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90-495: Its population was 8,200,264 inhabitants at the 2020 census whom 2,128,538 lived in the built-up ( or metro ) area made of 3 urban districts Yingzhou, Yingdong and Yingquan. Starting with the Qin dynasty , the region now called Fuyang was called Ruyin ( 汝陰 ). Ruyin was classified as part of the ancient province of Yuzhou . In the early Han dynasty , Ruyin was ruled by Xiahou Ying (d. 172 BCE), who fought alongside Liu Bang against

180-501: A crossmatch , is usually done before a transfusion. Type O negative is often cited as the "universal donor" but this only refers to red cell and whole blood transfusions. For plasma and platelet transfusions the system is reversed: AB positive is the universal platelet donor type while both AB positive and AB negative are universal plasma donor types. Most blood is tested for diseases, including some STDs . The tests used are high-sensitivity screening tests and no actual diagnosis

270-410: A therapeutic dose . Plateletpheresis provides at least one full dose from each donation. During a platelet donation, the blood is drawn from the patient and the platelets are separated from the other blood components. The remainder of the blood, red blood cells, plasma, and white blood cells are returned to the patient. This process is completed several times for a period of up to two hours to collect

360-464: A blood transfusion, such as HIV , malaria , and viral hepatitis . Screening may include questions about risk factors for various diseases, such as travel to countries at risk for malaria or variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD). These questions vary from country to country. For example, while blood centers in Québec and the rest of Canada , Poland , and many other places defer donors who lived in

450-574: A car pile-up on an expressway near Fuyang. Fuyang features a monsoon -influenced humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cwa ) with cool, damp winters and very hot and wet summers. Because the weather is perceived as frequently changing, a common saying among local people is that, "Fuyang has four seasons in spring ." The prefecture-level city of Fuyang administers eight county-level divisions , including three districts , one county-level city and four counties . The most notable local dish in Fuyang

540-565: A donor can donate differs from country to country. For example, plasmapheresis donors in the United States are allowed to donate large volumes twice a week and could nominally donate 83 litres (about 22 gallons) in a year, whereas the same donor in Japan may only donate every other week and could only donate about 16 litres (about 4 gallons) in a year. Iron supplementation decreases the rates of donor deferral due to low hemoglobin, both at

630-545: A donor. The most frequent is to simply take the blood from a vein as whole blood . This blood is typically separated into parts, usually red blood cells and plasma , since most recipients (other than trauma patients) need only a specific component for transfusions. The amount of blood donated in one session – generally called a 'unit' – is defined by the WHO as 450 millilitres. Some countries like Canada follow this standard, but others have set their own rules, and sometimes there

720-515: A few hours after donation. Donated plasma is replaced after 2–3 days. Red blood cells are replaced by bone marrow into the circulatory system at a slower rate, on average 36 days in healthy adult males. In one study, the range was 20 to 59 days for recovery. These replacement rates are the basis of how frequently a donor can donate blood. Plasmapheresis and plateletpheresis donors can donate much more frequently because they do not lose significant amounts of red cells. The exact rate of how often

810-492: A friend or family member of the recipient donates blood to replace the stored blood used in a transfusion, ensuring a consistent supply. When a person has blood stored that will be transfused back to the donor at a later date, usually after surgery, that is called an autologous donation . Blood that is used to make medications can be made from allogeneic donations or from donations exclusively used for manufacturing. Sometimes there are specific reasons for preferring one form or

900-444: A higher risk of a reaction. One study showed that 2% of donors had an adverse reaction to donation. Most of these reactions are minor. A study of 194,000 donations found only one donor with long-term complications. In the United States, a blood bank is required to report any death that might possibly be linked to a blood donation. An analysis of all reports from October 2008 to September 2009 evaluated six events and found that five of

990-497: A higher risk of infection with bloodborne pathogens . Additionally, in the less common case of a person with leukemia or other bone marrow disease, a familial blood transfusion can trigger the production of alloantibodies against HLA proteins, which can cause a bone marrow transplant from that donor to fail in the future. (Closely related family members are usually the best match for a bone marrow transplant. ) A directed donation from an unrelated friend, however, would not have

