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123-537: Frostpunk is a 2018 city-building survival game developed and published by 11 Bit Studios . Players take on the role of a leader in an alternate history late 19th century, in which they must build and maintain a city during a worldwide volcanic winter , managing resources, making choices on how to survive, and exploring the area outside their city for survivors, resources, or other useful items. The game features several scenarios to undertake, each with their own stories and different challenges. The main campaign adopts

246-432: A breadwinner , as a result of death or abandonment, obliging many children to work from a young age. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children. A high number of children also worked as prostitutes . The author Charles Dickens worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory, with his family in a debtor's prison . Child wages were often low,

369-481: A pub to increase hope. Players also have the option to make decisions for individual citizens in the game. For instance, the players can choose whether a child who had hurt himself at work should be reprimanded for his carelessness or be given a day off to rest. In most scenarios, the player has the option to increase the citizens' support either by "Order" which includes buildings and laws to enforce security, or by "Faith", which includes buildings and laws that implement

492-521: A better outcome in the game. While the game is set in a fictional, futuristic setting, the citizens were ultimately grappling with modern-day social issues in a different context. The team was inspired by the events in the 19th century, which Stokalski as "a period of social stratification with masses of the workers", the Luddites rebellion against automated machinery, and the rise of artificial intelligence in modern day. Stokalski further stated that

615-416: A child's work is usually crucial for his or her own survival or for that of the household. Income from working children, even if small, may be between 25 and 40% of the household income. Other scholars such as Harsch on African child labour, and Edmonds and Pavcnik on global child labour have reached the same conclusion. While poverty is a significant factor, the relationship between poverty and child labor

738-403: A circular grid surrounding the generator. Habitations, medical facilities and workplaces must be insulated to prevent becoming inoperable or causing frostbite and illness on its occupants. Workers and engineers can be assigned to work at various facilities. Citizens will only work during the warm daylight hours, though emergency shifts can be enforced to further boost productivity when the city

861-451: A daily basis. In Brazil, the minimum working age has been identified as fourteen due to constitutional amendments that passed in 1934, 1937, and 1946. Yet due to a change in the dictatorship by the military in the 1980s, the minimum age restriction was reduced to twelve but was reviewed due to reports of dangerous and hazardous working conditions in 1988. This led to the minimum age being raised once again to 14. Another set of restrictions

984-510: A distinct gameplay. SimCity 4 , released in 2003, was praised as a standard-setter among city-builders and is still regarded by Matt Smith of Makeuseof.com as one of the best games in the genre, despite its complexity and steep learning curve. Subsequent games in the series attempted to remedy this, such as SimCity Societies (2007), which did not further deepen the gameplay along the line of city simulation but incorporates different gameplay elements such as social management. The changes to

1107-661: A franchise. The waning dominance of the SimCity franchise in the genre caused several other companies to release similarly themed games, like Cities XL (2009). The game Cities: Skylines published in 2015 and was very successful with the audience of the genre and was followed up by a sequel, Cities: Skylines II , which released in October 2023. Starting with Anno 2070 in 2011, continued by Anno 2205 in 2015, and emphasized by Surviving Mars and Frostpunk in 2018, futurist settings became again widely popular with

1230-458: A leader". The team once considered allowing players to continue building their cities freely following the great storm, but this plan was scrapped as they felt that it was anti-climatic. The team wanted the game to end after the big climax was resolved, similar to a novel . One of the early design goal was to facilitate player's decisions and enable them to shape and guide the game's society. The team implemented an early system in which citizens in

1353-556: A new scenario revolving an outpost which must rely on supplies from New London to survive. All three paid DLC packs were released for consoles on 26 July 2021 alongside a "Complete Edition" for the game. A Frostpunk board game designed by Jakub Wiśniewski and Glass Cannon Unplugged and loosely based on the video game was funded via Kickstarter in October 2020. Frostpunk received "generally favorable reviews", according to review aggregator Metacritic . It sold over 250,000 copies within three days of its release, over 1.4 million within

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1476-422: A number of city-building games. Its expedition mechanic, which interweaves narrative with exploration, can be seen in games such as The Wandering Village , Ixion and Aquatico , while its focus on politics can also be seen in future games such as Urbek City Builder and Floodland . City-building game City-building games such as SimCity , Cities XXL or Cities: Skylines are considered

1599-447: A players made will alter the level of hope and discontent of citizens in the city. If hope is too low, or discontent is too high, the game will end. The player has the option to use laws to regulate the productivity of their society at the cost of possibly raising discontent, e.g. allowing child labour or forcing temporary 24-hour shifts, but also laws to develop better healthcare like prosthetics or building entertainment facilities like

1722-425: A religion. These two paths can be continued to the point of fanaticism, with the city falling under complete totalitarian rule, with the hope/discontent system discarded. In addition, a platform is constructed to execute enemies or unbelievers by scalding them to death with steam from the generator; the player may schedule an execution to lower discontent in their city. The game is set in an alternate 1886–87 where

1845-504: A set victory condition. Players followed personal preferences in design and growth. Indicators of success were maintaining positive budget balance and citizen satisfaction. Subsequent SimCity titles such as SimCity 4 soon followed when high sales of the game demonstrated its popularity. The first sim game, Utopia (1982) developed for the Mattel Intellivision console system, covered many of these same elements, but

