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90-454: Fuqing is located on the north-central section of the coast of Fujian, south of the urban area of Fuzhou and north of Putian . It is the southernmost administrative division of Fuzhou on the mainland and is the only county-level city under the administration of Fuzhou. To the northwest of Fuqing lies Yongtai County , on its northern border is Minhou County , and to its northeast is the district of Changle . The entire southwestern land border

180-620: A humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa ) influenced by the East Asian monsoon ; the summers are long, very hot and humid, and the winters are short, mild and dry. In most years, torrential rain occurs during the monsoon in the second half of May. Fuzhou is also liable to typhoons in late summer and early autumn. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 11.4 °C (52.5 °F) in January to 29.4 °C (84.9 °F) in July, while

270-469: A Chinese geographical treatise published in the 9th century, says that Fuzhou's name came from Mount Futo a mountain northwest of the city. The mountain's name was then combined with - zhou , meaning "settlement" or "prefecture", in a manner similar to many other Chinese cities. During the Warring States period , the area of Fuzhou was sometimes referred to as Ye ( Chinese : 冶 ), and Fuzhou

360-473: A Japanese landing force on May 13, 1938. The fall of Amoy instantly threatened the security of Fuzhou. On May 23, Japanese ships bombarded Mei-Hua, Huang-chi and Pei-Chiao while Japanese planes continued to harass Chinese forces. Between May 31 and June 1, Chinese gunboats Fu-Ning , Chen-Ning and Suming defending the blockade line in the estuary of the Min River were successively bombed and sunk. Meanwhile,

450-404: A family of his own. One night, he dreamt of a silver-haired elderly man, who told him that he has very good fortune, the young man then asked him what he can do to obtain good luck, the elderly man then floated away. That's when the young man notice the setting moon, and after the moon sank under the clouds, rose from the east a golden sun, he was inspired by the dream and invented oyster cake, which

540-497: A kind of mildly savory pastry), Buddha Jumps over the Wall (佛跳墙), and pork floss ( 肉鬆 ). Many of these street food dishes have a long history and their own local legend; an example would be the oyster cake, according Fuzhou local folklore, in the early Qing dynasty, there was a young man who inherited his father's dim sum business, despite all his hard works, he only managed to earn enough money to feed himself, not enough to raise and feed

630-407: A large extent. On the other hand, variants such as Datian , Zhongshan , and Qiong - Lei have historical linguistic roots with Hokkien, but are significantly divergent from it in terms of phonology and vocabulary, and thus have almost no mutual intelligibility with Hokkien. Linguists tend to classify them as separate languages. Southern Min dialects are spoken in southern Fujian , specifically in

720-527: A later migration from Zhangzhou. Linguistically, it lies between Teochew and Amoy. In southwestern Fujian , the local variants in Longyan and Zhangping form a separate division of Southern Min on their own. Among ethnic Chinese inhabitants of Penang , Malaysia and Medan , Indonesia , a distinct form based on the Zhangzhou dialect has developed. In Penang , it is called Penang Hokkien while across

810-517: A major dramatic surge in its refined culture and educational institutions throughout the Song dynasty as Fuzhou produced 10 Fuzhounese zhuangyuan scholars (scholar who is ranked the top first place in the imperial examinations), a large number for a city in the country during that dynasty. The "Hualin" Temple ( 華林寺 , not to be confused with the temple of the same name in Guangzhou ), founded in 964,

900-419: A mixed sweet and sour taste. Soup, served as an indispensable dish in meals, is cooked in various ways with local seasonal fresh vegetables and seafood and often added with local cooking wine ( 福建老酒 ). Fuzhou is famous for its street food and snacks. Some notable street food dishes include Fuzhou fish balls ( 魚丸 ), meat-pastry dumplings ( 扁肉燕 ), oyster cake (海蛎饼), rice scroll soup ( 鼎邊糊 ), guong bian ( 光餅 ;

990-516: A multitude of harbors and ports, including Haikou , situated at the mouth of the Lóng . Subdistricts : Towns : As of 2022, Fuqing's Nominal GDP was US$ 24.6 billion (CN¥160 billion), ranked 4th among county-level administrative units in Fujian province; its Nominal GDP per capita was US$ 17,702 (CN¥115,067). Industries that contribute to GDP for 2017: Total GDP: Fuqing, as well as most of

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1080-455: A province or prefecture—and the Fujian area was organized as Minzhong Commandery ( 閩中郡 ). The area seems to have continued mostly independent of Chinese control for the next century. The Han dynasty followed the short-lived Qin, and Emperor Gaozu of Han declared both Minyue and neighboring Nanyue to be autonomous vassal kingdoms. In 202 BC, Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed a leader named Wuzhu ( 無諸 ; Old Chinese : Matya ) as King of Minyue, and