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1080-569: A new partner who has engaged in anal sex are still barred from blood donation. Autologous donors are not always screened for recipient safety problems since the donor is the only person who will receive the blood. Since the donated blood may be given to pregnant women or women of child-bearing age, donors taking teratogenic (birth defect-causing) medications are deferred. These medications include acitretin , etretinate , isotretinoin , finasteride , and dutasteride . Donors are examined for signs and symptoms of diseases that can be transmitted in

1170-601: A potentially deadly graft-versus-host disease , which is more likely between genetically related people. Not all healthcare facilities have the equipment to do this on site. Alloimmunization is a particular risk for directed granulocyte donations . It is a common misconception that directed donations are safer for the recipient; however, family members and close friends, especially parents who have not previously donated blood, frequently feel pressured into lying about disqualifying risk factors (e.g., drug use or prior sexual relationships) and their eligibility, which can result in

1260-412: A process called fractionation . This was a development of the dried plasma used to treat the wounded during World War II and variants on the process are still used to make a variety of other medications. Apheresis is a blood donation method where the blood is passed through an apparatus that separates out one particular constituent and returns the remainder to the donor. Usually the component returned

1350-474: A single donation. Plasmapheresis is frequently used to collect source plasma that is used for manufacturing into medications much like the plasma from whole blood. Plasma collected at the same time as plateletpheresis is sometimes called concurrent plasma . Apheresis is also used to collect more red blood cells than usual in a single donation (commonly known as " double reds ") and to collect white blood cells for transfusion. Donors are usually kept at

1440-518: A target of increasing its population to about 1.42 billion by 2020, from 1.34 billion in 2010 . After the relaxation of the one-child policy, 17.9 million babies were born in 2016, an increase of 1.3 million over the previous year, but only half of what was expected. In 2017, the birth rate fell to 17.2 million, far below the official forecast of more than 20 million. It is possible that the Chinese government will further relax its fertility policy in

1530-507: A text on xingqi ( 行氣 , circulating breath), and others. Ouyang Xiu , one of famous Eight Masters of the Tang and Song , died in 1072 in present-day Fuyang, Anhui. His influence was so great, even opponents like Wang Anshi wrote moving tributes on his behalf. Wang referred to him as the greatest literary figure of his age. In the fourteenth century, Han Shantong sought to overthrow the ruling Mongol Yuan dynasty . Han styled himself as

1620-548: A way to supplement their income. The blood collectors would often draw too much blood, causing their feet to go numb , and sometimes people were even hung upside down against a wall to force blood to flow back into their arms. As compensation for giving their blood, participants were given 50 yuan along with some food and drink. Many people engaged in this practice due to rural poverty and local corruption, which placed them under great economic stress. As one woman from Fuyang recalls: We sold blood because we were poor. Wang Huaizhong

1710-543: Is Ge La Tiao ( 格拉条 ), a spicy noodle dish made with thick noodles mixed with sesame sauce, coriander , garlic , chili oil , and other ingredients. Many people native to Fuyang enjoy this dish, but some people who come to Fuyang from other areas may dislike it and find it difficult to digest. Other notable local dishes include: The most common type of Chinese tea in Fuyang is Huangshan Maofeng , followed by other teas such as Lu'an Guapian , Keemun black tea ( Qimen Hongcha ), and Taiping Houkui . Teas from outside

1800-490: Is expensive, and in some cases the tests are not implemented because of the cost. These additional tests include other infectious diseases such as West Nile fever and babesiosis . Sometimes multiple tests are used for a single disease to cover the limitations of each test. For example, the HIV antibody test will not detect a recently infected donor, so some blood banks use a p24 antigen or HIV nucleic acid test in addition to

1890-651: Is from equipment that has not been properly sterilized . In most cases, the equipment that comes in direct contact with blood is discarded after use. Re-used equipment was a significant problem in China in the 1990s, and up to 250,000 blood plasma donors may have been exposed to HIV from shared equipment. The collected blood is usually stored in a blood bank as separate components, and some of these have short shelf lives. There are no storage methods to keep platelets for extended periods of time, though some were being studied as of 2008. The longest shelf life used for platelets

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1980-496: Is generally notified of the test result. Donated blood is tested by many methods, but the core tests recommended by the World Health Organization are these four: The WHO reported in 2006 that 56 out of 124 countries surveyed did not use these basic tests on all blood donations. A variety of other tests for transfusion transmitted infections are often used based on local requirements. Additional testing

