to write an exposition of the Islamic faith and a history of North Africa. None of these books survived nor has there been any proof that he completed them, which might have been due to his possible return to North Africa. A fictionalized account of his life, Leo Africanus , by

2300-436: Was likely the reason for his leaving Rome. While staying in Bologna he wrote an Arabic-Hebrew-Latin medical vocabulary , of which only the Arabic part has survived, and a grammar of Arabic of which only an eight-page fragment has survived. He returned to Rome in 1526 under the protection of the new Pope Clement VII , a cousin of Leo X who replaced Adrian. According to Leo, he completed his manuscript on African geography in

2350-409: Was moved to the Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome and presented to Pope Leo X . He was soon freed and given a pension to persuade him to stay. He was baptized in the Basilica of Saint Peter's in 1520. He took the Latin name Johannes Leo de Medicis ( Giovanni Leone in Italian). In Arabic, he preferred to translate this name as Yuhanna al-Asad al-Gharnati (literally means John the Lion of Granada). It

2400-405: Was published in 1600 with the title A Geographical Historie of Africa . The Latin edition, which contained many errors and mistranslations, was used as the source for the English translation. There are several theories of his later life, but none of them are certain. According to one theory, he spent it in Rome until he died around 1550, the year Description of Africa was published. This theory

2450-403: Was terminated by the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom did not grant Zanzibar independence, as such, because the UK never had sovereignty over Zanzibar. Rather, by the Zanzibar Act 1963 of the United Kingdom, the UK ended the Protectorate and made provision for full-self government in Zanzibar as an independent country within the Commonwealth. Upon the Protectorate being abolished, Zanzibar became

2500-465: Was the first governor and commander in chief. There were occasional troubles with local tribes but the country was opened up by the colonial government with little bloodshed. After the First World War, more immigrants arrived from Britain and South Africa, and by 1919 the European population was estimated at 9,000 strong. On 23 July 1920, the inland areas of the East Africa Protectorate were annexed as British dominions by Order in Council. That part of

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