1170-503: A result, whereas most varieties of Chinese can be treated as derived from Middle Chinese , the language described by rhyme dictionaries such as the Qieyun (601 AD), Min varieties contain traces of older distinctions. Linguists estimate that the oldest layers of Min dialects diverged from the rest of Chinese around the time of the Han dynasty . However, significant waves of migration from

1260-1115: A rich heritage in Fuzhou's Protestant culture. They supported the creation of hospitals and schools, including the Woolston Memorial Hospital , run by the American-trained Hü King Eng . On August 23, 1884, the Battle of Fuzhou broke out between the French Far East Fleet and the Fujian Fleet of the Qing dynasty. As the result, the Fujian Fleet, one of the four Chinese regional fleets, was destroyed completely in Mawei Harbor. On November 8, 1911, revolutionaries staged an uprising in Fuzhou. After an overnight street battle,

1350-584: A walled city called Ye ( 冶 ; Old Chinese: Lya ; literally: Beautiful) was built. The founding of Ye in 202 BC has become the traditional founding date of the city of Fuzhou. In 110 BC, the armies of Emperor Wu of Han defeated the Minyue kingdom's armies during the Han–Minyue War and annexed its territory and people into China. Many Minyue citizens were forcibly relocated into the Jianghuai area, and

1440-614: Is a first language for most of the Hoklo people , the main ethnicity of Taiwan. The correspondence between language and ethnicity is not absolute, as some Hoklo have very limited proficiency in Southern Min while some non-Hoklo speak Southern Min fluently. There are many Southern Min speakers among overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia . Many ethnic Chinese immigrants to the region were Hoklo from southern Fujian and brought

1530-627: Is a group of linguistically similar and historically related Chinese languages that form a branch of Min Chinese spoken in Fujian (especially the Minnan region ), most of Taiwan (many citizens are descendants of settlers from Fujian), Eastern Guangdong , Hainan , and Southern Zhejiang . Southern Min dialects are also spoken by descendants of emigrants from these areas in diaspora , most notably in Southeast Asia , such as Singapore , Malaysia ,

1620-472: Is also a major city for scientific research, appearing in the global top 50 cities as tracked by the Nature Index . The city is home to several major universities , notably Fuzhou University , one of China's key universities and other public universities, including Fujian Normal University and Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University . The Yuanhe Maps and Records of Prefectures and Counties ,

1710-544: Is also home to many Buddhist monasteries, Taoist temples and Buddhist monks. Apart from mainstream religions, a number of religious worship sites of various local religions are situated in the streets and lanes of Fuzhou. The origins of local religion can be dated back centuries. These diverse religions incorporated elements such as gods and doctrines from other religions and cultures, such as totem worship and traditional legends. For example, Monkey King , originated to monkey worship among local ancients, gradually came to embody

1800-567: Is classified as Hainanese and is not mutually intelligible with mainstream Southern Min or Teochew. Hainanese is classified in some schemes as part of Southern Min and in other schemes as separate. Puxian Min was originally based on the Quanzhou dialect , but over time became heavily influenced by Eastern Min , eventually losing intelligibility with Southern Min. The Southern Min dialects spoken in Taiwan, collectively known as Taiwanese ,

1890-463: Is distinct from the mainstream inland cultures of central China, and in details vary from other areas of the Chinese coast. Besides Mandarin Chinese , the majority local residents of Fuzhou ( Fuzhou people ) also speak Fuzhounese ( 福州話 ), the prestige form of Eastern Min . Min opera , also known as Fuzhou drama, is one of the major operas in Fujian Province. It enjoys popularity in

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1980-468: Is known as Hokkien , Hokkienese, Fukien, or Fookien in Southeast Asia and is mostly mutually intelligible with Hokkien spoken elsewhere. Many Southeast Asian ethnic Chinese also originated in the Chaoshan region of Guangdong and speak Teochew language , the variant of Southern Min from that region, particularly Thailand , Cambodia , Southern Vietnam , Malaysia , Singapore , Indonesia , etc. In

2070-527: Is known as 閩南文 (Bân-lâm-bûn), while in Taiwan , it is known as 台文 (Tâi-bûn). The Han Chinese characters are known in mainland China and Taiwan as 漢字 (Hàn-jī / Hàn-lī). In Malaysia and Singapore, the Chinese characters are sometimes known as 唐儂字 / 唐人字 (Tn̂g-lâng-jī / Tn̂g-lâng-lī). In the Philippines, the Chinese characters are known as 咱儂字 / 咱人字 (Lán-nâng-dī) or 漢文字 (Hàm-bûn-dī). The Min homeland of Fujian

2160-408: Is narrated by American naval officer, Houghton Freeman. The date is given as October 5, 1944. Fuzhou remained under Japanese control until May 18, 1945, months before the atomic bombings. Following the restoration of Republic control (1946), the administration divisions of Fuzhou were annexed, and administration level was promoted from county-level to city-level officially. Fuzhou was occupied by