2070-507: Is increased in female and young donors. The process has similar risks to other forms of phlebotomy . Bruising of the arm from the needle insertion is the most common concern. One study found that less than 1% of donors had this problem. A number of less common complications of blood donation are known to occur. These include arterial puncture, delayed bleeding, nerve irritation, nerve injury, tendon injury, thrombophlebitis, and allergic reactions. Donors sometimes have adverse reactions to

2160-419: Is made. Some of the test results are later found to be false positives using more specific testing . False negatives are rare, but donors are discouraged from using blood donation for the purpose of anonymous STD screening because a false negative could mean a contaminated unit. The blood is usually discarded if these tests are positive, but there are some exceptions, such as autologous donations . The donor

2250-431: Is relatively safe, but some donors have bruising where the needle is inserted or may feel faint. Potential donors are evaluated for anything that might make their blood unsafe to use. The screening includes testing for diseases that can be transmitted by a blood transfusion, including HIV and viral hepatitis . The donor must also answer questions about medical history and take a short physical examination to make sure

2340-592: Is self-donated prior to when it will be needed. Generally, the notion of donation does not refer to giving to one's self, though in this context it has become somewhat acceptably idiomatic. Charles Richard Drew (1904–1950) was an American surgeon and medical researcher . His research was in the field of blood transfusions , developing improved techniques for blood storage, and applied his expert knowledge to developing large-scale blood banks early in World War II . This allowed medics to save thousands of lives of

2430-413: Is seven days. Red blood cells (RBC), the most frequently used component, have a shelf life of 35–42 days at refrigerated temperatures. For (relatively rare) long-term storage applications, this can be extended by freezing the blood with a mixture of glycerol , but this process is expensive and requires an extremely cold freezer for storage. Plasma can be stored frozen for an extended period of time and

2520-464: Is the red blood cells, the portion of the blood that takes the longest to replace. Using this method an individual can donate plasma or platelets much more frequently than they can safely donate whole blood. These can be combined, with a donor giving both plasma and platelets in the same donation. Platelets can also be separated from whole blood, but they must be pooled from multiple donations. From three to ten units of whole blood are required for

2610-446: Is to draw blood from the donor, separate it using a centrifuge or a filter, store the desired part, and return the rest to the donor. This process is called apheresis , and it is often done with a machine specifically designed for this purpose. This process is especially common for plasma , platelets , and red blood cells . For direct transfusions a vein can be used but the blood may be taken from an artery instead. In this case,

2700-454: Is typically given an expiration date of one year and maintaining a supply is less of a problem. The American Red Cross states that in the United States, someone needs blood every two seconds, and someone needs platelets every thirty seconds. There is not a consistent demand for each blood type. One type of blood being in stock does not guarantee that another type is. Blood banks may have some units in stock but lack others, ultimately causing

2790-493: Is used because many donors who are ineligible may be allowed to donate later. Blood banks in the United States may be required to label the blood if it is from a therapeutic donor, so some do not accept donations from donors with any blood disease. Others, such as the Australian Red Cross Blood Service , accept blood from donors with hemochromatosis . It is a genetic disorder that does not affect

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2880-719: Is variation even among different agencies within a country. For example, whole blood donations in the United States are in the 460–500 ml range, while those in the EU must be in the 400-500 ml range. Other countries have smaller units – India uses 350 ml, Singapore 350 or 450 ml, and Japan 200 or 400 ml. Historically, donors in the People's Republic of China would donate only 200 ml, though larger 300 and 400 ml donations have become more common, particularly in northern China and for heavier donors. In any case, an additional 5-10 ml of blood may be collected separately for testing. The other method

2970-403: Is when a donor gives blood for storage at a blood bank for transfusion to an unknown recipient. A directed donation is when a person, often a family member, donates blood for transfusion to a specific individual. Directed donations are relatively rare when an established supply exists. A replacement donor donation is a hybrid of the two and is common in developing countries. In this case,

