Misplaced Pages

#541458

100-567: Fuenteovejuna ( Spanish: [ˌfwenteoβeˈxuna] ) is a play by the Spanish playwright Lope de Vega . First published in Madrid in 1619, as part of Docena Parte de las Comedias de Lope de Vega Carpio ( Volume 12 of the Collected plays of Lope de Vega Carpio ), the play is believed to have been written between 1612 and 1614. The play is based upon a historical incident that took place in

200-696: A bullwhip in a thick vegetated environment with less swinging room. The Tampa Bay Whip Enthusiasts give demonstrations of the Florida Cracker Cowboy in costume at the annual Heritage Village Civil War Days festival, located in Largo, Florida every year in May. Signal whips (or signalwhips) are a type of single-tailed whip, originally designed to control dog teams. A signal whip usually measures between 0.9 and 1.2 metres (3 and 4 ft) in length. Signal whips and snake whips are similar. What distinguishes

300-564: A book at the same time introspective in the sonnets (he uses the technique of the spiritual exercises that he learned in his studies with the Jesuits) as devotee for the poems dedicated to diverse saints or inspired in the sacred iconography, then in full deployment thanks to the recommendations emanated from the Council of Trent . In 1627 he was admitted as a knight of the Order of Malta . This

400-418: A book entitled Rimas sacras , which was another bestseller. In 1634, in a third book with similar title, Rimas humanas y divinas del licenciado Tomé de Burguillos , which has been considered his poetic masterpiece and the most modern book of 17th-century poetry, Lope created a heteronym, he concludes the identity of Tome de Burguillos, who has a deep and intimate romantic connection with a maid named Juana. This

500-433: A commander of the order, Fernán Gómez de Guzmán, urges his superior to seize the town of Ciudad Real in the name of Juana and Alfonso of Portugal. Girón decides to capture the city. The village and villagers of Fuenteovejuna are introduced and speak of love. The Commander enters and attempts to take two of the women, Laurencia and Pascuala, back to his castle, but they resist and escape. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella discuss

600-475: A common enemy. Later investigations by literary historians confirmed the findings of artificial intelligence. In Harry Turtledove 's alternate history novel Ruled Britannia , in which the Spanish Armada was successful, Vega is depicted as a Spanish soldier-playwright on occupation duty in defeated England, who interacts with William Shakespeare . The novel's viewpoint narration alternates between

700-531: A few weeks later, on 29 May, Lope signed up for another tour of duty with the Spanish Navy: this was the summer of 1588, and the Armada was about to sail against England . It is likely that his military enlistment was the condition required by Isabel's family, eager to be rid of such an ill presentable son-in-law, to forgive him for carrying her away. Lope's luck again served him well, however, and his ship,

800-506: A flexible chain. Generally, the whip has a handle at one end and a metal dart, used for slashing or piercing an opponent, at the other. A cloth flag is often attached at or near the dart end of the whip and a second flag may cover the whip's handle. According to the book The Chain Whip , a whip in Chinese historical text may refer to either the soft whip or the hard whip due to an ambiguity in

900-461: A human with a well-placed strike. The biological names of some lizards reference this with the terms Mastigo- or -mastix , which derive from the Greek term for "whip". The whip snakes are so-called from their physical resemblance, and were associated with myths that they could whip with their body in self-defense, since proven false. Uropygi arachnids are also known as "whip scorpions" due to

1000-627: A hundred of my comedies have taken only twenty-four hours to pass from the Muses to the boards of the theatre." His biographer Pérez de Montalbán tells how in Toledo, Lope composed fifteen acts in as many days – five comedies in two weeks. In spite of some discrepancies in the figures, Lope's own records indicate that by 1604 he had composed 230 three-act plays ( comedias ). The figure had risen to 483 by 1609, to 800 by 1618, to 1000 by 1620, and to 1500 by 1632. Montalbán, in his Fama Póstuma (1636) set down

1100-399: A large stock whip. The cattle drafter (or drafting whip) is a cane or fibreglass rod with a handgrip, knob and wrist strap. The cane length is about 75 cm (2 ft 6 in) and the flapper length is about 30 cm (12 in) long. These whips are used in cattle yards and also when moving pigs. The bullock-whip was used by an Australian bullock team driver ( bullocky ). The thong

SECTION 10

#1732790709542

1200-544: A load in the butt (often a lead ball or steel ball-bearing) to facilitate its use as improvised blackjack . Horse whips or riding whips are artificial aids used by equestrians while riding, driving, or handling horses from the ground. There are many different kinds, but all feature a handle, a long, semi-flexible shaft, and either a popper or lash at the end, depending on use. Riding whips rarely exceed 48" from handle to popper, horse whips used for ground training and carriage driving are sometimes longer. The term "whip"