2250-535: Is no longer a hole in the center of a Guangbing, and there are various kinds of Guangbing developed in different areas in Fujian province, which don’t look the same. Fuqing Guangbing is made of the flour, sugar and salt which are all locally produced, as well as the excellent Fuqing sesame seeds, which are very big and taste better than ordinary small sesame seeds. Guangbing was handed down by people to commemorate Qi Jiguang's achievements, which has been used and developed to this day. The people of Fuqing not only passed down

2340-631: Is often given the name 'peace noodles' ( Chinese : 太平面 ; pinyin : tàipíng miàn ). A similar combination is also commonly eaten on birthdays, where it is dubbed 'longevity noodles' ( Chinese : 长寿面 ; pinyin : chángshòu miàn ). The second day of the new year is the day to visit and comfort the family that have lost their family members in the previous year ( Chinese : 拜初二 ; pinyin : bài chū'èr , alternatively in Chinese : 拜新座 ; pinyin : bài xīnzuò ). On that day, people thus avoid visiting families where nobody died in

2430-445: Is one of the eight Chinese regional cuisines. Dishes are light but flavorful, with particular emphasis on umami taste , known in Chinese cooking as xianwei (simplified Chinese: 鲜味 ; traditional Chinese: 鮮味 ; pinyin: xiānwèi ), as well as retaining the original flavor of the main ingredients instead of masking them. In Fuzhou cuisine, the taste is light compared to that of some other Chinese cooking styles, and often have

2520-594: Is one of the oldest and surviving wooden structures in China. New city walls were built in 282, 901, 905, and 974, so the city had many layers of walls – more so than the Chinese capital. Emperor Taizong of the Song dynasty ordered the destruction of all the walls in Fuzhou in 978 but new walls were rebuilt later. The latest was built in 1371. During the Southern Song dynasty , Fuzhou became more prosperous; many scholars came to live and work. Among them were Zhu Xi ,

2610-411: Is shared with Hanjiang, Putian . The territory of Fuqing also includes over 100 islands, and is connected by road to the major islands of Pingtan County . The highest point of Fuqing is Guya Peak ( Chinese : 古崖山尾 ; pinyin : Gǔyá Shānwěi ), which is situated on its border with Minhou County to the north, and has a height of 1,003 metres (3,291 ft) above sea level. The northern part of

2700-606: Is synonymous to "Chinese people". Because of the widespread influence of the Tang culture during the Great Tang dynasty, there are today still many Southern Min pronunciations of words shared by the Sino-xenic pronunciations of Vietnamese , Korean and Japanese languages. Both Hokkien and Chaoshan ( Teochew and Shantou dialects ) have romanized writing systems and also respective Chinese characters. In mainland China , it

2790-618: Is the capital of Fujian , China. The city lies between the Min River estuary to the south and the city of Ningde to the north. Together, Fuzhou and Ningde make up the Mindong linguistic and cultural region. Fuzhou's population was 8,291,268 as of the 2020 Chinese census . Like other prefecture-level cities in China, its administrative area contains both urban and rural areas: in 2020, 72.49% of inhabitants (6,010,242) were urban, while 27.51% (2,281,026) were rural. As of 31 December 2018,

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2880-491: Is the most widely spoken form of Southern Min, including Amoy dialect and Taiwanese . Both of these developed as a combination of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou speech. Varieties in South-East Asia include Singaporean Hokkien , Penang Hokkien , Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien , Medan Hokkien , and Philippine Hokkien . Teo-Swa or Chaoshan speech ( 潮汕片 ) is a closely related variant of Southern Min that includes

2970-401: Is white like the moon before being lowered into hot grease and coming out golden as the morning sun. According to the legend, after the young man made a fortune out of his invention and his oyster cake was imitated by many others, which was passed down till this day. another example of a Fuzhou street food with a long history is rice scroll soup, which became popular in Fuzhou in the early part of

3060-710: The Chaoshan region of eastern Guangdong province are collectively known as Teo-Swa or Chaoshan. Chaoshan Min is of great importance in the Southeast Asian Chinese diaspora , particularly in Malaysia , Thailand , Cambodia , Vietnam , Sumatra , and West Kalimantan . The Philippines variant is mostly from the Quanzhou area as most of their forefathers are from the aforementioned area. The Southern Min language variant spoken around Shanwei and Haifeng differs markedly from Teochew and may represent

3150-660: The Chinese heartland . The administrative and economic center of the Fujian area was still the Ye area during the Sui dynasty (581–618). In 725, the city was formally renamed "Fuzhou". Throughout the mid- Tang dynasty , Fuzhou's economic and cultural institutions grew and developed. The later years of the Tang saw a number of political upheavals in the Chinese heartland such as the An Lushan Rebellion and Huang Chao Rebellion, prompting another wave of northerners to immigrate to