1968-448: A three-act structure, requiring players to grapple with internal conflict and societal turmoil in a divided city, and surviving a great storm that threatens to overwhelm the city, making sacrifices and morally-grey ethical decisions along the way. Frostpunk was 11 Bit Studios' next project following This War of Mine , whose unexpected success prompted the studio to focus to create what it called as "meaningful entertainment". The studio

2091-436: A type of construction and management simulation . The earliest city-building game was The Sumerian Game (1964), a text-based mainframe game written by Mabel Addis , based on the ancient Sumerian city of Lagash . It was subsequently adapted into The Sumer Game (1968), later known as Hamurabi . The city-building game genre was established in 1989 with SimCity , which emphasized continuous building rather than

2214-739: A week and did not attend school. There are also many initiative and policies put in place to decrease the prevalence of child labour such as the United States generalised system of preferences, the U.S.-Cambodia textile agreement, ILO Garment Sector Working Conditions Improvement Project, and ChildWise Tourism. An Ecuadorean study published in 2006 found child labour to be one of the main environmental problems affecting children's health. It reported that over 800,000 children are working in Ecuador, where they are exposed to heavy metals and toxic chemicals and are subject to mental and physical stress and

2337-482: A worldwide volcanic winter. They must manage the well-being of citizens, keeping their hope high and discontent low. The game starts out with a small group of survivors and several small caches of supplies with which to build a city. These supplies will quickly ran out, and players must need to construct new facilities such as sawmills , hunting huts, mines and factories to harvest raw materials (coal, wood, steel and food) in order to keep their society warm and healthy in

2460-399: A year, 3 million within three years, and over five million within six years. Julian Benson from PCGamesN remarked that the game was unexpectedly easy as a management game, having completed its campaign in a single trial, though he remarked that the game was special with its focus on the "macro moral decisions of a leader". He wrote that balancing the demands of the citizens and maintaining

2583-505: Is a means to learn and practice that trade from a very early age. Similarly, in many cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to need formal schooling, and these girls pushed into child labour such as providing domestic services. Biggeri and Mehrotra have studied the macroeconomic factors that encourage child labour. They focus their study on five Asian nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines. They suggest that child labour

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2706-443: Is a serious problem in all five, but it is not a new problem. Macroeconomic causes encouraged widespread child labour across the world, over most of human history. They suggest that the causes for child labour include both the demand and the supply side. While poverty and unavailability of good schools explain the child labour supply side, they suggest that the growth of low-paying informal economy rather than higher paying formal economy

2829-497: Is amongst the causes of the demand side. Other scholars too suggest that inflexible labour market, size of informal economy, inability of industries to scale up and lack of modern manufacturing technologies are major macroeconomic factors affecting demand and acceptability of child labour. Systematic use of child labour was commonplace in the colonies of European powers between 1650 and 1950. In Africa, colonial administrators encouraged traditional kin-ordered modes of production, that

2952-881: Is an estimated five million children who are currently working in the field of agriculture which steadily increases during the time of harvest. Along with 30% of children who are picking coffee, there are an estimated 25,000 school age children who work year round. What industries children work in depends on whether they grew up in a rural area or an urban area . Children who were born in urban areas often found themselves working for street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers. While children who grew up in rural areas would work on farms doing physical labour, working with animals, and selling crops. Many children can also be found working in hazardous environments, with some using bare hands, stones and hammers to take apart CRT -based televisions and computer monitors. Of all

3075-411: Is complex. Research suggests that child labor generally decreases as household productive wealth (measured by agricultural per capita land holding in rural areas) increases. However, there can be a significant spike in the relationship between child labor and landholding at moderate levels of land per capita. Lack of meaningful alternatives, such as affordable schools and quality education, according to

3198-412: Is hiring a household for work not just the adults. Millions of children worked in colonial agricultural plantations, mines and domestic service industries. Sophisticated schemes were promulgated where children in these colonies between the ages of 5 and 14 were hired as an apprentice without pay in exchange for learning a craft. A system of Pauper Apprenticeship came into practice in the 19th century where

3321-445: Is needed for children to engage in activities that are crucial for their development. Another issue that often comes into play is the link between what constitutes as child labour within the household due to the cultural acceptance of children helping run the family business. In the end, there is a consistent challenge for the national government to strengthen its grip politically on child labour, and to increase education and awareness on

3444-634: Is often the major cause of the high rate of child labour in India. On 23 June 1757, the English East India Company defeated Siraj-ud-Daula , the Nawab of Bengal, in the Battle of Plassey . The British thus became masters of east India (Bengal, Bihar, Orissa) – a prosperous region with a flourishing agriculture, industry and trade. This led to many children being forced into labour due to

3567-667: Is rarely a concept of childhood in the modern sense. Children often begin to actively participate in activities such as child rearing , hunting and farming as soon as they are competent. In many societies, children as young as 13 are seen as adults and engage in the same activities as adults. The work of children was important in pre-industrial societies, as children needed to provide their labour for their survival and that of their group. Pre-industrial societies were characterised by low productivity and short life expectancy ; preventing children from participating in productive work would be more harmful to their welfare and that of their group in

3690-452: Is really worth it. In European history when child labour was common, as well as in contemporary child labour of modern world, certain cultural beliefs have grounded it. Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children. In many cultures, particular where the informal economy and small household businesses thrive, the cultural tradition is that children follow in their parents' footsteps; child labour then