1300-490: A loud noise. Short, stiff crops often have a wide leather "popper" at the end which makes a particularly loud noise when slapped against an animal, boot, or other object. Stockwhips (or stock whips ), including bullwhips and the Australian stockwhip, are a type of single-tailed leather whip with a very long lash but a short handle. Stockwhips are primarily used to make a loud cracking sound via special techniques that break

1400-487: A play. Following this, he returned to Madrid and began his career as a playwright in earnest. He also began a love affair with Elena Osorio (the "Filis" of his poems), who was separated from her husband, actor Cristóbal Calderón , and was the daughter of a leading theater director. When, after some five years of this torrid affair, Elena spurned Lope in favor of another suitor, his vitriolic attacks on her and her family landed him in jail for libel and, ultimately, earned him

1500-419: A poorly organized dramatic tradition; plays were sometimes composed in four acts, sometimes in three, and though they were written in verse, the structure of the versification was left to the individual writer. Because the Spanish public liked it, he adopted the style of drama which was then in vogue. He enlarged its narrow framework to a great degree, introducing a wide range of material for dramatic situations –

1600-406: A rich series of sonnets , rewarded him with four children and was his lover until around 1608. In 1598, he married Juana de Guardo, the daughter of a wealthy butcher. Nevertheless, his trysts with others – including Micaela – continued. In the 17th century Lope's literary output reached its peak. From 1607 he was also employed as a secretary, but not without various additional duties, by

1700-534: A romantic comedy, Francis I of France ends up spending the night in a woodcutter 's hut, after becoming lost during a hunt, resulting in a confrontation between peasant-philosopher and king. The peasant's refusal to even look upon the king's magnificence, grand and dramatic compared with the humble rincón , is rebuked by a gentleman of the king's court: "a king of such might/that the Scythian and fierce Turk/tremble before his golden fleurs de lis!" Lope encountered

1800-451: A rope is unravelled into three small ropes, each of which is unravelled again. The Bian ( Chinese : 鞭 ; pinyin : Biān ; lit. 'Whip'), also known as Chinese whip or hard whip , is a type of tubular-shaped club or rod weapon designed to inflict blunt damage with a whipping motion. A typical hard whip is made with metal and has a length of around 90 centimetres . Bamboo node-like protrusions are attached to

1900-441: A signal whip from a snake whip is the absence of a "fall". A fall is a piece of leather attached to the end of the body of the whip. In a snake whip, the "cracker" attaches to the fall. In a signal whip, the cracker attaches directly to the body of the whip. Snake whips (or snakewhips) are a type of single-tailed whip. The name snake whip is derived from the fact that this type of whip has no handle inside and so can be curled up into

2000-485: A small circle which resembles a coiled snake. They were once commonly carried in the saddlebag by cowboys of the old west. A full sized snake whip is usually at least 1.2 metres (4 ft) in length (excluding the fall and cracker at the tip of the whip) and around one inch in diameter at the butt of the whip. A pocket snake whip can be curled up small enough to fit into a large pocket, and ranges in size from 0.9 to 1.8 metres (3 to 6 ft) in length. The pocket snake whip

2100-558: A worthy poet in his own right, in a shipwreck off the coast of Venezuela , and the abduction and subsequent abandonment of his beloved youngest daughter Antonia. Lope de Vega took to his bed and died of scarlet fever , in Madrid, on 27 August of that year. He was buried in St Sebastian's Church, Madrid . The period of life that characterizes priestly ordination of Lope de Vega was one of profound existential crisis, perhaps impelled by

SECTION 20

#1732790709542

2200-474: Is a direct comparison and clash with Lope's skeptical outlook on society. Lope was the playwright who established in Spanish drama the three-act comedia as the definitive form, ignoring the precepts of the prevailing school of his contemporaries. In Arte nuevo de hacer comedias en este tiempo (1609), which was his artistic manifesto and the justification of his style which broke the neoclassical three unities of place, time and action, he showed that he knew

2300-442: Is a task of great difficulty. The terms traditionally employed – comedy, tragedy, and the like – are difficult to apply to Lope's oeuvre and another approach to categorization has been suggested. Lope's work essentially belongs to the drama of intrigue, the plot determining everything else. Lope used history, especially Spanish history, as his main source of subject matter. There were few national and patriotic subjects, from

2400-490: Is attached to a fall and a cracker. Total weight is 1–2 kg. It is used for physical exercise and in performances. Some organisms exhibit whip-like appendages in their physiology: Many unicellular organisms and spermatozoa have one or two whip-like flagella , which are used for propulsion. "Flagellum" is Latin for "whip". The tails of some large lizards (e.g. iguanas and monitor lizards ) are used and optimized for whipping, and larger lizards can seriously injure

2500-482: Is interrupted by the Commander who arrests Frondoso, for his threat with the crossbow, as well as Esteban and Laurencia who protest his arrest. The third act opens with the men of the village meeting to decide how to handle the situation. Laurencia, having been beaten and subject to attempted Droit du seigneur (though she beats off her attackers and escapes) enters, but is not immediately recognized. She reprimands