3240-514: The Fuzhou dialect , and the two are mutually intelligible to quite a high extent, although not completely. Due to the hilly terrain and the isolation between villages, there is a large amount of dialectal variation. Songs sung in Fuqing dialect are available online. Most of its people can also speak Mandarin , which is used in schools, businesses, and to communicate with people from different parts of

3330-538: The International Association of Fuqing , Perkumpulan Fuqing (Indonesia), and Singapore Futsing Association. Fuqing has its own dialect ( simplified Chinese : 福清话 ; traditional Chinese : 福清話 ; pinyin : Fúqīnghuà , Bàng-uâ-cê : Hók-chiăng-uâ , IPA in the local dialect: / huʔ˥ tsʰiaŋ˥ ŋuɑ˦˨ /), classified as part of the Houguan branch of Eastern Min . It is closely related to

3420-530: The Kekyeo dialect , Teochew and Swatow dialects, and some consider Haklau Min to also be part of. It has limited mutual intelligibility with Hokkien, though they share some cognates with each other. Chaoshan Min is significantly different from Hokkien in both pronunciation and vocabulary, and mutual intelligibility is difficult. Southern Min has one of the most diverse phonologies of Chinese varieties, with more consonants than Mandarin or Cantonese. Vowels, on

3510-518: The Malacca Strait in Medan, an almost identical variant is known as Medan Hokkien . There are two or three divisions of Southern Min, depending on the criteria for Leizhou and Hainanese inclusion: More recently, Kwok (2018: 157) has proposed an alternative classification, with a divergent Northern branch that includes Quanzhou dialect but not Zhangzhou dialect , as shown below: Hokkien

3600-479: The Min Kingdom in 909. The Wang brothers enticed more immigrants from the north, though their kingdom only survived until 945. In 978, Fuzhou was incorporated into the newly founded Song dynasty , though their control of the mountainous regions was tenuous. Fuzhou prospered during the Tang dynasty. Buddhism was quickly adopted by citizens who quickly built many Buddhist temples in the area. Fuzhou underwent

3690-608: The People's Liberation Army with little resistance on 17 August 1949. In the 1950s, the city was on the front line of the conflict with the KMT in Taiwan , as hostile KMT aircraft frequently bombed the city. The bombing on 20 January 1955 was the most serious one, killing hundreds of people. Fuzhou was also involved in violent mass chaos during the Cultural revolution . Different groups of Red Guards fought with each other using guns on

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3780-832: The Philippines , Indonesia , Brunei , Southern Thailand , Myanmar , Cambodia , Southern and Central Vietnam , as well as major cities in the United States , including San Francisco , Los Angeles and New York City . Minnan is the most widely-spoken branch of Min, with approximately 48 million speakers as of 2017–2018. The most widely spoken Southern Min language is Hokkien , which includes Taiwanese . Other varieties of Southern Min have significant differences from Hokkien, some having limited mutual intelligibility with it, others almost none. Teochew , Longyan , and Zhenan are said to have general mutual intelligibility with Hokkien, sharing similar phonology and vocabulary to

3870-605: The Philippines , Philippine Hokkien is reportedly the native or heritage language of up to 98.7% of the Chinese Filipino community in the Philippines, among whom it is known in Hokkien Chinese : 咱人話 / 咱儂話 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Lán-nâng-ōe / Lán-lâng-ōe / Nán-nâng-ōe ; lit. 'our people's language'. Southern Min speakers form the majority of Chinese in Singapore, with Hokkien being

3960-787: The Qing army surrendered. On November 22, 1933, Eugene Chen and the leaders of the National Revolutionary Army 's 19th Army set up the short-lived People's Revolutionary Government of Republican China . Blockaded by Chiang Kai-shek and left without support from the nearby Soviet Republic of China , the PRGRC collapsed within two months. With the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937 , hostilities commenced in Fujian Province. Xiamen (Amoy) fell to

4050-668: The Yue Kingdom (present-day Zhejiang ) fell to the state of Chu . Han dynasty historian Sima Qian wrote that the surviving members of the Yue royal family fled south to what is now Fujian, where they settled alongside the native Yue people, joining Chinese and Yue culture to create Minyue. The First Emperor of Qin unified ancient China in 221 BC and desired to bring the southern and southeast regions under Chinese rule. The Qin dynasty organized its territory into "Commanderies" (Chinese: 郡 ; pinyin: jùn )—roughly equivalent to

4140-786: The cities of Xiamen , Quanzhou , Zhangzhou , and much of Longyan , hence the name. In addition, varieties of Southern Min are spoken in several southeastern counties of Wenzhou in Zhejiang , the Zhoushan archipelago off Ningbo in Zhejiang , the town of Sanxiang at the southern periphery of Zhongshan in Guangdong , and in the Chaoshan (Teo-swa) region in Guangdong. The variant spoken in Leizhou , Guangdong as well as in Hainan