3060-547: The Financial Times reported that according to some sources who know the data of the seventh census, Chinese population in 2020 did not meet 1.4 billion. Chinese state media say that Chinese mainland population in 2019 was 1.40005 billion. If true, this would indicate the first population decline since the Great Leap Forward . On April 28, 2021, Bloomberg News , quoting the Chinese state media outlet

3150-550: The Global Times , reported that it is unlikely there would be a drop in the total population in the 2020 census, citing a comment by Lu Jiehua, a professor at Peking University . Still, it was reported that China's population may peak in 2022, which is much earlier than previously estimated. In May 2021, the National Bureau of Statistics of China released a report revising the data for the previous 10 years before

3240-425: The 2020 Chinese Census , was the seventh national census conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China . Census work began on November 1, 2020, and continued through December 10, 2020, involving seven million census workers. The 2020 Chinese census covers all Chinese citizens living in mainland China , as well as those living abroad on temporary visas. Foreigners who live in

3330-557: The Allied forces. As the most prominent African American in the field, Drew protested against the practice of racial segregation in the donation of blood, as it lacked scientific foundation, and resigned his position with the American Red Cross , which maintained the policy until 1950. Blood donations are divided into groups based on who will receive the collected blood. An allogeneic (also called homologous ) donation

3420-574: The Hong Kong SAR Government at the end of 2020) and Macau's population was 683,218 (provided by the Macau SAR Government at the end of 2020). According to the census, China has 1,430,695 immigrants, dividing between 845,697 foreign nationals and 584,998 residents of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. In October 2015, China scrapped the one-child policy in the hope of boosting the number of births. In 2016, China set

3510-459: The sodium citrate used in apheresis collection procedures to keep the blood from clotting. Since the anticoagulant is returned to the donor along with blood components that are not being collected, it can bind the calcium in the donor's blood and cause hypocalcemia . These reactions tend to cause tingling in the lips, but may cause convulsions, seizure, hypertension, or more serious problems. Donors are sometimes given calcium supplements during

3600-549: The "Great King of Light," claiming to be an incarnation of Maitreya Bodhisattva , and heir to the preceding Song dynasty . Han was a native of Yingzhou, where he began the main thrust of the Red Turban Rebellion in 1351, initially gaining the support of 3000 rebels, and later 10,000. After entering Shandong province, the Red Turban Army merged with other rebel movements, eventually leading indirectly to

3690-591: The 100 million yuan annual fiscal income of the entire Yingquan district. Despite being popularly deemed the "White House" ( 白宫 ), the building resembles the United States Capitol . In 2008, it was widely reported that Zhang Zhi'an ( 张治安 ), the Communist Party chief of Yingquan District, nicknamed the "White House Party Chief," had been suspended from his office on June 5, 2008, along several other officials. They were under investigation for

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3780-586: The 2020 census. They announced that there were about 10 million more births between 2011 and 2019 than previously thought. That means there were actually more births before Beijing ended one-child policy in 2016. Blood donation A blood donation occurs when a person voluntarily has blood drawn and used for transfusions and/or made into biopharmaceutical medications by a process called fractionation (separation of whole blood components). A donation may be of whole blood , or of specific components directly ( apheresis ). Blood banks often participate in

3870-478: The American Red Cross requires a donor to be 110 pounds (50 kg) or more for whole blood and platelet donation and at least 130 pounds (59 kg) (males) and at least 150 pounds (68 kg) (females) for power red donations (double red erythrocytapheresis ). The safety of donating blood during pregnancy has not been studied thoroughly, and pregnant women are usually deferred until six weeks after

3960-423: The American Red Cross, is 12.5g/dL (for females) and 13.0g/dL (for males) to 20.0g/dL, anyone with a higher or lower hemoglobin level cannot donate. Pulse , blood pressure , and body temperature are also evaluated. Elderly donors are sometimes also deferred on age alone because of health concerns. In addition to age, weight and height are important factors when considering the eligibility for donors. For example,

4050-539: The Party has acknowledged that the disaster was caused mainly by gross mismanagement, using the expression, "Three parts natural disaster and seven parts man-made disaster ." In the 1990s, commercial blood selling schemes led to entire villages in Henan and Anhui being infected with the HIV virus. The government in Fuyang, which at that time was headed by Wang Huaizhong ( 王怀忠 ), encouraged rural villagers to sell blood as