2600-419: Is made up of nine knotted thongs of cotton cord , about 0.8 metres ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 2  ft) long, designed to lacerate the skin and cause intense pain. It traditionally has nine thongs as a result of the manner in which rope is plaited . Thinner rope is made from three strands of yarn plaited together, and thicker rope from three strands of thinner rope plaited together. To make a cat o' nine tails,

2700-547: Is primarily a whip for occasional use, such as in loading cattle. Both of these types of snake whips are made with a leather shot bag running approximately three quarters of the length of the whip. Blacksnakes are the traditional whips used in Montana and Wyoming . The blacksnake has a heavy shot load extending from the butt well down the thong, and the whip is flexible right to the butt. They range in size from 1.8 to 3.7 metres (6 to 12 ft) in length. Some types concentrate

2800-684: Is set in India. Lope de Vega The Dog in the Manger Punishment Without Revenge Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio ( / d ə ˈ v eɪ ɡ ə / ; 25 November 1562 – 27 August 1635) was a Spanish playwright, poet, and novelist who was a key figure in the Spanish Golden Age (1492–1659) of Baroque literature . In the literature of Spain, Lope de Vega is second to Miguel de Cervantes . Cervantes said that Lope de Vega

2900-505: Is the generic word for riding whips, the term " crop " is more specific, referring to a short, stiff whip used primarily in English riding disciplines such as show jumping or hunt seat . Some of the more common types of horse whips include: Rudyard Kipling 's short story Garm - a Hostage mentions a long whip used by a horseback rider in India to defend an accompanying pet dog from risk of attack by native pariah dogs . This probably

3000-457: Is the key concept on display. There is an expectation that those who supported their lord would be by this lord protected, not ravaged. The commander, responsible as liege lord under feudal law not to oppress his vassals in exchange for their loyalty, failed to "shelter and protect" those pledged to "help and advise" him. Only as a collective are they able to fight back. However, feudal lord and vassal were bound to mutually respect one another, e.g.

3100-540: Is widely—if only situationally—portrayed across many avenues of popular culture. Whips have appeared in many cartoons , television shows , video games (including a central role in the Castlevania franchise), and numerous feature films , ranging from the original Zorro (1919) to Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) and Catwoman (2004). The popular investigative-entertainment program MythBusters tested

Fuenteovejuna - Misplaced Pages Continue

3200-639: The Colegio Imperial , a Jesuit school in Madrid, from which he absconded to take part in a military expedition in Portugal . Following that escapade, he had the good fortune of being taken into the protection of the Bishop of Ávila , who recognized the lad's talent and saw him enrolled in the University of Alcalá . Following graduation, Lope had planned to follow in his patron's footsteps and join

3300-678: The Bible , ancient mythology, the lives of the saints , ancient history, Spanish history , the legends of the Middle Ages, the writings of the Italian novelists, current events, and everyday Spanish life in the 17th century. Prior to Lope, playwrights sketched the conditions of persons and their characters superficially. With fuller observation and more careful description, Lope de Vega depicted real character types with language and accouterments appropriate to their position in society. The old comedy

3400-549: The Chinese language . "Both the hard whip and the soft whip can both be referred to simply as whip (鞭) in Chinese." Qilinbian (麒麟鞭, literally meaning "unicorn whip") is a metal whip invented in China in the late 1900s. The 15 cm handle is made from a steel chain wrapped with leather. The lash is made of steel rods decreasing in size linked by progressively smaller steel rings. Lash varies between 150 cm and 180 cm and

3500-550: The National Library of Spain , La francesa Laura (The Frenchwoman Laura), was identified with the help of artificial intelligence as another comedy by Lope de Vega. The comedy was classified as a late work of Lope de Vega and dated from 1628 to 1630, as its flattering treatment of France could be attributed to the momentary good relationship between Spain and France during the Thirty Years' War , having England as

3600-568: The San Juan , was one of the vessels to make it home to Spanish harbors in the aftermath of that failed expedition. Back in Spain by December 1588, he settled in the city of Valencia . There he lived with Isabel de Urbina and continued perfecting his dramatic formula participating regularly in the tertulia known as the Academia de los nocturnos , in the company of such accomplished dramatists as

3700-521: The canon Francisco Agustín Tárrega, the secretary to the Duke of Gandía Gaspar de Aguilar , Guillén de Castro , Carlos Boyl , and Ricardo de Turia . With them he refined his approach to theatrical writing by violating the unity of action and weaving two plots together in a single play, a technique known as imbroglio . In 1590, at the end of his two years' exile from the realm, he moved to Toledo to serve Francisco de Ribera Barroso, who later became