4230-688: The British Vice-Consul in Fuzhou) involved in aid to the Nationalist resistance to Japanese forces in Fujian Province. As part of Operation Ichi-Go (1944), the last large-scale Japanese offensive in China in World War II, Japanese troops intended to isolate Fuzhou and the Fujian Province corridor to Nationalist forces in western China and the wartime capital of Chongqing. One account of Japanese troops re-taking of Fuzhou city itself

4320-790: The Central Government. In 1990, Xi Jinping served as the Secretary of the CPC Fuzhou Municipal Committee. He proposed the Fuzhou 3820 Project to establish Fuzhou as the political economic cultural educational transportation and technological center of Fujian Province and the West Coast Economic Zone of the Taiwan Straits. He also planned the development of Fuzhou for the next hundred years. He believed that, with Guangzhou to

4410-480: The Chinese ship Chu-Tai berthed at Nan-Tai was damaged. The Chinese Navy's Harbor Command School, barracks, shipyard, hospital and marine barracks at Ma-Wei were successively bombed. Fuzhou is recorded as having fallen to Japanese forces in 1938. The extent of Japanese command and control of the city of Fuzhou itself as opposed to the port at Mawei and the Min River Estuary is uncertain. By 1941 (5/7),

4500-723: The East Lake and West Lake were constructed in Ye, as well as a canal system. The core of modern Fuzhou grew around these three water systems, though the East and West Lakes no longer exist. In 308, during the War of the Eight Princes at the end of the Jin dynasty, the first large-scale migration of Chinese immigrants moved to the south and southeast of China began, followed by subsequent waves during later periods of warfare or natural disaster in

4590-503: The Eastern Fujian region commonly eat xianmian ( Chinese : 线面 ; pinyin : xiànmiàn ), an extra-thin wheat noodle, with the addition of two duck eggs to represent longevity. In the local language, the term for "duck egg" ( Chinese : 鸭卵 , BUC : ák-lâung ) has a pronunciation similar or the same as that of "suppress chaos" ( Chinese : 压乱 , BUC : ák-lâung ); thus the eggs represent peace and stability. The dish

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4680-482: The Eastern Min varieties, such as 俊 (BUC: cóng , IPA: / tsoŋ /) instead of 媠 ( POJ : súi ) for "beautiful, good-looking". In addition, there are villages that speak a form of Putian dialect , mostly near the border with Putian, with the distinctive use of / ɬ / instead of / s / or / θ / more common in the Fuqing dialect. Fuqing is located in the coastal hills, subtropical climate, warm and rainy, but

4770-654: The Fuzhou area and in neighboring parts of Fujian such as the northeast and northwest areas where the Fuzhou language is spoken, as well as in Taiwan and the Malay Archipelago . It became a fixed opera in the early 20th century. There are more than 1,000 plays of Min opera, most of which originate from folk tales, historical novels, or ancient legends, including such traditional plays as "Making Seal", "The Purple Jade Hairpin" and "Switching Fairy Peach with Litchi". The two traditional mainstream religions practiced in Fuzhou are Mahayana Buddhism and Taoism . Traditionally, many people practice both religions simultaneously. The city

4860-627: The Fuzhou current administrative divisions were formed officially, namely, 5 districts and 8 counties. In 1990 and 1994, Fuqing ( Foochow Romanized : Hók-chiăng ) and Changle (Foochow Romanized: Diòng-lŏ̤h ) counties were promoted to county-level cities ; Changle became a district in 2017. Despite these changes, the administrative image of "5 districts and 8 counties" is still held popularly among local residents. Fuzhou's entire area only covers 9.65 percent of Fujian Province. The city of Fuzhou has direct jurisdiction over 6 districts , 1 county-level city , and 6 counties : The culture of Fuzhou

4950-443: The God of Wealth in Fuzhou after the novel Journey to the West was issued in Ming dynasty . As the most popular religion in the Min River Valley, the worship of Lady Linshui is viewed as one of the three most influential local religions in Fujian, the other two being the worship of Mazu and Baosheng Dadi ( 保生大帝 ). Fuzhou cuisine is most notably one of the four traditional cooking styles of Fujian cuisine , which in turn

5040-406: The Japanese invaded Fuqing, people had to escape shortly after putting up the Spring Festival couplets. Upon returning after General Qi Jiguang's victory, people changed the couplets from red, which represents joy and celebration, into green or added white on the top to mourn for their family and friends who had died in the conflict. On the first day of the new year, people in Fuqing like many across