3813-433: Is running out of supplies. Some facilities can be fully automated with the employment of giant autonomous machines called "Automatons", which are created using "Steam Cores". As players progress, the ever-colder temperature made city management progressively difficult. Building a workshop structure allows the player to research technology and buildings that will make the city more efficient. Existing buildings can be upgraded to

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3936-469: Is set in medieval times and simulates a complex settlement and economic system, which was revolutionary at the time. It started a series that has continued ever since. In the same year, a blockbuster game which modeled cities in ancient Rome was published: Caesar . Subsequent titles in the City Building Series followed, all simulating cities in past civilizations. Those games followed

4059-412: Is tasked to give the citizens of New London "reasons to live", instead of treating them merely as animals struggling for survival. Players must balance hope and discontent or they will lose the game. The game's winter setting was inspired by Ice , a novel by Jacek Dukaj . However, harsh weather was only one of the threats to New London. Its main campaign had a three-act structure. The first act teaches

4182-484: Is the exploitation of children through any form of work that interferes with their ability to attend regular school, or is mentally, physically, socially and morally harmful. Such exploitation is prohibited by legislation worldwide, although these laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, family duties, supervised training, and some forms of work undertaken by Amish children, as well as by Indigenous children in

4305-489: Is the largest employer of child labour. The vast majority of child labour is found in rural settings and informal urban economies; children are predominantly employed by their parents, rather than factories. Poverty and lack of schools are considered the primary cause of child labour. UNICEF notes that "boys and girls are equally likely to be involved in child labour", but in different roles, girls being substantially more likely to perform unpaid household labour. Globally

4428-517: Is unclear due to the government categorising child labour data as "highly secret". China has enacted regulations to prevent child labour; still, the practice of child labour is reported to be a persistent problem within China, generally in agriculture and low-skill service sectors as well as small workshops and manufacturing enterprises. In 2014, the U.S. Department of Labor issued a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor , where China

4551-540: Is very dangerous due to the physical and psychological implications that come with these jobs. Yet despite the hazards that come with working with drug dealers, there has been an increase in this area of employment throughout the country. Many factors played a role in Britain's long-term economic growth, such as the Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s and the prominent presence of child labour during

4674-477: The Mui tsai (妹仔), was rationalised as a cultural tradition and ignored by British authorities. The Dutch East India Company officials rationalised their child labour abuses with, "it is a way to save these children from a worse fate." Christian mission schools in regions stretching from Zambia to Nigeria too required work from children, and in exchange provided religious education, not secular education . Elsewhere,

4797-720: The Andes flight disaster , inspired the team. Announced in August 2016, the game was initially released for Microsoft Windows in April 2018 and was later made available for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in October 2019, and macOS in February 2021. 11 bit studios has partnered with NetEase Games to release a port for iOS and Android titled Frostpunk: Beyond the Ice . The game received generally positive reviews upon release. Critics praised

4920-609: The British Empire and the United States in the coal-rich North, designed to be city centers in the event that dropping temperatures force mass migration from the south. In all scenarios, the player is the leader of a city or outpost, usually around a generator, and will have to manage resources to ensure the city's survival. The game launched with three scenarios, each with different backgrounds and storylines. The main story, "A New Home", involves refugees from London settling in their own city, which becomes known as "New London";

5043-485: The National Child Labor Committee . Factories and mines were not the only places where child labour was prevalent in the early 20th century. Home-based manufacturing across the United States and Europe employed children as well. Governments and reformers argued that labour in factories must be regulated and the state had an obligation to provide welfare for poor. Legislation that followed had

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5166-657: The Season Pass . "The Fall of Winterhome", the free scenario, is a prequel set immediately before "A New Home", with the residents of Winterhome forced to evacuate their city due to a failing generator. "The Last Autumn" is also a prequel, set in Atlantic Canada just before the global winter begins, involving the construction of a generator for the evacuation of Liverpool . "On the Edge" is a sequel to "A New Home", centered around an outpost established by New London after

5289-408: The status quo , subsequent laws passed will be more aggressive and resulted in significant consequences. Players may choose to make small concessions that was against their personal belief, in an attempt to achieve a better outcome, though this may create a snowball effect forcing players to even larger compromises in the future. The content of the laws are inspired by historical events. For instance,

5412-507: The "Great Storm". Endless Mode was also introduced in a later patch that eschews narrative elements to focus on surviving for as long as possible while weathering intermediate storms. The DLCs from the Season Pass added additional settings for Endless Mode, such as "The Builders", involving the construction of a generator (based on "The Last Autumn") during winter conditions. Frostpunk was developed by Polish developer 11 Bit Studios ,

5535-466: The 1980s that it was discovered that almost nine million children in Brazil were working illegally and not partaking in traditional childhood activities that help to develop important life experiences. Brazilian census data (PNAD, 1999) indicate that 2.55 million 10- to 14-year-olds were illegally holding jobs. They were joined by 3.7 million 15- to 17-year-olds and about 375,000 5- to 9-year-olds. Due to

5658-514: The Americas. Child labour has existed to varying extents throughout history. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, many children aged 5–14 from poorer families worked in Western nations and their colonies alike. These children mainly worked in agriculture, home-based assembly operations, factories, mining , and services such as news boys —some worked night shifts lasting 12 hours. With

