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30-412: The future perfect is a grammatical construction. Future perfect may also refer to: Future perfect In English, the future perfect construction consists of a future construction such as the auxiliary verb will (or shall ) or the going-to future and the perfect infinitive of the main verb (which consists of the infinitive of the auxiliary verb have and the past participle of

60-500: A reflexive verb is, loosely, a verb whose direct object is the same as its subject , for example, "I wash myself". More generally, a reflexive verb has the same semantic agent and patient (typically represented syntactically by the subject and the direct object). For example, the English verb to perjure is reflexive, since one can only perjure oneself . In a wider sense, the term refers to any verb form whose grammatical object

90-482: A future situation, as in "He will have woken up by now." The time of perspective of the English future perfect can be shifted from the present to the past by replacing will with its past tense form would , thus effectively creating a "past of the future of the past" construction in which the indicated event or situation occurs before a time that occurs after the past time of perspective: In 1982, I knew that by 1986 I would have already gone to prison . This construction

120-476: A polar bear ᖁᑭᖅᑐᖓ Qukiqtunga ᖁᑭᖅᑐᖓ Qukiqtunga I just shot myself In Guugu Yimithirr (a member of the Pama-Nyungan language family) reflexivity can combine with past (PST), nonpast (NPST), and imperative (IMP) tense marking to form the verbal suffixes: /-dhi/ (REFL+PST), /-yi/ (REFL+NPST) and /-ya/ (REFL+IMP) respectively. See the following example where the verb waarmbal,

150-465: A reflexive verb: "loď se potopila"/"loď sa potopila". Reflexive verbs can have a variety of uses and meanings, which often escape consistent classification. Some language-common identified uses are outlined below. For example, Davies et al. identify 12 uses for Spanish reflexive constructions, while Vinogradov divides Russian reflexive verbs into as many as 16 groups. Martin Haspelmath also has

180-416: A useful distinction between the reflexive types mentioned below, which he calls introverted reflexives, and so-called extroverted reflexives, which are used for verbs that are usually not reflexive, like hate oneself, love oneself, hear oneself, and kill oneself. Some Indo-European languages have a different reflexive morpheme for extroverted reflexives. For example: The "true" (literal) reflexive denotes that

210-559: A verb into a reflexive form. In many languages, reflexive constructions are rendered by transitive verbs followed by a reflexive pronoun, as in English -self (e.g., "She threw herself to the floor.") English employs reflexive derivation idiosyncratically, as in "self-destruct". Romance and Slavic languages make extensive use of reflexive verbs and reflexive forms. In the Romance languages , there are nonemphatic clitic reflexive pronouns and emphatic ones. In Spanish , for example,

240-533: Is a reflexive pronoun , regardless of semantics; such verbs are also more broadly referred to as pronominal verbs , especially in the grammar of the Romance languages . Other kinds of pronominal verbs are reciprocal ( they killed each other ), passive ( it is told ), subjective , and idiomatic. The presence of the reflexive pronoun changes the meaning of a verb, e.g., Spanish abonar ' to pay ' , abonarse ' to subscribe ' . There are languages that have explicit morphology or syntax to transform

270-485: Is a semantic overlap between impersonal/anticausative/autocausative constructs and the passive voice (also present in all Romance and Slavic languages). On one hand, impersonal reflexive constructs have a wider scope of application, as they are not limited to transitive verbs like the canonical passive voice. On the other hand, those constructs can have slight semantic difference or markedness . "Inherent" or "pronominal" ( inherently or essentially ) reflexive verbs lack

300-450: Is a verb which must have both an object and a subject, but where, in some context, both the object and the subject are identical. In Inuktitut, this situation is expressed by using a specific verb but by affixing a non-specific ending to it. ᓇᓄᖅ Nanuq ᖁᑭᖅᑕᕋ qukiqtara ᓇᓄᖅ ᖁᑭᖅᑕᕋ Nanuq qukiqtara I just shot the polar bear ᓇᓄᕐᒥᒃ Nanurmik ᖁᑭᖅᓯᔪᖓ qukiqsijunga ᓇᓄᕐᒥᒃ ᖁᑭᖅᓯᔪᖓ Nanurmik qukiqsijunga I just shot