5130-685: The Qing dynasty. As more Fuzhou residents settled overseas, Fuzhou dishes spread to Taiwan, Southeast Asia and the U.S.. For example, one is able to find guong bian and Fuzhou fish balls in Sitiawan in Ipoh, Malaysia while Fuzhou fish balls, meat-pastry dumplings and rice scroll soup can be found in New York's Chinatown. Southern Min Southern Min ( simplified Chinese : 闽南语 ; traditional Chinese : 閩南語 ; pinyin : Mǐnnányǔ ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Bân-lâm-gí/gú ; lit. 'Southern Min language'), Minnan ( Mandarin pronunciation: [mìn.nǎn] ) or Banlam ( Min Nan Chinese pronunciation: [bàn.lǎm] ),

5220-418: The Tanshishan Culture ( 曇石山文化 ), from around 3000 BC—have been discovered and excavated in the Fuzhou area. During the Warring States period (c. 475–221 BC), Chinese began referring to the modern Fujian area as Min Yue ( 閩越 ), suggesting that the native inhabitants of the area were a branch of the Yue peoples , a diverse population of non-Chinese tribes who once inhabited most of southern China. In 306 BC,

5310-409: The West since Marco Polo . The Ryukyu Kingdom established an embassy in Fuzhou. In 1839, Lin Zexu , who himself was a Fuzhou native, was appointed by the Daoguang Emperor to enforce the imperial ban on the opium trade in Canton . His unsuccessful actions, however, precipitated the disastrous First Opium War with Great Britain, and Lin, who had become a scapegoat for China's failure in war,

5400-419: The Yue ethnic group was mostly assimilated into the Chinese, causing a sharp decline in Ye's inhabitants. The area was eventually re-organized as a county in 85 BC. During the Three Kingdoms period , southeast China was nominally under the control of Eastern Wu , and the Fuzhou area had a shipyard for the coastal and Yangtze River fleets. In 282, during the Jin dynasty , two artificial lakes known simply as

5490-542: The airport in Changle was built to support the city's expansion towards the sea. On December 13, 1993, a raging fire swept through a textile factory in Fuzhou and claimed the lives of 60 workers. On October 2, 2005, floodwaters from Typhoon Longwang swept away a military school , killing at least 80 paramilitary officers. Fuzhou is located in the northeast coast of Fujian province, connects jointly northwards with Ningde and Nanping, southwards with Quanzhou and Putian, westwards with Sanming respectively. Fuzhou has

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5580-578: The annual mean is 20.5 °C (68.9 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 24 percent in March to 54 percent in July, the city receives 1,607 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −1.9 °C (29 °F) on 25 January 2016 to 41.7 °C (107 °F) on 26 July 2003. Snow is very rare, having covered the ground last times in February 1957, December 1975 and December 1991. See or edit raw graph data . The administrative divisions of Fuzhou have been changed frequently throughout history. From 1983,

5670-441: The biggest chickens in the world. Between 1405 and 1433, a fleet of the Ming Imperial navy under Admiral Zheng He sailed from Fuzhou to the Indian Ocean seven times; on three occasions the fleet landed on the east coast of Africa. Before the last sailing, Zheng erected a stele dedicated to the goddess Tian-Fei (Matsu) near the seaport . The Ming government gave a monopoly over Philippine trade to Fuzhou, which at times

5760-413: The city and soon set up the first missionary station there. ABCFM was followed by the Methodist Episcopal Missionary Society that was led by Revs. M. C. White and J. D. Collins , who reached Fuzhou in early September 1847. The Church Missionary Society also arrived in the city in May 1850. These three Protestant agencies remained in Fuzhou until the communist revolution in China in the 1950s, leaving

5850-399: The city is recorded as having returned to Nationalist control. The British Consulate in Fuzhou is noted as operational from 1941 to 1944 after the United Kingdom Declaration of War on Japan in December 1941. Western visitors to Fuzhou in the period 1941–1944 include the Australian journalist Wilfred Burchett in 1942 and the British scientist Joseph Needham in May 1944. Both visitors record

5940-706: The county-level city is situated in the valley of the Long River ( simplified Chinese : 龙江 ; traditional Chinese : 龍江 ; pinyin : Lóngjiāng ; trans. "Dragon River"), which includes the city's central urban area. Fuqing has a long indented coastline on the Taiwan Strait , mostly consisting of rocky shores. A prominent part of its territory is the Longgao Peninsula ( 龙高半岛 ; 龍高半島 ; Lóng-Gāo Bàndǎo ), named for two of its major towns, Longtian and Gaoshan . This peninsula also forms two major bays: Fuqing Bay ( 福清湾 ; 福清灣 ; Fúqīng Wān ) to its north, and Xinghua Bay ( 兴化湾 ; 興化灣 ; Xīnghuà Wān ) to its south. The jagged coastline has given rise to

6030-418: The idea of building a high-speed rail corridor to Taipei . Xi Jinping served as the Secretary of the Fuzhou Municipal Committee for more than six years and lived in Fuzhou for nearly thirteen years, developing a deep affection for the city. When he visited Fuzhou again in 2021, he remarked that Fuzhou could make significant contributions to the great rejuvenation and unification of the Chinese nation, noting that