5781-789: The Canadian Dominion Statutes in form of so-called Breaches of Contract Act, stipulated jail terms for uncooperative child workers. Proposals to regulate child labour began as early as 1786. Children working at a young age has been a consistent theme throughout Africa. Many children began first working in the home to help their parents run the family farm. Children in Africa today are often forced into exploitative labour due to family debt and other financial factors, leading to ongoing poverty. Other types of domestic child labour include working in commercial plantations , begging, and other sales such as boot shining. In total, there

5904-461: The Caribbean region have lower overall population density, but at 14 million child labourers has high incidence rates too. Accurate present day child labour information is difficult to obtain because of disagreements between data sources as to what constitutes child labour. In some countries, government policy contributes to this difficulty. For example, the overall extent of child labour in China

6027-490: The ILO, is another major factor driving children to harmful labour. Children work because they have nothing better to do. Many communities, particularly rural areas where between 60 and 70% of child labour is prevalent, do not possess adequate school facilities. Even when schools are sometimes available, they are too far away, difficult to reach, unaffordable or the quality of education is so poor that parents wonder if going to school

6150-500: The Ice , added multiplayer functionality such as Guild, enabling players to trade between each other as well as a variety of minigames. Beyond the Ice was be published by Com2uS on 29 October 2024. 11 Bit Studios supported the game with downloadable content . A free scenario named "The Fall of Winterhome" was released in September 2024. An endless mode, which allows players to build and expand their city without being constraint by

6273-622: The Indian government began to take extensive actions to reduce the number of children working, and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children. International influences help to encourage legal actions to be taken in India, such as the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act was passed in 1924. This act was followed by The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 to which incorporated

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6396-449: The U.S. In the early 20th century, thousands of boys were employed in glass making industries. Glass making was a dangerous and tough job especially without the current technologies. The process of making glass includes intense heat to melt glass (3,133 °F (1,723 °C)). When the boys are at work, they are exposed to this heat. This could cause eye trouble, lung ailments, heat exhaustion, cuts, and burns. Since workers were paid by

6519-457: The United States. This included children who rolled cigarettes, engaged in factory work, worked as bobbin doffers in textile mills, worked in coal mines and were employed in canneries. Lewis Hine 's photographs of child labourers in the 1910s powerfully evoked the plight of working children in the American south. Hine took these photographs between 1908 and 1917 as the staff photographer for

6642-465: The age of fifteen years, or fourteen years for light work. Significant levels of child labour appear to be found in Cambodia. In 1998, ILO estimated that 24.1% of children in Cambodia aged between 10 and 14 were economically active. Many of these children work long hours and Cambodia Human Development Report 2000 reported that approximately 65,000 children between the ages of 5 and 13 worked 25 hours

6765-512: The audience of the genre. With the rise of social gaming, mobile gaming, freemium and micropayment model in the 2010s, there has been a surge of casual city-building games with different mechanisms like time-based "produce and upgrade" feature, including CityVille , SimCity Buildit , and City Island . Although most traditional followers of the genre dislike these games due to factors like simple, dumbed-down mechanics and microtransactions, they have gained greater commercial success around

6888-697: The child workers, the most serious cases involved street children and trafficked children due to the physical and emotional abuse they endured by their employers. To address the issue of child labour, the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act was implemented in 1959. Yet due to poverty, lack of education and ignorance, the legal actions were not/are not wholly enforced or accepted in Africa. Other legal factors that have been implemented to end and reduce child labour includes

7011-594: The choice made by players. Frostpunk was announced in August 2016. The developers were initially targeting a release in late 2017, but it was delayed until 24 April 2018. The game was unable to support official mod support due to technical limitations. 11 Bit Studios released the game for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in October 2019. Frostpunk was developed using an internal game engine named Liquid Engine, though it presented technical challenges for console porting . Ports to iOS and Android were developed by NetEase Games . The mobile versions, titled Frostpunk: Beyond

7134-478: The choices players made in the game shaped the story of the city, but he was disappointed that the game never judged the players for their decisions, making some of them felt hollow. Ars Technica ' s Steven Strom also remarked that smaller choices featured in the game made each player's campaign unique. Nelson Jr. called the game "breathtaking", though he remarked that the aesthetics made it difficult for players to recognize buildings from afar. Bertz also liked

7257-432: The city will be faced with a situation and the players can react by choosing one from several choices to resolve the issue. To increase player's agency, the team subsequently changed it to the law system which allows players to pass new regulations actively. One of the themes the team wanted to reflect were creeping normality . Laws of similar nature are placed in a sequence. While early laws may only result in small change in

7380-466: The city, and the line between city-building and RTS games has often been blurred with this kind of hybrid title. True 3D graphics were not yet possible at that time, so the advertised 3D was actually a clever use of 2D graphics (an isometric projection ) with mathematically generated terrain and overlaid bitmaps and sprites . The Anno series started in 1998 and established a high level of detail in graphics as well as an intense economy simulation and

7503-467: The colonial master neither needed the native parents' nor child's approval to assign a child to labour, away from parents, at a distant farm owned by a different colonial master. Other schemes included 'earn-and-learn' programs where children would work and thereby learn. Britain for example passed a law, the so-called Masters and Servants Act of 1899, followed by Tax and Pass Law, to encourage child labour in colonies particularly in Africa. These laws offered