3800-464: The sound barrier , to move livestock (cattle, sheep, horses, etc.) away from the sound. It is generally not used to actually strike an animal, as it would inflict excessive pain and is difficult to apply with precision. The Australian stockwhip is often said to have originated in the English hunting whip, but it has since become a distinct type of whip. Today, it is used primarily by stockmen . Unlike

3900-474: The 1920s. Raman whips were effective on horse farms, horse derbies, and in other rural areas. It was pioneered by the South African inventor, Delaware Kumar. The Florida cow whip used by Floridian cowboys is a two-piece unit like the stockwhip and is connected to the handle by threading two strands of the thong through a hollow part of a wooden handle before being tied off. The cowwhip is heavier than

4000-691: The 1970s the historian Desmond Seward was reported by the Daily Telegraph to have been threatened with horsewhipping for besmirching the reputation of Richard III in a biography . The cat o' nine tails is a type of multi-tailed whip that originated as an implement for severe physical punishment , notably in the Royal Navy and Army of the United Kingdom, and also as a judicial punishment in Britain and some other countries. The cat

4100-512: The 2nd Marquis of Malpica, and, some time later, Antonio Álvarez de Toledo, 5th Duke of Alba . In this later appointment he became gentleman of the bedchamber to the ducal court of the House of Alba , where he lived from 1592 to 1595. Here he read the work of Juan del Encina , from whom he improved the character of the donaire , perfecting still further his dramatic formula. In the fall of 1594, Isabel de Urbina died of postpartum complications. It

Fuenteovejuna - Misplaced Pages Continue

4200-404: The Australian stock whip, the thong connects in line with the handle (rather than with a joint), or even engulfs the handle entirely. At the end of the lash is the "fall" and cracker or popper. The fall is a single piece of leather between 25 and 76 cm (10 and 30 in) in length. During trick shots or target work, the fall is usually the portion of the whip used to cut, strike, or wrap around

4300-445: The Australian stockwhip. Early cowwhips were made mostly of cowhide or buckskin . Modern cow whips are made of flat nylon parachute cord , which, unlike those made from leather, are still effective when wet. Most cowwhips have handles that average 41 cm (16 in), and thongs that average 30 cm (12 in). A good cowwhip can produce a loud crack by a simple push of the handle. This can make it more convenient to use than

4400-502: The Duke of Sessa. Once that decade was over, however, his personal situation took a turn for the worse. His favorite son, Carlos Félix (by Juana), died and, in 1612, Juana herself died in childbirth. After the heartbreaking loss of his son and wife, Lope summoned his remaining children still alive under the same roof to devote himself to Christianity. His writing in the early 1610s also assumed heavier religious influences and, in 1614, he joined

4500-498: The Manger ), El castigo sin venganza ( Punishment without Revenge ), and El maestro de danzar ( The Dance Teacher ). In some of these, Lope strives to set forth some moral maxim and to illustrate its abuse with a living example. On the theme that poverty is no crime, in the play Las Flores de Don Juan , he uses the history of two brothers to illustrate the triumph of virtuous poverty over opulent vice, while indirectly attacking

4600-678: The Philippines was named after de Vega, created in 1980 from the 22 barangays of Catarmán . A street in the Santa Cruz district of the City of Manila , Philippines is also named after the playwright. On 25 November 2017 Google celebrated his 455th birthday with a Google Doodle . Whip Whips such as the " cat o' nine tails " and knout are specifically developed for corporal punishment or torture on human targets. Certain religious practices and BDSM activities involve

4700-554: The Poetic Academy of Madrid. He would attend Medrano's Academy from 1616 to 1626, and his relationship with Medrano is evident in his El Laurel de Apolo (1630) in silva VII. Lope de Vega Carpio was born November 1562 in Madrid , in the Puerta de Guadalajara to a family of natives of the valley of Carriedo. His father, Félix de Vega, was an embroiderer. Little is known of his mother, Francisca Fernández Flores. He later took

4800-408: The capture of Ciudad Real and vow to retake it. Later, two young lovers, Laurencia and Frondoso, meet in the forest. When the Commander approaches, Frondoso hides and watches as the Commander attempts to force himself on Laurencia. As the Commander has put down his crossbow , Frondoso steps out and takes it. As Laurencia escapes his grasp, Frondoso points the crossbow at the Commander, leaving with only

4900-407: The crossbow as the Commander curses both of them. Act II begins in the village with a discussion among the peasants that is interrupted by the entrance of the Commander. He demands Esteban, Laurencia's father, to allow him to have her but he refuses and the Commander takes this as an insult. A soldier enters and begs the Commander to return to Ciudad Real (Royal City) which has just been surrounded by

5000-429: The death of close relatives. To this inspiration respond his Sacred Rhymes and the numerous devout works he began to compose, as well as the meditative and philosophical tone that appears in his last verses. On the night of 19 December 1611 the writer was the victim of an assassination attempt from which he could barely escape. Juana de Guardo suffered frequent illnesses and in 1612 Carlos Félix died of fevers. On 13 August