6120-627: The language to what is now present-day Malaysia and Singapore (formerly British Malaya , the Straits Settlements , and British Borneo ), Indonesia (the former Dutch East Indies ), the Philippines (former Spanish East Indies and later, US Philippine Islands (P.I.) ), Brunei (former part of British Borneo ), Southern Thailand , Myanmar ( British Burma ), Cambodia (former French Cambodia of French Indochina ), Southern Vietnam (former French Cochinchina of French Indochina ) and Central Vietnam (former French Annam of French Indochina ). In general, Southern Min from southern Fujian

6210-524: The largest group and the second largest being Teochew . Despite the similarities, the two groups are rarely viewed together as "Southern Min". The variants of Southern Min spoken in Zhejiang province are most akin to that spoken in Quanzhou. The variants spoken in Taiwan are similar to the three Fujian variants and are collectively known as Taiwanese . Those Southern Min variants that are collectively known as "Hokkien" in Southeast Asia also originate from these variants. The variants of Southern Min in

6300-408: The local history and culture. Fuqing customs have four obvious influences: (1) the legacy of ancient Yue; (2) ancient Central Plains culture; (3) religion, especially Buddhism and Taoism; (4) in modern times, foreign culture Unlike other areas of China, the top part of the couplets traditionally put up during the Chinese New Year are white, not red. It is said that in 1562 on New Year's Eve, when

6390-455: The making method of Guangbing, but also passed down the culture to make ritual offerings, Guangbing, to their ancestors. Oyster Patties ( 海蛎饼 ): Oyster patties are a fried snack made of rice flour (pulp), soya bean powder (pulp), oyster, pork, cabbage and seaweed. Fish Ball ( 鱼丸 ): Fuqing fish balls are balls of fish mince made from eels, mackerel or freshwater fish, and sweet potato flour mixed evenly to make its wrappers. Inside, they contain

6480-413: The mince of pork or shrimp. Sweet Potato Ball ( 番薯丸 ): Sweet potato balls have a wrapper made of starch and sweet potato flour. The mince is made of oyster, seaweed and pork. Sweet potato balls represent family reunion. Seaweed Cake ( 紫菜饼 ): Seaweed cakes are made of flour and seaweed, traditionally using a stone oven. Fuqing has some special customs different from other areas in China, which reflects

6570-434: The modern-day Northern Min and Eastern Min areas. In 879, a large part of the city was captured by the army of Huang Chao during their rebellion against the Tang government. In 893, the warlord brothers Wang Chao and Wang Shenzhi captured Fuzhou in a rebellion against the Tang dynasty, successfully gaining control of the entire Fujian Province and eventually proclaiming their founding of an independent kingdom they called

6660-530: The most celebrated Chinese philosopher after Confucius , and Xin Qiji , the greatest composer of the ci form of poetry. Marco Polo , an Italian guest of the Emperor Kubilai , transcribed , after the conventions of Italian orthography , the place name as Fugiu . This was not the local Min pronunciation but that of the mandarin administrative class. According to Odoric of Pordenone , Fuzhou had

6750-685: The other hand, are more-or-less similar to those of Mandarin. In general, Southern Min dialects have five to six tones , and tone sandhi is extensive. There are minor variations within Hokkien, and the Teochew system differs somewhat more. Southern Min's nasal finals consist of /m/ , /n/ , /ŋ/ , and /~/ . Southern Min can trace its origins through the Tang dynasty , and it also has roots from earlier periods. Hokkien people call themselves " Tang people", ( Tn̂g-lâng 唐人 / 唐儂 ) which

6840-737: The presence of a British Consul and a Fuzhou Club comprising western businessmen. In The Man Who Loved China: The Fantastic Story of the Eccentric Scientist Who Unlocked the Mysteries of the Middle Kingdom , author Simon Winchester relates the visit of Dr Needham in 1944. Needham encountered the American government agent (John Caldwell) and the British SIS agent ( Murray MacLehose working undercover as

6930-528: The previous year, regarding such a visit as unlucky. The main customs of the Lantern Festival include eating yuanxiao, dragon and lion dance, Shehuo, lantern riddles, stilt, boat, row, and walking on the Li Bridge. The most important part of the winter solstice festival is making glutinous rice balls and preparing the red-orange and ten pairs of chopsticks. The red-orange stands for blessing and

7020-457: The province. There are also scattered villages that speak predominantly Southern Min varieties, with their populations coming from the Jinjiang , Zhangpu and Hui'an , among other areas of southern Fujian. However, their dialects have diverged significantly from the mainstream Hokkien varieties, such as in the use of / y / as a phoneme, and the use of vocabulary items closer to that of