4140-601: The Red Cross increased to 8%, totaling 500,000 units but hospitals' need for donations increased by 11%. Blood donations tend to always be high in demand with numerous accounts repeatedly stating periodic shortages over the decades. However, this trend is disrupted during national disasters. The trend demonstrates that people are donating the most during catastrophes when, arguably, donations are not as needed compared to periods without disasters. From 1988 to 2013, it has been reported that during every national disaster, there

4230-652: The United Kingdom for risk of vCJD, donors in the United Kingdom are only restricted for vCJD risk if they have had a blood transfusion in the United Kingdom. Australia removed its UK-donor deferral in July 2022. Directed donations from family members (e.g., a father donating blood to his child) carry extra risks for the recipient. Any blood transfusion carries some risk of a transfusion reaction , but between genetically related family members, there are additional risks. The donated blood must be irradiated to prevent

4320-587: The ancient practice of bloodletting , which is used to treat conditions such as hereditary hemochromatosis or polycythemia vera . This blood is sometimes treated as a blood donation, but may be immediately discarded if it cannot be used for transfusion or further manufacturing. The actual process varies according to the laws of the country, and recommendations to donors vary according to the collecting organization. The World Health Organization gives recommendations for blood donation policies, but in developing countries many of these are not followed. For example,

4410-415: The attack which increased to about 22,700 donations; while repeat donors increased their donations by 10,000 per week: initially, donations were estimated to be around 16,400 which increased to 26,400 donations after September 11. Therefore, in the first week after the attack on 9/11, there was an overall estimated 28,700 increase in donations compared to the average weekly donations made four weeks prior to

4500-403: The attack. Increases in donations were observed in all blood donation centers, beginning on the day of the attack. While blood donations were above average after the first few weeks following 9/11, the number of donations fell from an estimated 49,000 donations in the first week to 26,000–28,000 donations between the second and fourth weeks after 9/11. Despite the substantial increase of donors,

4590-524: The basic antibody test to detect infected donors. Cytomegalovirus is a special case in donor testing in that many donors will test positive for it. The virus is not a hazard to a healthy recipient, but it can harm infants and other recipients with weak immune systems. Blood testing in the US takes at least 48 hours. Because of the time required for testing, directed donations are not practical in emergencies. There are two main methods of obtaining blood from

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4680-422: The blood is not stored, but is pumped directly from the donor into the recipient. This was an early method for blood transfusion and is rarely used in modern practice. It was phased out during World War II because of problems with logistics , and doctors returning from treating wounded soldiers set up banks for stored blood when they returned to civilian life. The blood is drawn from a large arm vein close to

4770-422: The collection process as well as the procedures that follow it. Today in the developed world , most blood donors are unpaid volunteers who donate blood for a community supply. In some countries, established supplies are limited and donors usually give blood when family or friends need a transfusion (directed donation). Many donors donate for several reasons, such as a form of charity, general awareness regarding

4860-463: The country, but 450 millilitres is typical. The blood is usually stored in a flexible plastic bag that also contains sodium citrate , phosphate , dextrose , and adenine . This combination keeps the blood from clotting and preserves it during storage up to 42 days. Other chemicals are sometimes added during processing . The plasma from whole blood can be used to make plasma for transfusions or it can also be processed into other medications using

4950-514: The death of Li Guofu ( 李国福 ), a businessman who acted as a whistleblower . In Beijing , Li Guofu had accused Zhang of corruption and abuse of power , and hoped that Yingquan District would reclaim the area as farmland . In August 2007, Li Guofu was arrested by the Yingquan government on corruption charges and imprisoned. Zhang interrogated Li, threatening his family, and extracted a confession from him. On March 13, 2008, just hours before he

5040-400: The deaths were clearly unrelated to donation, and in the remaining case they found no evidence that the donation was the cause of death. Hypovolemic reactions can occur because of a rapid change in blood pressure . Fainting is generally the worst problem encountered. Falls due to loss of consciousness may result in injuries in rare cases. The risk for developing dizziness with fainting

5130-596: The demand for blood, increased confidence in oneself, helping a personal friend or relative, and social pressure . Despite the many reasons that people donate, not enough potential donors actively donate. However, this is reversed during disasters when blood donations increase, often creating an excess supply that will have to be later discarded. In countries that allow paid donation some people are paid, and in some cases there are incentives other than money such as paid time off from work. People can also have blood drawn for their own future use ( autologous donation ). Donating