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7626-415: The company behind This War of Mine . Codenmaed Industrial , it was described the team as a significant "step-up" when compared with the studio's past efforts, with all 60 people in 11 Bit working on the project. As Frostpunk was a larger project with more complicated gameplay systems, the team had to crunch towards the end of the game's development. The unexpected success of This War of Mine changed

7749-622: The conditions under which children were employed. Children as young as four were employed in production factories and mines working long hours in dangerous, often fatal, working conditions. In coal mines , children would crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults. Children also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers , shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods. Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants (there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in

7872-432: The decline of child labour included financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation. In 1933 Britain adopted legislation restricting the use of children under 14 in employment. The Children and Young Persons Act 1933 , defined the term child as anyone of compulsory school age (age sixteen). In general no child may be employed under

7995-514: The effect of moving work out of factories into urban homes. Families and women, in particular, preferred it because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties. Home-based manufacturing operations were active year-round. Families willingly deployed their children in these income generating home enterprises. In many cases, men worked from home. In France, over 58% of garment workers operated out of their homes; in Germany,

8118-463: The eighteenth century. By the end of the eighteenth century, 20 per cent of the population was made up of children between the ages of 5 and 14. Due to this substantial shift in available workers, and the development of the industrial revolution, children began to work earlier in life in companies outside of the home. Yet, even though there was an increase of child labour in factories such as cotton textiles, there were large numbers of children working in

8241-457: The eruptions of Krakatoa and Mount Tambora , the dimming of the Sun, and other unknown factors caused a worldwide volcanic winter . This in turn led to widespread crop failure and the death of millions. This event roughly lines up with the historical 1883 eruption of Krakatoa , a volcanic event that led to global cooling . In response to this, several installations called "generators" were built by

8364-413: The field of agriculture and domestic production. With such a high percentage of children working, the rising of illiteracy, and the lack of a formal education became a widespread issue for many children who worked to provide for their families. Due to this problematic trend, many parents developed a change of opinion when deciding whether or not to send their children to work. Other factors that lead to

8487-422: The formula polarized critics and its fan base alike. The reboot, SimCity , released in 2013, attempted to bring the franchise back to its roots but was panned by critics and traditional fans for its forced online requirements, consistent server issues at launch, bugs in the simulation, failure to add promised features and restrictions on city sizes, all of which ultimately led to the discontinuation of SimCity as

8610-474: The game as a "tense, gripping, and often stressful survival strategy game filled with difficult, sometimes unthinkable choices", and players have to choose between being a benevolent leader, or an effective one. Starkey wrote that the morality choices made Frostpunk stand out from other city-building games, as players choices are often presented with tangible consequences and reactions from citizens. Writing for Rock, Paper, Shotgun , Xalavier Nelson Jr. applauded

8733-497: The game for constantly forcing players to juggle between priorities, as players have to react quickly as discontent quickly rises or hope falls, describing the title as a "tense" experience. However, he lamented that if players failed to establish any emotional or personal connections with the citizens, they were always likely to choose choices that favor gameplay gains, and there were no way to avoid making these choices simply by playing better. Robert Purchese from Eurogamer liked how

8856-439: The game was not a sandbox city-builder, replay value was limited. Despite making different choices in a second playthrough, the overall story beats in the main campaign was the same. Bertz was impressed by the ethical choices featured in the game and liked how they often challenged his own beliefs and morals, adding that "rarely does an interactive experience keep me awake at night wrestling with big decisions". Livingston descrobed

8979-416: The game's "barren" visual style for matching the game's grim atmosphere. Livingston added that the game had "extraordinary style and art design" and its grim depiction of civilization in the midst of a volcanic winter. Roark liked the game's minimalistic art style for making "each bit of color seem like a touch of warmth in the snow", and he compared the game's aesthetics to Game of Thrones . Purchese praised

9102-429: The game's art style, gameplay focused on crisis management , and the ethical choices featured in the game, while criticizing its lack of replay value. It sold over 5 million copies within six years of its release. 11 Bit Studios supported the game with downloadable content following release. A sequel, Frostpunk 2 , was released in 2024. In Frostpunk , the player must build and maintain a city named New London during

9225-504: The game's attention to details, and its sound design for making the city lively under close inspection. A sequel was announced on 12 August 2021. Frostpunk 2 is set in New London 30 years after the "Great Storm" of the original game, and the consequences of the advent of petroleum industry in New London. The game was released on 20 September 2024. According to Christopher Livingston from PC Gamer , Frostpunk became an influence

9348-505: The game's focus on crisis management , though he felt that some mechanics were poorly explained to players. Christopher Livingston from PC Gamer also liked how consequential each choice can be, and managing the overall citizen satisfaction created a "masterful expression of the burden of leadership". Caley Roark from IGN praised the game for combining elements from various strategy games, and described overall gameplay premise to an "inverse Tropico ". Several critics remarked that since

9471-672: The global response that came into force in 1979 by the declaration of the International Year of the Child. Along with the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations, these two declarations worked on many levels to eliminate child labour. Although many actions have been taken to end this epidemic, child labour in Africa is still an issue today due to the unclear definition of adolescence and how much time