5100-506: The distinguished surname of Carpio from his paternal grandmother, Catalina del Carpio. After a brief stay in Valladolid , his father moved to Madrid in 1561, perhaps drawn by the possibilities of the new capital city. However, Lope de Vega would later affirm that his father arrived in Madrid through a love affair from which his future mother was to rescue him. Thus the writer became the fruit of this reconciliation and owed his existence to

SECTION 50

#1732790709542

5200-402: The established rules of poetry but refused to follow them on the grounds that the "vulgar" Spaniard cared nothing about them: "Let us then speak to him in the language of fools, since it is he who pays us" are famous lines from his manifesto. Lope boasted that he was a Spaniard pur sang (pure-blooded), maintaining that a writer's business is to write so as to make himself understood, and took

5300-606: The events at Fuenteovejuna, Princess Isabella I of Castile married Prince Ferdinand II of Aragon. With their marriage, the two major kingdoms of Spain— Castile and Aragon —were joined. This marriage would later ensure the successful completion of the Christian Reconquista of Spain from the Muslim Moors . When Isabella ascended the throne upon the death of her half-brother, Enrique IV , in 1474, Alfonso V of Portugal crossed into Spain in order to secure

5400-527: The following year Juana de Guardo died while giving birth to Feliciana. So many misfortunes affected Lope emotionally, and on 24 May 1614 he finally decided to be ordained a priest. The literary expression of this crisis and its repentances are the Sacred Rhymes, published in 1614; there it says: "If the body wants to be earth on earth / the soul wants to be heaven in heaven", unredeemed dualism that constitutes all its essence. The Sacred Rhymes constitute

5500-592: The following: Lope de Vega was one of the greatest Spanish poets of his time, along with Luis de Góngora and Francisco de Quevedo . His poems of Moorish and pastoral themes were extremely popular in the 1580s and 1590s, and in these, he portrayed elements of his own love affairs (appearing as a moor called Zaide or a shepherd called Belardo). In 1602 he published two hundred sonnets in the collection La Hermosura de Angélica and in 1604 he republished them with new material in Rimas . In 1614, his religious sonnets appeared in

5600-505: The forces of Ferdinand and Isabella. After the exit of the Commander, Laurencia and Pascuala go on the run with one of the peasants, Mengo. They are met by another peasant girl, Jacinta, who is being pursued by the Commander's servants. When Mengo protects Jacinta, they are both seized by the Commander's lackeys who will whip Mengo while Jacinta is raped by the Commander and then given to his men. Shortly afterwards, Esteban agrees to allow Laurencia and Frondoso to marry. The wedding proceeds but

5700-413: The handle. The crack is thus a small sonic boom . Whips were the first man-made objects to break the sound barrier. Most stick type whips cannot make a crack by themselves, unless they either have a very long lash, such as a longe whip , or are very flexible with a moderately long lash, like certain styles of buggy whip. But any design can be banged against another object, such as leather boot, to make

5800-480: The head of the Commander, are told of the magistrate's approach. In order to save themselves, the villagers say "Fuenteovejuna did it". The magistrate proceeds to torture men, women, and young boys on the rack , but gives up after not receiving a satisfactory answer. Ferdinand and Isabella pardon the Grand Master and when the villagers enter and tell their story, they are pardoned as well. A conflict of values

5900-405: The human hand or arm, are a visual command, or to tap an animal, or to exert pressure. Such use may be related to operant conditioning where the subject is conditioned to associate the whip with irritation, discomfort or pain, but in other cases, a whip can be used as a simple tool to provide a cue connected to positive reinforcement for compliant behavior. In the light of modern attitudes towards

6000-460: The institution of primogeniture , which often places in the hands of an unworthy person the honor and substance of a family when younger members would be better qualified for the trust. However, such morality pieces are rare in Lope's repertory; generally, his aim is to amuse and stir with his focus being on the plot, not concerning himself with instruction. In El villano en su rincón , described as

6100-429: The lord could not, by law, beat his vassal, humiliate or lay hands on his wife or daughter. The covenant breakdown undermined the social order. The value of women and the defense of their honor is another major theme which, when combined with the stirring message regarding male cowardice in fulfilling this duty, brings a striking contrast between the importance of female outcry in striking the match of change and action in

SECTION 60

#1732790709542

6200-416: The men for not attempting to rescue her, inspiring the men to kill the Commander. While preparations are being made to hang Frondoso, the band of villagers enters and kills the Commander and one of his servants. Flores, the surviving servant, escapes and rushes to Ferdinand and Isabella to tell what has happened. The shocked rulers order a magistrate to the village to investigate. The villagers, celebrating with

6300-470: The overwhelmingly negative responses his Spongia received from the public after its release. Scholars and poets alike came to the defense of Lope de Vega and wrote many counterclaims against the Spongia directed at Torres himself, like Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca 's Exposulatio Spongiae . Listed here are some of the better-known of de Vega's plays: In January 2023, an anonymous work in the collection of