5220-449: The donation is not hazardous to their health. How often a donor can donate varies from days to months based on what component they donate and the laws of the country where the donation takes place. For example, in the United States, donors must wait 56 days (eight weeks) between whole-blood donations but only seven days between platelet apheresis donations and twice per seven-day period in plasmapheresis . The amount of blood drawn and

5310-486: The donation site for 10–15 minutes after donating since most adverse reactions take place during or immediately after the donation. Blood centers typically provide light refreshments, such as orange juice and cookies, or a lunch allowance to help the donor recover. The needle site is covered with a bandage and the donor is directed to keep the bandage on for several hours. In hot climates, donors are advised to avoid dehydration (strenuous exercise and games, alcohol) until

5400-406: The donation to prevent these side effects. In apheresis procedures, the red blood cells are returned. If this is done manually and the donor receives the blood from a different donor, a transfusion reaction can take place. Manual apheresis is extremely rare in the developed world because of this risk and automated procedures are as safe as whole blood donations. The final risk to blood donors

5490-495: The first donation visit and at subsequent donations. Iron-supplemented donors have higher hemoglobin and iron stores. On the other hand, iron supplementation frequently causes diarrhea , constipation and epigastric abdominal discomfort. The long-term effects of iron supplementation without measurement of iron stores are unknown. Donors are screened for health problems that would put them at risk for serious complications from donating. First-time donors, teenagers, and women are at

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5580-498: The following institutions of higher learning: Fuyang Normal University is the largest institution of higher learning in the city of Fuyang. The university has three campuses with over 21,000 students and over 1100 full-time teachers. 2020 Chinese census The Seventh National Population Census of the People's Republic of China ( Chinese : 第七次全国人口普查 ; pinyin : Dì Qī Cì Quánguó Rénkǒu Pǔchá ), also referred to as

5670-747: The founding of the Ming dynasty . According to Chinese government reports in the Fuyang Party History Research Office, between the years 1959 and 1961, 2.4 million people from Fuyang died from famine . Before the famines, in 1958, the population of Fuyang had been 8 million people. During this period, Zeng Xisheng , the provincial Party secretary of Anhui, pursued large water conservation projects that led to insufficient irrigation for local crops, leading to mass starvation . Local cadres, fearing repercussions from Zeng, underreported death rates in their regions, in some cases forcing

5760-479: The future. On November 2, 2020, Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping answered census workers' questions in Beijing . The 2020 census showed that the gender ratio of mainland China has improved, with the male-to-female ratio reaching a new record low of 105.07. This is the most balanced gender ration since the People's Republic of China began conducting censuses in 1953. On April 27, 2021,

5850-426: The government did not encourage blood selling, we would not have sold blood to make money. In a 2004 epidemiological survey of Fuyang, it was found that at least three thousand farmers had contracted HIV due to the blood trade. The Fuyang AIDS Orphan Salvation Association ( 阜阳市艾滋病贫困儿童救助协会 ) has done some relief work to help AIDS orphans in Fuyang. The 2006 short film, The Blood of Yingzhou District , documents

5940-407: The investigation, and continued to seek bribes from private business owners. In response, the court sentenced him to death , stating, "His attitude was disgusting and he was severely punished in accordance with the law." In February 2004, just two months after his trial, Wang was executed by lethal injection . Wang Huaizhong had previously pursued the construction of a large airport in Fuyang that

6030-550: The latter's archrival Xiang Yu in the Chu–Han Contention (206–202 BC), and helped Liu Bang establish the Han dynasty. Following the establishment of the Han dynasty, the title conferred upon Xiahou Ying was "Lord of Ruyin" ( 汝陰侯 ). The second Lord of Ruyin was Xiahou Ying's son, Xiahou Zao ( 夏侯灶 ) (d. 165 BCE), whose tomb was later rediscovered in Fuyang in 1977. The site of the second Lord of Ruyin's tomb, called Shuanggudui ,