330-443: Is close to hacer ("to do") in that the past participle is satisfecho . To make the tense negative, no is simply added before the form of haber : yo no habré hablado . For use with reflexive verbs , the reflexive pronoun is before the form of haber : from bañarse ("to take a bath"), yo me habré bañado ; negative: yo no me habré bañado . In Portuguese , the future perfect is formed like in to Spanish: The future of ter

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360-470: Is formed by the future stem habr + the endings -é , -ás , -á , -emos , -éis , -án . The past participle of a verb is formed by adding the endings -ado and -ido to ar and er / ir verbs, respectively. However, there are a few irregular participles such as these: Verbs within verbs also have the same participle, for example, predecir ("to predict') would be predicho ; suponer ("to suppose") would be supuesto . Also, satisfacer ("to satisfy")

390-450: Is formed by the future stem ter + the endings -ei, -ás, -á, -emos, -eis, -ão (the 2nd person plural form tereis is, however, archaic). The past participle of a verb is formed in turn by adding the endings -ado and -ido to the stems of -ar and -er/-ir verbs, respectively. However, there are a few irregular participles such as these: Several verbs that are derived from the irregular verbs above form their past participle similarly like

420-670: Is identical to the English conditional perfect construction. An obsolete term found in old grammars for the English future perfect is the "second future tense." For more information, see the sections on the future perfect and future perfect progressive in the article on uses of English verb forms . In Spanish , the future perfect is formed as this: yo subject I   +   habré future of haber will have   +   hablado past participle spoken yo {} habré {} hablado subject + { future of haber } + {past participle} I {} {will have} {} spoken The future of haber

450-422: Is made with will not or shall not ; these have their own contractions won't and shan't . Some examples: Most commonly the future perfect is used with a time marker that indicates by when (i.e., prior to what point in time) the event is to occur, as in the previous examples. However, it is also possible for it to be accompanied by a marker of the retrospective time of occurrence, as in "I will have done it on

480-474: Is used for medial, especially reciprocal, constructions. Some examples from Danish are: (The hypothetical form **kysses (kiss each other) is not often—if ever—seen in Danish; however, it will likely be understood by most native speakers, indicating that the mediopassive voice is still at the very least potentially productive in Danish. An expression like "de kysses uafladeligt" (they kiss each other all

510-410: The agent is simultaneously the patient . The verb is typically transitive and can be used in non-reflexive meaning as well. "Reciprocal" reflexive denotes that the agents perform the mutual actions among themselves, as in English constructions using "each other". In most cases, the transitive verbs are also used. In modern Scandinavian languages, the passive (or more properly mediopassive ) voice

540-485: The prepositional form of the pronoun mí ' my ' to form an intensive reflexive pronoun). The enclitic reflexive pronoun sa / se / si / się is used in Western and South Slavic languages, while Eastern Slavic languages use the suffix - sja (-ся). There is also the non-clitic emphatic pronoun sebja / себя , used to emphasize the reflexive nature of the act; it is applicable only to "true" reflexive verbs, where

570-661: The agent performs a (transitive) action on itself. The Slavic languages use the same reflexive pronoun for all persons and numbers , while the Romance and North Germanic ones have a special third person pronoun that cliticizes and the other Germanic ones do as well without cliticizing. This is illustrated in the following table for the word "to recall" (e.g., Je me souviens means "I recall", Tu te souviens means "You recall", and so on). In all of these language groups, reflexive forms often present an obstacle for foreign learners (notably native speakers of English, where