9594-424: The hope/discontent level was the game's most challenging aspect. Daniel Starkey from GameSpot liked how emergent events will often challenge the player's long-term strategy, forcing players to make tough calls frequently during the game's campaign as they needed to balance "the will of the people against their own needs". Matt Bertz from Game Informer called the game an overwhelming experience at times. He liked

9717-521: The hope/discontent meters shown in the game's user interface . The hope/discontent meters serve as an aggregation of the overall satisfaction and mood of each individual citizen in New London. The discontent meter reflected citizen's responses to laws and the player's handling of societal matters. The hope meter was intrdocued after the team identified it as an essential driver for human survival in cases of adversity, after reading reports about accidents and other near-death experiences . The player, therefore,

9840-469: The incidence of child labour decreased from 25% to 10% between 1960 and 2003, according to the World Bank . Nevertheless, the total number of child labourers remains high, with UNICEF and ILO acknowledging an estimated 168 million children aged 5–17 worldwide were involved in child labour in 2013. Child labour forms an intrinsic part of pre-industrial economies. In pre-industrial societies , there

9963-444: The increasing need of cheap labour to produce large numbers of goods. Many multinationals often employed children because that they can be recruited for less pay, and have more endurance to utilise in factory environments. Another reason many Indian children were hired was because they lack knowledge of their basic rights, they did not cause trouble or complain, and they were often more trustworthy. The innocence that comes with childhood

10086-497: The industrial age. Children who worked at an early age were often not forced; but did so because they needed to help their family survive financially. Due to poor employment opportunities for many parents, sending their children to work on farms and in factories was a way to help feed and support the family. Child labour first started to occur in England when household businesses were turned into local labour markets that mass-produced

10209-443: The industrial exploitation of labour, including child labour. Industrial cities such as Birmingham , Manchester , and Liverpool rapidly grew from small villages into large cities and improving child mortality rates. These cities drew in the population that was rapidly growing due to increased agricultural output. This process was replicated in other industrialising countries. The Victorian era in particular became notorious for

10332-601: The insecurity caused by being at risk of work-related accidents. Minors performing agricultural work along with their parents help apply pesticides without wearing protective equipment. In 2015, the country of India is home to the largest number of children who are working illegally in various industrial industries. Agriculture in India is the largest sector where many children work at early ages to help support their family. Many of these children are forced to work at young ages due to many family factors such as unemployment, large families, poverty, and lack of parental education. This

10455-534: The issue of children working below the legal age limit. With children playing an important role in the African economy, child labour still plays an important role for many in the 20th century. From European settlement in 1788, child convicts were occasionally sent to Australia where they were made to work. Child labour was not as excessive in Australia as in Britain. With a low population, agricultural productivity

10578-405: The long run. In pre-industrial societies, there was little need for children to attend school. This is especially the case in non-literate societies. Most pre-industrial skill and knowledge were amenable to being passed down through direct mentoring or apprenticing by competent adults. With the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Britain in the late 18th century, there was a rapid increase in

10701-438: The major growth economies, Maplecroft ranked Philippines 25th riskiest, India 27th, China 36th, Vietnam 37th, Indonesia 46th, and Brazil 54th, all of them rated to involve extreme risks of child labour uncertainties, to corporations seeking to invest in developing world and import products from emerging markets. The ILO suggests that poverty is the greatest single cause behind child labour. For impoverished households, income from

10824-505: The mid-18th century). Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in the summer and 52 hours in winter, while servants worked 80-hour weeks. Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset, often brought about by economic hardship. The children of the poor were expected to contribute to their family income. In 19th-century Great Britain, one-third of poor families were without

10947-459: The midst of fluctuating cold temperatures. When the players have a surplus of resources, they can be stockpiled in large resource depots for subsequent use. In most scenarios, the city is centered around the generator, a coal-reliant steam engine that produces heat in a circular radius, which can be extended and upgraded throughout the game to increase its area of coverage and heating, requiring greater coal input. All buildings, therefore, are placed on

11070-531: The narrative, was released November 2018. It has two difficulty modes: Serenity, in which harsh weather events occurred less frequently, and Endurance, which was more difficult than the base game as random parts of the city will shut down. A festive DLC pack named A Christmas Carol was released in December 2018, adding a new Christmas-themed quest and festive buildings to the game's endless mode. The first of three expansion pack for season pass owners, The Rifts ,

11193-675: The native people the legal ownership to some of the native land in exchange for making labour of wife and children available to colonial government's needs such as in farms and as picannins . Beyond laws, new taxes were imposed on colonies. One of these taxes was the Head Tax in the British and French colonial empires. The tax was imposed on everyone older than 8 years, in some colonies. To pay these taxes and cover living expenses, children in colonial households had to work. In southeast Asian colonies, such as Hong Kong, child labour such as

11316-592: The newly-researched ones provided that players have sufficient resources. Through research, the players can also construct a beacon to scout the surrounding frozen wasteland for additional survivors and resources, learning about what happened to the rest of the world in the process. Scouting is the only way for the city to expand their workforce. More locations will be unlocked as players complete various expeditions, and players can construct outposts and supplies lines at certain locations, which will provide New London with new supplies and raw materials regularly. Many decisions

11439-523: The nineteenth century. The first documentation of child labour in Brazil occurred during the time of indigenous societies and slave labour where it was found that children were forcibly working on tasks that exceeded their emotional and physical limits. Armando Dias, for example, died in November 1913 whilst still very young, a victim of an electric shock when entering the textile industry where he worked. Boys and girls were victims of industrial accidents on

