105-564: (Redirected from Füzuli ) [REDACTED] Look up fuzuli in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Fuzuli or Fizuli may refer to: People [ edit ] Fuzuli (poet) (Mahammad bin Suleyman, 1483–1556), Azerbaijani poet Fizuli Mammedov (born 1977), Azerbaijani footballer Fizuli Alakbarov (born 1958), Azerbaijani politician Places [ edit ] Fuzuli (city) ,
210-435: A mas̱navī (a poem written in rhyming couplets ) entitled Bang va Bādah ( lit. ' Hashish and Wine ' ), to Ismail I and two qaṣīdahs and one tarjī'band [ tr ] (a poem with repeating verses) to Mawsillu. After Mawsillu was murdered by his own nephew in 1527, Fuzuli lost his patron and moved to either Hilla or Najaf, likely because he could not find another reliable patron among
315-609: A 13th-century Armenian historian; no ancient source records such an event. The historical Armenian name for the city was Tavrezh ( Armenian : Թաւրէժ , romanized : T'avrēž ). The Cambridge History of Iran points to a connection between the "ancient stronghold of Tarui-Tarmakisa" (or Tarwi-Tarwakisa), which existed in the 8th century BC , and the city of Tabriz; Ernst Emil Herzfeld 's Archaeological History of Iran directly equates Tarwakisa with Tabriz (cf Proto-Iranian tr̥Hwáns "able to overcome"). However, some researchers believe that Tabriz may be considered
420-531: A Turkic literary language that was once widely spoken across Central Asia ; later writers in Ottoman and Chagatai literature drew on the poet's work because of his ability to reinterpret traditional themes and ideas through his poetry, which brought the two literary traditions closer together. Bektashis consider Fuzuli to be one of the " Seven Great Poets " who lived between 14th and 16th centuries and represent Bektashi literature. His work has been characterised as
525-511: A child, he studied literature, mathematics, astronomy, and languages, learning Persian and Arabic in addition to his native Azerbaijani . He had an interest in poetry since his childhood, with his poems suggesting that his initial inspiration was drawn from the works of the late-15th-century Azerbaijani poet Habibi . Fuzuli lived in Iraq under the Aq Qoyunlu confederation, which ruled
630-549: A child. During his lifetime, his homeland changed hands between the Aq Qoyunlu , Safavid , and Ottoman states. He composed poetry for officials in all three empires, writing his first known poem to Shah Alvand Mirza of the Aq Qoyunlu. Fuzuli wrote most of his poetry during the Ottoman rule of Iraq, which is why he is also sometimes called an Ottoman poet. Throughout his life, he had several patrons but never found one that fully satisfied him—as he wrote—and his desire to join
735-710: A city in Azerbaijan named for the Azerbaijani writer Fuzuli District , Azerbaijan Füzuli, Samukh , a village and municipality in the Samukh Rayon of Azerbaijan Füzuli, Shamkir , a village in the municipality of Yeni yol in the Shamkir Rayon of Azerbaijan Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Fuzuli . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
840-530: A dispute between wine and hashish over their respective merits; a translation of the Persian poet Jami's Forty Hadith titled Ḥadīs̱-i Arba'īn tarcümasī [ azb ] ( lit. ' Translation of Forty Hadiths ' ); and an allegorical mas̱navī titled Ṣöḥbat al-As̱mār [ az ] ( lit. ' Conversation of Fruits ' ), which depicts vineyard fruits engaging in self-praise and arguments. Additionally, he wrote
945-484: A firm structure of hope on property and wealth, which are impermanent and transitory. If you have a desire for lasting merit, strive for knowledge and do not be ashamed to learn. — Persian dīvān , trans. Hamide Demirel Fuzuli also wrote several works in Persian, including a dīvān that comprises 410 ghazals , 46 qiṭ'ahs , several dozen qaṣīdahs , over a hundred rübā'īs , and more. Karahan states that this collection of poems demonstrates that
1050-487: A heavy-industry hub in the northwestern Iran. The need for a strong workforce increased immigration from all around Azerbaijan toward Tabriz. During this era and because of the continuous policy of the government centralization in Tehran as well as changes in communication and transportation, the city lost its historical dominance, but turned into the gate for reform and modernization of the country. Starting with 1978 and with
1155-513: A man than he was great as a poet". Arabic works by Fuzuli include eleven qaṣīdahs and a prose work titled Maṭla' al-I'tiqād ( lit. ' The Birth of the Belief ' ). The prose work analyses the origins and destiny of humanity according to the Islamic theological discipline ʿIlm al-Kalām . Fuzuli presents the perspectives of Greek and Muslim philosophers on these topics in
SECTION 10
#17328025990991260-629: A modern taxation system. Thanks to the geographical closeness to the West and to communications with nearby countries' enlightenment movements, Tabriz became the centre of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution movements between 1905 and 1911, which led to the establishment of a parliament in Iran and the formation of a constitution. Sattar Khan and Bagher Khan , two Tabrizi reformists who led Tabriz people's solidarity against