600-453: The corresponding non-reflexive from which they can be synchronically derived. In other words, the reflexive pronoun "is an inherent part of an unergative reflexive or reciprocal verb with no meaning of its own, and an obligatory part of the verb's lexical entry": In Hebrew reflexive verbs are in binyan הִתְפַּעֵל. A clause whose predicate is a reflexive verb may never have an object but may have other modifiers. e.g. A reflexive verb

630-527: The feature is practically absent) due to the variety of uses. Even in languages which contain the feature, it is not always applicable to the same verbs and uses (although a common subset can be generally extracted, as outlined below). For example, the Spanish reflexive construct " se hundió el barco " ("the boat sank") has no reflexive equivalent in some Slavic languages (which use an intransitive equivalent of sink ), though for example Czech and Slovak do use

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660-509: The latter is more formal and preferred in the written language. Unstressed pronouns like o and a are normally placed before the conjugated form of ter : eu o terei visto ; eu não o terei visto . The French future perfect, called futur antérieur , is formed like in Spanish: j' subject I   +   aurai future of avoir or être will have   + Reflexive verb In grammar ,

690-407: The location in time relative to the present. In most cases the action will be in the future relative to the present, but this is not necessarily the case: for example, "If it rains tomorrow, we will have worked in vain yesterday." The future perfect construction with will (like other constructions with that auxiliary) is sometimes used to refer to a confidently assumed present situation rather than

720-449: The main verb). This parallels the construction of the "normal" future verb forms combining the same first components with the plain infinitive (e.g. She will fall / She is going to fall ). For example: The auxiliary is commonly contracted to ' ll in speech and often in writing, and the first part of the perfect infinitive is commonly contracted to ' ve in speech: see English auxiliaries and contractions . The negative form

750-463: The particle se encliticizes to the verb's infinitive, gerund, and imperative ( lavarse ' to wash oneself ' ), while in Romanian , the particle procliticizes to the verb ( a se spăla ' to wash oneself ' ). Full reflexive pronouns or pronominal phrases are added for emphasis or disambiguation: Me cuido a mí mismo "I take care of myself" ( mismo ' -self, same ' combines with

780-476: The past participle of predizer ("to predict') is predito ; for supor ("to suppose"), it would be suposto , and satisfazer ("to satisfy"), which is derived from fazer ("to do"), has the past participle satisfeito . To make the sentence negative, não is simply added before the conjugated form of ter : eu não terei falado . When using the future perfect with oblique pronouns, European Portuguese and formal written Brazilian Portuguese use mesoclisis of

810-426: The previous Tuesday". This is in contrast to the present perfect , which is not normally used with a marker of past time: one would not say "I have done it last Tuesday", since the inclusion of the past time marker last Tuesday would entail the use of the simple past rather than the present perfect. The English future perfect places the action relative only to the absolute future reference point, without specifying

840-399: The pronoun in the affirmative form and place the pronoun before the auxiliary verb in the negative form: Informal Brazilian Portuguese usually places stressed pronouns such as me, te, se, nos and lhe/lhes between the conjugated form of ter and the past participle: eles terão me visto ; in the negative form, both eles não terão me visto and eles não me terão visto are possible, but

870-499: The reflexive pronoun to intransitive verbs. The grammatical subject is either omitted (in pro-drop languages ) or is a dummy pronoun (otherwise). Thus, those verbs are defective , as they have only the 3rd person singular (masculine or neuter, depending on language) form. In Slavic languages, practically "the only condition is that they can be construed as having a human agent. The applied human agent can be generic, or loosely specified collective or individual." In many cases, there

900-506: The time) could very well be used for humorous purposes.) "Autocausative" reflexive denotes that the (usually animate) "referent represented by the subject combines the activity of actor and undergoes a change of state as a patient": "Anticausative" reflexive denotes that the (usually inanimate) subject of the verb undergoes an action or change of state whose agent is unclear or nonexistent. "Intransitive" forms (also known as "impersonal reflexive" or "mediopassive") are obtained by attaching

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