11562-420: The number of full-time home operations nearly doubled between 1882 and 1907; and in the United States, millions of families operated out of home seven days a week, year round to produce garments, shoes, artificial flowers, feathers, match boxes, toys, umbrellas and other products. Children aged 5–14 worked alongside the parents. Home-based operations and child labour in Australia, Britain, Austria and other parts of

11685-439: The once homemade goods. Because children often helped produce the goods out of their homes, working in a factory to make those same goods was a simple change for many of these youths. Although there are many counts of children under the age of ten working for factories, the majority of children workers were between the ages of ten and fourteen. Another factor that influenced child labour was the demographic changes that occurred in

11808-403: The ones faced by individuals. The team wanted the experience to be meaningful and memorable for players, one that will prompt players to "ask questions about yourself, about society in general, and the dynamic we currently see today in the world". Lead designer Kuba Stokalski positioned the game as an experience exploring how much willing players are to "sacrifice" their morals and ideals to achieve

11931-410: The piece, they had to work productively for hours without a break. Since furnaces had to be constantly burning, there were night shifts from 5:00 pm to 3:00 am. Many factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age. An estimated 1.7 million children under the age of fifteen were employed in American industry by 1900. In 1910, over 2 million children in the same age group were employed in

12054-401: The players the basics of survival; the second act tasks players to grapple with internal conflict and societal turmoil in a divided city; while third act challenges players to survive a huge storm, whereas players have to make tough decisions in order to survive. The development team reiterated that Frostpunk was not an sandbox city-builder. It was a story-driven game about "politics" and "being

12177-498: The raised age restriction of 14, at least half of the recorded young workers had been employed illegally, which led to many not being protected by important labour laws. Although substantial time has passed since the time of regulated child labour, there are still many children working illegally in Brazil. Many children are used by drug cartels to sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances because of their perception of innocence. This type of work that youth are taking part in

12300-583: The rise of household income, availability of schools and passage of child labour laws , the incidence rates of child labour fell. As of 2023 , in the world's poorest countries, around one in five children are engaged in child labour, the highest number of whom live in sub-saharan Africa , where more than one in four children are so engaged. This represents a decline in child labour over the preceding half decade. In 2017, four African nations ( Mali , Benin , Chad and Guinea-Bissau ) witnessed over 50 per cent of children aged 5–14 working. Worldwide agriculture

12423-448: The rural areas (70%) and informal urban sector (26%). Contrary to popular belief, most child labourers are employed by their parents rather than in manufacturing or formal economy. Children who work for pay or in-kind compensation are usually found in rural settings as opposed to urban centres. Less than 3% of child labour aged 5–14 across the world work outside their household, or away from their parents. Child labour accounts for 22% of

12546-452: The second half of the 19th century, child labour began to decline in industrialised societies due to regulation and economic factors because of the Growth of trade unions . The regulation of child labour began from the earliest days of the Industrial Revolution. The first act to regulate child labour in Britain was passed in 1803. As early as 1802 and 1819 Factory Acts were passed to regulate

12669-529: The settlers must face a "Great Storm", while also contending with the fall of the nearby city of Winterhome. "The Arks" is centered around a largely automated city run by scientists from Oxford and Cambridge , seeking to preserve plant samples taken prior to the global cooling. "The Refugees" involves a group that has taken over a generator intended for use by wealthy nobles, and the social struggle that ensues. Three additional scenarios were added as downloadable content , one free to all players and two as part of

12792-468: The studio's philosophy, with it focusing to create what it called as "meaningful entertainment". The team felt the seriousness and the hard themes explored in This War of Mine resonated with players and wanted their next game to carry similar themes. It success also allowed the studio to be more ambitious with the game's scale and scope, with the game exploring issues faced by socieity as a whole instead of

12915-419: The style of Sim City over historical accuracy, such as including schools and hospitals, but not slavery. The PC game Stronghold also appeared in 1993, and was advertised as " SimCity meets Dungeons & Dragons in 3D". Elves, humans and dwarves each built neighborhoods with unique architecture within the player's town. The title also had elements of real-time strategy games when enemies attacked

13038-615: The team was inspired by attempts at polar exploration , the Andes flight disaster , as well as the tragic events surrounding mountineers such as Joe Simpson and Aron Ralston . The team also explored the transformation of human psyche during sustained stress, with the team researching the psychological status of people working on the International Space Station and at research stations in Antarctica . The team turned these experiences into playable systems, namely

13161-516: The textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10-hour working days. Lord Shaftesbury was an outspoken advocate of regulating child labour. As technology improved and proliferated, there was a greater need for educated employees. This saw an increase in schooling, with the eventual introduction of compulsory schooling . Improved technology, automation and further legislation significantly reduced child labour particularly in western Europe and

13284-504: The type of work that children can perform. In all states, children are obliged to attend school until a minimum leaving age, 15 years of age in all states except Tasmania and Queensland where the leaving age is 17. Child labour has been a consistent struggle for children in Brazil ever since Portuguese colonisation in the region began in 1500. Work that many children took part in was not always visible, legal, or paid. Free or slave labour