6400-419: The position of a defender of the language of ordinary life. Lope's literary influence was chiefly Latin-Italian and, while he defended the tradition of the nation and the simplicity of the old Castilian , he emphasized his university education and the difference between those educated in the classics and the layman. The majority of his works were written in haste and to order. Lope confessed that "more than

6500-408: The potential for cruelty in whips, other names have gained currency among practitioners such as whips called a "wand" or a "stick," calling the lash a "string" or a "popper". The loud sound of a whip-crack is produced by a ripple in the material of whip travelling towards the tip, rapidly escalating in speed until it breaches the speed of sound , more than 30 times the speed of the initial movement in

6600-427: The presence of male trepidation. The commander has taken the city as his personal harem. After several maiden rapes and prostituting single and married women of the village alike, he manages to rape Laurencia during her wedding night, which begins his downfall. It is Laurencia who calls the village men to shame, to set their priorities straight, and to rise against the commander. After the men unite to do so, she rallies

6700-630: The priesthood, but those plans were dashed by falling in love and realizing that celibacy was not for him. Thus he failed to attain a bachelor's degree and made what living he could as a secretary to aristocrats or by writing plays. In 1583 Lope enlisted in the Spanish Navy and saw action at the Battle of Ponta Delgada in the Azores , under the command of his future friend Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz , to whose son he would later dedicate

6800-406: The priesthood. The taking of holy orders did not, however, impede his romantic dalliances; what is more, he supplied his employer the duke with various female companions. The most notable and lasting of Lope's relationships was with Marta de Nevares, who met him in 1616 and would remain with him until her death in 1632. Further tragedies followed in 1635 with the loss of Lope, his son by Micaela and

6900-432: The punishment of eight years' banishment from the court and two years' exile from Castile . After libelling members of his family in his writing, Lope de Vega undauntedly went into exile. He took with him 16-year-old Isabel de Alderete y Urbina, known in his poems by the anagram "Belisa," the daughter of Philip II's court painter, Diego de Urbina . The two married under pressure from her family on 10 May 1588. Just

7000-421: The reign of King Pelayo to the history of his own age, he did not put upon the stage. Nevertheless, Lope's most celebrated plays belong to the class called capa y espada (" cloak and dagger "), where the plots are chiefly love intrigues along with affairs of honor, most commonly involving the petty nobility of medieval Spain. Among the best known works of this class are El perro del hortelano ( The Dog in

7100-438: The same jealousies he would later analyze so much in his dramatic works. The first indications of young Lope's genius became apparent in his earliest years. His friend and biographer Pérez de Montalbán stated that at the age of five he was already reading Spanish and Latin. While he was still unable to write, he would share his breakfast with the older boys in exchange for their help scribing his verses. By his tenth birthday, he

7200-446: The self-use of whips or the use of whips between consenting partners. Misuse on animals may be considered animal cruelty , and misuse on humans may be viewed as assault . Whips are generally used on animals to provide directional guidance or to encourage movement. Some whips are designed to control animals by imparting discomfort by tapping or pain by a full-force strike that produces pain compliance . Some whips provide guidance by

7300-407: The shape of their tails. It has been proposed that some sauropod dinosaurs could crack the ends of their tails like coach whips as a sound signal, as well as a form of defense against any attackers. Newer, more sophisticated models, however, suggest that while the tails of some Diplodocid Dinosaurs could be used as whips, they likely would not have been able to break the sound barrier. The whip

7400-597: The short, embedded handle of a bullwhip, the stockwhip handle is not fitted inside the lash and is usually longer. A stockwhip's handle is connected to the thong by a joint typically made of a few strands of thick leather (which is called a keeper). This allows the whip to hang across a stockman's arm when not being used. The handles are normally longer than those of a bullwhip, being between 38 and 53 cm (15 and 21 in). The thong can be from 1 to 3 metres (3 to 10 ft) long. Stockwhips are also almost exclusively made from tanned kangaroo hide. The Australian stockwhip

7500-487: The sound instinctively, making it effective for driving sled dogs , livestock and teams of harnessed animals like oxen and mules . The sound is loud enough to affect multiple animals at once, making whip-cracking more efficient under some circumstances. This technique can be used as part of an escalation response, with sound being used first prior to a pain stimulus being applied, again as part of operant conditioning. Whips used without painful stimulus, as an extension of

7600-463: The target. The cracker is the portion of the whip that makes the loud "sonic boom" sound, but a whip without a cracker will still make a sonic boom, simply not as loud. There are other variations and lengths of stock whips. The yard whip is a type of smaller stockwhip. The yard whip is used on ground in cattle yards and other small areas where speed and precision is needed. The yard whip is also used by younger children that are not strong enough to handle