7110-554: The rest of Fujian , is known for its large number of emigrants, or huaqiao . The first wave of emigration started in late 19th century; most common destinations during that time were Indonesia, Singapore, and East Malaysia. Some became among the richest men in Southeast Asia, e.g. Sudono Salim (Salim Group), Hendra Rahardja , Rachman Halim (Gudang Garam), Henry Kwee Hian Liong (Pontiac Land Group). Overseas Fuqingese assembled into associations for mutual support, including

7200-494: The river is short and shallow. Rich in species while not rich in harvest. Therefore, the important staple food in Fuqing is sweet potato. Non-staple food is dominated by various marine food. Many traditional snacks are made from sweet potato and seafood. Guangbing ( 光饼 ): Guangbing is a bread product that is baked and shaped like a sesame-seeded burger bun top. In 1562, the Japanese invaded Fujian province. General Qi Jiguang

7290-848: The south and Shanghai to the north Fuzhou's geographical location was ideal for becoming an international metropolis between the Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River Delta. He proposed supporting strategies such as the Fujian-Zhejiang-Jiangxi-Anhui Fuzhou Economic Cooperation Zone the Fuzhou Metropolitan Circle, Maritime Fuzhou the Minjiang Estuary Golden Triangle and a Modern International City as well as

7380-476: The streets of the city, and even attacking the People's Liberation Army. Under the reform and opening policy since the late 1970s, Fuzhou has developed rapidly. In 1982, Fuzhou became the first city in China where the stored program control was introduced, which marked a milestone in the history of telecommunications in China. In 1984, Fuzhou was chosen as one of the first branches of Open Coastal Cities by

7470-502: The ten pairs of chopsticks stand for family reunion. People also light a pair of red candles to represent prosperity. The essential part of the Qingming Festival is to offer sacrifices that are often made from paper, as well as fire incense and firecrackers in front of the tomb. After sweeping the tomb, people take some pine branches or flowers back home for good luck. Fuqing has two railway stations. Fuqing railway station

7560-584: The total population was estimated at 7,740,000 whom 4,665,000 lived in the built-up ( or metro ) area made of five urban districts plus Minhou County. In 2015, Fuzhou was ranked as the 10th fastest growing metropolitan area in the world by Brookings Institution . Fuzhou is listed as No. 20 in the China Integrated City Index 2016's total ranking, a study conducted by the National Development and Reform Commission . Fuzhou

7650-415: Was charged to drive the invaders out of Fujian. In order not to let the meal time slow down their marching speed, General Qi invented a kind of bread which was shaped into a ring at that time, so his soldiers could wear a string of those breads around their neck. After the victory, the recipe of this bread product was spread throughout the province and named Guangbing after General Qi. Nowadays, there

7740-464: Was exiled to the northwestern section of the empire. The Treaty of Nanjing (1842), which put an end to the conflict, made Fuzhou (then known to Westerners as Foochow) one of five Chinese treaty ports , and it became completely open to Western merchants and missionaries. Fuzhou was one of the most important Protestant mission fields in China. On January 2, 1846, the first Protestant missionary, Rev. Stephen Johnson (missionary) from ABCFM , entered

7830-673: Was incorporated into China proper during Qin dynasty . The city's name was changed numerous times between the 3rd and 9th centuries before finally settling on Fuzhou in 948. In Chinese, the city is sometimes referred to by the poetic nickname Rongcheng (Chinese: 榕城 ; Foochow Romanized: Ṳ̀ng-siàng ), lit. 'The Banyan City'. In older English publications, the name is variously romanized as Foochow , Foo-Chow , Fuchow , Fūtsu , Fuh-Chow , Hock Chew , and Hokchew . The remains of two Neolithic cultures—the Huqiutou Culture ( 虎丘頭文化 ), from around 5000 BC, and

7920-472: Was opened on April 26, 2010, on the Fuzhou–Xiamen railway , and is situated south of the urban area. A second railway station, Fuqing West railway station on the Fuzhou–Xiamen high-speed railway , was opened to the public on September 28, 2023. The principal means of public transportation within the city is the bus system, with most of the towns of the peninsula also being served. Fuzhou Fuzhou

8010-609: Was opened to Han Chinese settlement by the defeat of the Minyue state by the armies of Emperor Wu of Han in 110 BC. The area features rugged mountainous terrain, with short rivers that flow into the South China Sea . Most subsequent migration from north to south China passed through the valleys of the Xiang and Gan rivers to the west, so that Min varieties have experienced less northern influence than other southern groups. As

8100-554: Was shared with Quanzhou . Galeote Pereira , a Portuguese soldier and trader, was taken prisoner during the pirate extermination campaign of 1549 and imprisoned in Fuzhou. Later transferred to a form of internal exile elsewhere in the province, Pereira escaped to Langbaijiao in 1553. The record of his experiences in the Ming Empire, logged by the Jesuits at Goa in 1561, was the first non-clerical account of China to reach

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