13407-492: The use of child labourer was prevalent during the Victoria era , and Russia had a history of adding sawdust to food during times of hardships. The team spent an extensive amount of time adjusting the moral dilemmas faced by players so that they would not be too subtle for players to notice, or too exaggerated to become comical. Choices in the game were often morally grey, though the game will not actively judge or comment on any of

13530-477: The wages were as little as 10–20% of an adult male's wage. Karl Marx was an outspoken opponent of child labour, saying British industries "could but live by sucking blood, and children's blood too", and that U.S. capital was financed by the "capitalized blood of children". Letitia Elizabeth Landon castigated child labour in her 1835 poem "The Factory", portions of which she pointedly included in her 18th Birthday Tribute to Princess Victoria in 1837. Throughout

13653-687: The workforce in Asia, 32% in Africa, 17% in Latin America, 1% in the US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations. The proportion of child labourers varies greatly among countries and even regions inside those countries. Africa has the highest percentage of children aged 5–17 employed as child labour, and a total of over 65 million. Asia, with its larger population, has the largest number of children employed as child labour at about 114 million. Latin America and

13776-463: The working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day. These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation, by for example the "Short Time Committees" in 1831, a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11–18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9–11 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work. This act however only applied to

13899-439: The world than most prior city building games. Another development trend is the increased popularity for city building games by independent developers , like the 2019 Islanders or the 2020 release Townscaper with their simple, intuition-based gameplay. Also sandbox games like the ever-popular Minecraft (published in 2011) offer features that are alike to various city-builders. Child labour Child labour

14022-578: The world was common. Rural areas similarly saw families deploying their children in agriculture. In 1946, Frieda S. Miller – then Director of the United States Department of Labor – told the International Labour Organization (ILO) that these home-based operations offered "low wages, long hours, child labour, unhealthy and insanitary working conditions". Child labour is still common in many parts of

14145-1121: The world. Estimates for child labour vary. It ranges between 250 and 304 million, if children aged 5–17 involved in any economic activity are counted. If light occasional work is excluded, ILO estimates there were 153 million child labourers aged 5–14 worldwide in 2008. This is about 20 million less than ILO estimate for child labourers in 2004. Some 60 per cent of the child labour was involved in agricultural activities such as farming, dairy, fisheries and forestry. Another 25% of child labourers were in service activities such as retail, hawking goods, restaurants, load and transfer of goods, storage, picking and recycling trash, polishing shoes, domestic help, and other services. The remaining 15% laboured in assembly and manufacturing in informal economy, home-based enterprises, factories, mines, packaging salt, operating machinery, and such operations. Two out of three child workers work alongside their parents, in unpaid family work situations. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants. Child labour predominantly occurs in

14268-409: Was a common occurrence for many youths and was a part of their everyday lives as they grew into adulthood. Yet due to there being no clear definition of how to classify what a child or youth is, there has been little historical documentation of child labour during the colonial period. Due to this lack of documentation, it is hard to determine just how many children were used for what kinds of work before

14391-522: Was attributed 12 goods, the majority of which were produced by both underage children and indentured labourers. The report listed electronics, garments, toys, and coal, among other goods. The Maplecroft Child Labour Index 2012 survey reports that 76 countries pose extreme child labour complicity risks for companies operating worldwide. The ten highest risk countries in 2012, ranked in decreasing order, were: Myanmar, North Korea, Somalia, Sudan, DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Burundi, Pakistan and Ethiopia. Of

14514-561: Was higher and families did not face starvation as in established industrialised countries. Australia also did not have significant industry until the later part of the 20th century, when child labour laws and compulsory schooling had developed under the influence of Britain. From the 1870s, child labour was restricted by compulsory schooling. Child labour laws in Australia differ from state to state. Generally, children are allowed to work at any age, but restrictions exist for children under 15 years of age. These restrictions apply to work hours and

14637-546: Was limited by the primitive screen resolutions of its era. Unlike the thousands of individual spaces possible a few years later in SimCity , each island in Utopia held only 29 "buildable" spaces for schools, factories and other constructions. The player's score was based on the well-being of his people. A second boost in the popularity of the genre came in 1993 with the release of various games. Including The Settlers , which

14760-482: Was more ambitious with the game's scale and scope, with more than 60 team members working on the game. Unlike This War of Mine which focuses on an individual's struggles, Frostpunk aims at exploring issues faced by society as a whole, and if players are willing to challenge their beliefs and morals in times of adversity. The novel Ice written by Jacek Dukaj , as well as reports of near-death experiences , such as accounts from early polar explorers and survivors of

14883-404: Was passed in 1998 that restricted the kinds of work youth could partake in, such as work that was considered hazardous like running construction equipment, or certain kinds of factory work. Although many steps were taken to reduce the risk and occurrence of child labour, there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil. It was not until recently in

15006-488: Was released on 27 August 2019, adding a new map to the game's endless mode and introducing new gameplay features such as the ability to construct bridges. The second pack, titled The Last Autumn , was released on 21 January 2020. As a prequel to the main game, players must build an outpost in Site 113, before the location is overwhelemed by the storm. The final pack, titled On The Edge , was released on 20 August 2020, introducing

15129-432: Was utilised to make a profit by many and was encouraged by the need for family income. A variety of Indian social scientists as well as the non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have done extensive research on the numeric figures of child labour found in India and determined that India contributes to one-third of Asia's child labour and one-fourth of the world's child labour. Due to many children being illegally employed,

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