1365-512: A more liberal cleric, Grand Ayatollah Shariatmadari , who was against the content of the new constitution which was mixing religion and state together. The unrest in the city calmed down after brutal crush of the protesters in Tabriz and after house arrest of Shariatmadari. In the 1980s, due to the Iran–Iraq War , like the rest of the country, most of the construction and development projects in
1470-671: A multi-faceted structure, which, combined with perfection of expression, gives them permanence". His works show influence from Persian poets like Nizami , Jami , and Hafez , as well as Azerbaijani poets like Habibi and Nasimi . A mountain suddenly before him rose. It was majestic in its calm repose And awe-inspiring, for above it soared Swift-winged falcons, and within were stored, Deep in its bowels, such precious stones and rare As can but be imagined. Twas not bare Of greenery, far from it; full 'twas grown With trees and luscious grasses, while its cone Like brightest silver gleamed. The fowls it fed, And many springs, and oft
1575-608: A plain that gently slopes down to the eastern shores of Lake Urmia , 60 km (37 mi) to the west. The city was named World Carpet Weaving City by the World Crafts Council in October 2015 and Exemplary Tourist City of 2018 by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation . With a population of over 1.7 million (2016), Tabriz is the largest economic hub and metropolitan area in northwest Iran. The population
1680-440: A poetic letter to Sultan Bayezid II and four others to his Ottoman officials. Superiority of lineage and nobility of birth are accidental. O base man, take no pride in anything but your own virtue. Do not lean on kinship with rulers and service of princes, or take credit for these things, as they are vain. If the prerequisite of a craft is a sound hand, do not commit yourself to it, do not set your hopes on it! Do not base
1785-493: A pre-Iranian toponym . The early history of Tabriz is not well documented. The earliest civilization signs in the city belongs to an Iron Age grave yard of 1st millennium B.C. which were unearthed in late 1990s in northern side of Blue Mosque . The city also inscribed as old as 714 B.C. on as Tarui or Tauris, on the Assyrian King Sargon II 's epigraph in 714 B.C. Egyptologist David Rohl suggested that
1890-487: A relationship between a father named Zāhid and his son Rind. Zāhid is trying to guide Rind to live according to Sharia (Islamic religious law) by encouraging him to attend the mosque, read the Quran , and avoid writing poetry. Rind initially resists his father's views, but ultimately chooses to accept them of his own accord. Additionally, Fuzuli wrote Risālah-i Mu'ammīyāt ( lit. ' Treatise of Riddles ' ),
1995-435: A role in the development of the Azerbaijani language, with his writings being described as elevating Azerbaijani poetry and language to new heights. His work has been characterised as a reconciliation of Azerbaijani, Persian, and Arabic literary practices, as well as of Shia and Sunni beliefs. He remains a popular poet in Azerbaijan, Turkey, Iran, and Iraq. Fuzuli, whose given name was Muhammad and whose father's name
2100-591: A royal court had never been realised. Despite expressing a strong desire to see places like Tabriz in modern-day Iran, Anatolia , and India , he never travelled outside modern-day Iraq. In 1556, he died from the plague, either in Baghdad or Karbala, and was buried in Karbala near the Imam Husayn Shrine, in a türbah (a small tomb- mausoleum ). According to Bektashi oral tradition, the türbah
2205-882: A royal court was never realised. Despite wishing to see places like Tabriz in modern-day Iran, Anatolia , and India, he never travelled outside Iraq. In 1556, Fuzuli died from the plague and was buried in Karbala . Fuzuli is best known for his Azerbaijani works, especially his ghazals (a form of love poem) and his lyric poem Leylī va Macnūn , which is an interpretation of a Middle Eastern story of tragic love. He also wrote dīvāns (collections of poems) in Azerbaijani, Persian, and possibly Arabic. His style has been described as being distinguished by his "intense expression of feelings" and his use of mystic metaphors and symbols. His poetry shows influences from Persian poets like Nizami , Jami , and Hafez , as well as Azerbaijani poets like Habibi and Nasimi . Fuzuli played
SECTION 20