6120-408: The mainland for more than six months are also recorded in the data. The preliminary results were released on May 11, 2021, with a news conference being held on the same day. The release was originally planned to be in early April, but was delayed by a month. The population of mainland China was 1,411,778,724 as of 1 November 2020. In addition, Hong Kong's population was 7,474,200 (provided by

6210-487: The many challenges faced by AIDS orphans living in rural parts of Fuyang's Yingzhou district. Wang Huaizhong, who promoted blood selling in Fuyang in the early 1990s, was later promoted to deputy governor of Anhui province. However, in 2001, he was arrested for taking bribes. He was later convicted of accepting bribes totaling 5.17 million yuan, and having 4.8 million yuan of unaccountable assets. After being taken into custody, Wang attempted to bribe investigators into dropping

6300-432: The methods vary. The collection can be done manually or with automated equipment that takes only specific components of the blood. Most of the components of blood used for transfusions have a short shelf life , and maintaining a constant supply is a persistent problem. This has led to some increased interest in autotransfusion , whereby a patient's blood is salvaged during surgery for continuous reinfusion —or alternatively,

6390-450: The needle. A tourniquet is sometimes wrapped around the upper arm to increase the pressure of the blood in the arm veins and speed up the process. The donor may also be prompted to hold an object and squeeze it repeatedly to increase the blood flow through the vein. The most common method is collecting the blood from the donor's vein into a container. The amount of blood drawn varies from 200 millilitres to 550 millilitres depending on

6480-405: The other. Allogeneic donations have a lower risk of some complications than blood from a family member. Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia may require a transfusion from the mother's own platelets. Autologous (self) donations may be preferred for someone with a rare blood type for a planned surgery. Blood is sometimes collected using similar methods for therapeutic phlebotomy , similar to

6570-443: The patients that need units for specific blood types to have delayed or canceled procedures. Additionally, every year there is an increase of around 5-7% for transfusions without an increase of donors to balance it as well as a growing population of elderly people that will need more transfusions in the future without a predicted increase in donations to reflect those growing numbers. This was supported in 1998 where blood donations to

6660-470: The pregnancy. Donors with aortic stenosis have traditionally been deferred out of concern that the acute volume depletion (475 mL) of blood donation might compromise cardiac output. The donor's blood type must be determined if the blood will be used for transfusions. The collecting agency usually identifies whether the blood is type A, B, AB, or O and the donor's Rh (D) type and will screen for antibodies to less common antigens. More testing, including

6750-451: The process, and meet a certain criteria such as weight and hemoglobin levels, and this requirement means minors cannot donate without permission from a parent or guardian. In some countries, answers are associated with the donor's blood, but not name, to provide anonymity; in others, such as the United States, names are kept to create lists of ineligible donors. If a potential donor does not meet these criteria, they are 'deferred'. This term

6840-532: The rate that first-time donors would become repeat donors were the same before and after the attack. The limited storage time means that it is difficult to have a stockpile of blood to prepare for a disaster. The subject was discussed at length after the September 11 attacks in the United States, and the consensus was that collecting during a disaster was impractical and that efforts should be focused on maintaining an adequate supply at all times. Blood centers in

6930-450: The recipient. Some of these restrictions are controversial, such as restricting donations from men who have sex with men (MSM) because of the risk of transmitting HIV . In 2011, the UK (excluding Northern Ireland) reduced its blanket ban on MSM donors to a narrower restriction which only prevents MSM from donating blood if they have had sex with other men within the past year. A similar change

7020-492: The recommended testing requires laboratory facilities, trained staff, and specialized reagents, all of which may not be available or too expensive in developing countries. A blood drive or a blood donor session is an event in which donors come to donate allogeneic blood. These can occur at a blood bank, but they are often set up at a location in the community, such as a shopping center, workplace, school, or house of worship. Donors are typically required to give consent for

7110-597: The region are also popular, such as Tieguanyin and Longjing . The G36 Nanjing–Luoyang Expressway goes through Fuyang, and runs from Nanjing , Jiangsu to the east, to Luoyang , Henan to the west. Fuyang has a large railway station, and is a railway transportation hub for Anhui province. The Shangqiu-Hefei-Hangzhou High-speed Rail was opened in 2019, which serve Fuyang through the new Fuyang West railway station . Flights to and from major cities in China are possible through Fuyang Airport . The city of Fuyang includes