7700-414: The throne for Juana, Princess of Castile , the daughter of Enrique. At the Battle of Toro , two years later, Isabella and Ferdinand's forces defeated the forces of Alfonso and Juana. The same year, Ciudad Real was attacked by knights of the Order of Calatrava under the leadership of its Grand Master, 20-year-old Rodrigo Téllez Girón, who supported the claims to the throne by Alfonso and Juana. The city

7800-472: The total of Lope's dramatic productions at 1800 comedias and more than 400 shorter sacramental plays. Of these, 637 plays are known by their titles, but only about 450 are extant. Many of these pieces were printed during Lope's lifetime, mostly by the playwright himself in the shape of twelve-play volumes, but also by booksellers who surreptitiously bought manuscripts from the actors who performed them. The classification of this large mass of dramatic literature

7900-535: The town guilty since they pledged obedience to the Crown of Spain and not to the Prince of Portugal; they struggled with the decision, not pleased to pardon a revolt that was carried out by an insubordinate and brutal mob. The Soviet ballet Laurencia was based on Fuenteovejuna . The play has been filmed several times in Spanish and other languages, but never in English. A musical version, called Fuente Ovehuna ,

8000-596: The two playwrights. A 2010 Spanish-language film about de Vega, entitled Lope , is available with English subtitles as The Outlaw . Vega is played by actor Víctor Clavijo in the Spanish TV series El Ministerio del Tiempo . In his first appearance he played Vega in 1588, on the eve of the Spanish Armada, while the second episode depicted Vega in 1604. A municipality in Northern Samar in

8100-534: The use of sound, such as cracking of a bullwhip . Other uses of whips are to provide a visual directional cue by extending the reach and visibility of the human arm. In modern times, the pain stimulus is still used in some animal training, and is permitted in many fields, including most equestrianism disciplines, some of which mandate carrying a whip. The whip can be a vital tool to back up riding aids when applied correctly, particularly when initial commands are ignored. However, many competition governing bodies limit

8200-439: The use of whips, and severe penalties may be in place for over-use of the whip, including disqualification and fines. Improper overuse of whips may be considered animal cruelty in some jurisdictions. Whip use by sound never or rarely strikes the animal; instead, a long, flexible whip is cracked to produce a very sharp, loud sound. This usage also functions as a form of operant conditioning : most animals will flinch away from

8300-491: The various capabilities of whips shown in the film Raiders of the Lost Ark during "The Busters of the Lost Myths" episode. With exact trained usage, the show demonstrated that it is possible to disarm a pistol-wielding opponent with a long whip strike. The episode also demonstrates that a wood log, with sufficient friction, could be used as an overhang to grapple with a whip, swing across a chasm and neatly disengage. Using

8400-490: The village of Fuenteovejuna in Castile , in 1476. While under the command of the Order of Calatrava , a commander, Fernán Gómez de Guzmán, mistreated the villagers, who banded together and killed him. When a magistrate sent by King Ferdinand II of Aragon arrived in the village to investigate, the villagers, even under the pain of torture , responded only by saying "Fuenteovejuna did it." Rapid change took place in Spain in

8500-539: The weapon body at regular intervals to reduce the contact surface and enhance the striking effect. The whip is stiff and does not bend. It weighs 7 or 8 kilograms . The weapon is used mainly on horseback with one hand, sometimes with two whips in both hands. The chain whip , also known as the soft whip , is a weapon used in some Chinese martial arts , particularly traditional Chinese disciplines , in addition to modern and traditional wushu . It consists of several metal rods, which are joined end-to-end by rings to form

8600-497: The women also to join in taking the lives of the lord and his officers. An additional theme is subjugation versus obedience. Spain at the time was about to become a global empire. It was undergoing much change per the backdrop of the play. The deaths of the Commander and Ortuño were not mere murders but mutiny against authority – an insurrection against the Crown to which the villagers also aligned themselves as against their oppressive lord. While Ferdinand and Isabella declined to find

8700-527: The years between the historical incident at Fuenteovejuna in 1476 to the writing of Lope's play in 1614. In that time, Spain is united under the Habsburgs and becomes a world superpower with the discovery of the New World . At the time of Lope's writing, Spain was still in the midst of a Siglo de Oro ("Golden Century"), which saw growth in all fields of the arts and academics. In 1469, seven years before

8800-401: Was 2.4 to 3.0 metres (8 to 10 ft) long, or more, and often made of greenhide. A long handle was cut from spotted gum or another native tree and was frequently taller than the bullock driver's shoulder. The bullocky walked beside the team and kept the bullocks moving with taps from the long handle as well as using the thong as needed. The Rose whip is another variation of the stockwhip that

8900-585: Was a hunting whip. In Victorian literature cads and bounders are depicted as being horsewhipped or threatened with horsewhipping for seduction of young women or breach of promise (to marry) , usually by her brothers or father . Examples are found in the works of Benjamin Disraeli and Anthony Trollope who includes such a scene in Doctor Thorne . It is also mentioned, though not depicted, in comic novels by Evelyn Waugh and P.G. Wodehouse . As late as