7200-409: The safety of the blood. The donor's race or ethnic background is sometimes important since certain blood types , especially rare ones, are more common in certain ethnic groups. Historically, in the United States donors were segregated or excluded on race, religion, or ethnicity, but this is no longer a standard practice. Donors are screened for health risks that could make the donation unsafe for

7290-410: The same risk. The donor is also examined and asked specific questions about their medical history to make sure that donating blood is not hazardous to their health. The donor's hematocrit or hemoglobin level is tested to make sure that the loss of blood will not make them anemic , and this check is the most common reason that a donor is ineligible. Accepted hemoglobin levels for blood donations, by

7380-455: The skin , usually the median cubital vein on the inside of the elbow. The skin over the blood vessel is cleaned with an antiseptic such as iodine or chlorhexidine to prevent skin bacteria from contaminating the collected blood and also to prevent infections where the needle pierced the donor's skin. A large needle (16 to 17 gauge ) is used to minimize shearing forces that may physically damage red blood cells as they flow through

7470-413: The starving villagers to hide if there was an official inspection. When Vice Chairman Dong Biwu came to visit the Fuyang region, provincial leaders ordered all corpses to be removed from Dong's travel route, and for edema patients to be rounded up and kept out of sight. Since the 1980s there has been greater official Chinese recognition of the importance of policy mistakes in causing the disaster, and

7560-458: Was a surplus of donations; a surplus that consisted of over 100 units. One of the most notable examples of this pattern was the September 11th attacks. A study observed that compared to the four weeks before September 11, there was an estimated increase of 18,700 donations from first-time donors for the first week after the attack: 4,000 was the average of donations from first-time donors before

7650-485: Was forced to resign. Subsequently, 55 brands of cheap infant formula were banned after it was discovered they had only traces of the required nutrients. In early 2007, Chinese state media began reporting that in Yingquan District, a government building dubbed the "White House" was becoming controversial. The construction cost of the "White House" was reported to have reached 30 million yuan, nearly one third of

7740-451: Was in power at that time and the government under him demanded that each farmer pay an extra agricultural tax. If you failed to pay, the officials would take away your pigs, corn, and grain. So the harvest was only good enough for a basic living. But keeping children at school was expensive. Giving out gifts every year cost a family nearly ten thousand yuan. Building rooms to bring in a wife cost thirty thousand to forty thousand yuan. But if

7830-576: Was made in the US in late 2015 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In 2017, the UK and US further reduced their restrictions to three months. In 2023, the FDA announced new policies easing restrictions on gay and bisexual men donating blood. These updated guidelines stipulate that men in monogamous relationships with other men, or who have not recently had sex, can donate. Individuals who report having sex with people who are HIV positive or have had sex with

7920-600: Was rediscovered in 1977 when Fuyang's municipal airport was undergoing an expansion. Two tombs were found, although only one contained texts. Much like Mawangdui , important classical Chinese texts were found at Shuanggudui that shed new light on ancient Chinese culture and literature. Texts recorded on bamboo strips were found at Shuanggudui, including the Yijing , Classic of Poetry , Zhuangzi , Cang Jie Pian (primer), Classic for Physiognomizing Dogs ( 相狗經 ), tables of historical annals, studies of myriad phenomena ( 萬物 ),

8010-550: Was scheduled to see a lawyer, Li Guofu was found hanged . Although his death was deemed a suicide , media reported that Li Guofu's body was bruised and his mouth was tightly shut, uncharacteristic of a suicide by hanging. On February 8, 2010, Zhang was found guilty of taking bribes, retaliation, and framing an innocent person, and was sentenced to death with a two-year reprieve. In March 2008, an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease began in Fuyang, leading to 25,000 infections, and 42 deaths, by May 13. In 2017, 18 people died in

8100-560: Was widely regarded as a boondoggle , costing 390 million yuan, but which served only 920 passengers in 2002. In 2004, there was a food scandal involving fake infant formula being sold in Fuyang. Chinese state media reported that 50–60 children in Fuyang died from the formula, with the children belonging mostly to poor rural families. Fuyang's mayor Liu Qingqiang was reprimanded by the Chinese Communist Party for failing to supervise food safety, while Vice Mayor Ma Mingyue

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