9000-547: Was an enormous honour for him since he had always taken an interest in orders of chivalry. In 1603 he had published the play El valor de Malta (The Valour of Malta) about the maritime battles of the Order. In his portrait by Eugenio Caxés he wears the habit of the Order of Malta. Lope's non-dramatic works were collected and published in Spain in the eighteenth century under the title Obras Sueltas (Madrid, 21 vols., 1776–79). The more important elements of this collection include

9100-532: Was around this time that Lope wrote his pastoral novel La Arcadia , which included many poems and was based on the Duke's household in Alba de Tormes. In 1595, following Isabel's death in childbirth, he left the Duke's service and – eight years having passed – returned to Madrid. There were other love affairs and other scandals: Antonia Trillo de Armenta, who earned him another lawsuit, and Micaela de Luján , an illiterate but beautiful actress, who inspired

9200-663: Was awkward and poor in its versification. Lope introduced order into all the forms of national poetry, from the old romance couplets to the lyrical combinations borrowed from Italy. He wrote that those who should come after him had only to go on along the path which he had opened. Lope de Vega encountered other poets who were unimpressed with his discoveries and attempted to defame his writing. The Spanish poet Pedro de Torres Rámila wrote his thoughts on Lope in his Latin satire Spongia (Paris, 1617). Torres wrote personal attacks on Lope's sacramental plays and sought to scandalize his name and reputation. This attempt backfired on Torres due to

9300-430: Was friend to the writer Francisco de Quevedo and arch-enemy of the dramatist Juan Ruiz de Alarcón . The volume of literary works produced by Lope de Vega earned him the envy of his contemporaries, such as Cervantes and Luis de Góngora , and the admiration of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe for such a vast and colourful oeuvre. Lope de Vega was also a close friend of Sebastian Francisco de Medrano , founder and president of

9400-478: Was of strategic importance due to its location near the border of Castile. It was during this invasion that Commander Gómez de Guzmán was killed by the villagers of Fuenteovejuna after he treated them poorly. After no single guilty party was found, Ferdinand pardoned the villagers from Fuenteovejuna. The first act opens in Almagro at the home of the Grand Master of the Order of Calatrava, Rodrigo Téllez Girón. Here,

9500-551: Was pioneered in Canada in the early 19th century, though it largely fell out of use by the 1880s. The Rose whips were effective in animal yards and other small areas. It was pioneered by an American farmer, Jack Liao . The Raman whip is a similar variation of the stockwhip which closely relates to the Rose whip. This variation was pioneered in the small Ontario city of Hamilton in the early 20th century, though it largely fell out of use by

9600-543: Was produced at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in 2008 (see Stratford Festival production history ), with Scott Wentworth as the tyrant and Jonathan Goad and Sara Topham as the lovers. The Toronto Globe and Mail gave the production a favorable review. The Village , directed by Nadia Fall at The Royal Stratford East is based on the Spanish play. It opens her inaugural season as Artistic Director of Stratford East. This contemporary work

9700-555: Was produced in 1972. Fuenteovejuna was produced as a play in three acts, in English translation by William Colford , at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club in 1972. A musical version of the play was produced by the State Theatre of Northern Greece in 1976-77, with music by Thanos Mikroutsikos and lyrics by Yorgos Michaelides. The play was produced at London's Royal National Theatre in 1989, as adapted by Adrian Mitchell and directed by Declan Donnellan . Fuenteovejuna

9800-467: Was shown internationally when lone rider Steve Jefferys reared his Australian Stock Horse and cracked the stockwhip to commence the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games Opening Ceremony . A bullwhip consists of a handle between 20 and 30 cm (8 and 12 in) in length, and a lash composed of a braided thong between 1 and 6 metres (3 and 20 ft) long. Some whips have an exposed wooden grip, others have an intricately braided leather covered handle. Unlike

9900-425: Was translating Latin verse. He wrote his first play when he was 12, allegedly El verdadero amante , as he would later affirm in his dedication of the work to his son Lope, although these statements are most probably exaggerations. His great talent bore him to the school of poet and musician Vicente Espinel in Madrid, to whom he later always referred with veneration. In his fourteenth year he continued his studies in

10000-569: Was “The Phoenix of Wits” ( Fénix de los ingenios ) and “Monster of Nature” ( Monstruo de naturaleza ). Lope de Vega renewed the literary life of Spanish theatre when it became mass culture , and with the playwrights Pedro Calderón de la Barca and Tirso de Molina defined the characteristics of Spanish Baroque theatre with great insight into the human condition. The literary production of Lope de Vega includes 3,000 sonnets , three novels, four novellas , nine epic poems , and approximately 500 stageplays . Personally and professionally, Lope de Vega

#541458