#17328025990992310-1342: A street in Tabriz is named after the poet. In October 1994, the Turkish Authors' Association and Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality jointly organised an academic conference in Istanbul about Fuzuli to honour the 500th anniversary of his birth. Another conference took place in Konya in December of the same year. بر طاغه ایرشدی یولده ناگاه قدینه لباس و هم کوتاه سقفنده عقاب چرخ فانی مضمون کرنده لعل کانی منعم صفتی لباسی فاخر جیب و بغلی طولو جواهر دریا قیلوبن آگا تضرع ایلردی ذخیره سن توقع صحرا ایدوبن آگا تولا ایلردی معیشتن تمنا اول چشمه لر ایلیوب روانه اولمشدی اولاره آته آنه تعظیم ایله قیلمش آنی حق یاد قرآنده که الجبال اوتاد مجنون اگا ایلیوب تماشا بر اودلو سرود قلدی انشا فضیلت نسب و اصل خارج ذاتست بفضل غیر خود ای سفله افتخار مکن بانتساب سلاطین و خدمت امرا که زایلست مزن تکیه اعتبار مکن بصنعتی که درو هست شرط صحت دست مشو مقید و خود را امیدوار مکن بملک و مال که هستند زایل و ذاهب اساس بنیه امید استوار مکن اگر تراست هوای فضیلت باقی بعلم کوش و ز تحصیل علم عار مکن Tabriz Tabriz ( Persian : تبریز ; pronounced [tæbˈɾiːz] )
2415-406: A successful reconciliation of Azerbaijani, Persian, and Arabic literary practices, as well as of Shia and Sunni beliefs. He had a son who was also a poet and adopted the name Fazli in tribute to his father. Fazli is believed to have received his poetic education from Fuzuli, and wrote both religious and secular poems in Azerbaijani, Persian, and Arabic. Widely recognised and admired throughout
2520-473: A unique ecosystem. This occurred due to global warming and ever-increasing demands for inadequate freshwater sources in the basin. It is feared that in the near future low-lying clouds of airborne salt and minerals may hover over large areas around the lake, posing serious health hazards. Authority for the city lies with the Mayor, who is elected by a municipal board. The municipal board is periodically elected by
2625-567: A work consisting of 190 riddle poems, and Anīs al-Qalb ( lit. ' Close to the Heart ' ), a 134-couplet-long qaṣīdah . The latter piece is in the form of a naṣīḥatnāmah , a type of guidance letter for Ottoman sultans, that Fuzuli wrote for Sultan Suleiman. In the qaṣīdah , Fuzuli offers guidance to the Sultan on how to govern and serve the people. According to the professor of Turkic literature Hamide Demirel, Fuzuli presents
2730-417: Is a Turkic language mutually intelligible with modern Turkish dialects . The language has a strong Iranian superstratum since it has been in close contact with the Persian language for many centuries. Similar to the other parts of Iran, the official language is Persian and the most inhabitants have native or near-native knowledge of Persian language , which is the major medium of education. Nevertheless,
2835-748: Is a city in the Central District of Tabriz County , in the East Azerbaijan province of northwestern Iran. It serves as capital of the province, the county, and the district. It is the sixth-most-populous city in Iran. Tabriz is in the Quru River valley in Iran's historic Azerbaijan region between long ridges of volcanic cones in the Sahand and Eynali mountains. Tabriz's elevation ranges between 1,350 and 1,600 m (4,430 and 5,250 ft) above sea level. The valley opens up into
2940-598: Is also a small, embattled community of the Baháʼí Faith in the city. The Iranian national census was first completed in 1956 and published decennially until 2006, when, thereafter, the Statistical Center of Iran began to conduct them every five years. The 1976 census notes a total population more than double of the decade before, a result of rural to urban migration during the White Revolution . At
3045-425: Is an important work in demonstrating Fuzuli's knowledge of both medicine and well-being of the body and the soul. It tells the story of a dervish losing and regaining his body's health physically because of its struggle with a disease and later psychologically because of its struggle with love. Fuzuli also has a prose work in Persian titled Rind va Zāhid ( lit. ' Rind and Zahid ' ), which describes
3150-432: Is around 260 mm (10 in), a good deal of which falls as snow during the winter months and rain in spring and autumn . The city enjoys a mild and fine climate in spring and autumn, is hot and dry in summer, while snowy and cold in winter. The average annual temperature is 13.1 °C (55.6 °F). Cool winds blow from east to west, mostly in summer. Jean Chardin , a French traveler, visited Tabriz during
3255-452: Is bilingual with most people speaking Azerbaijani as their native language and Persian as their second language. Tabriz is a major heavy industries hub for automobiles, machine tools, refineries, petrochemicals, textiles and cement production industries. The city is famous for its handicrafts, including hand-woven rugs and jewelry. Local confectionery, chocolate, dried nuts and traditional Tabrizi food are recognized throughout Iran as some of
Fuzuli - Misplaced Pages Continue
3360-716: Is considered a masterpiece of the Turkic maqtal genre and is the most popular among contemporary works covering the Battle of Karbala. It was written before 1546, as library records show that the oldest available copy, the Cairo manuscript, dates back to that year. Fuzuli was also the author of a dīvān in Azerbaijani , which is his most extensive work in this language. It comprises around 300 ghazals , 40 qaṣīdahs , 42 qiṭ'ahs (a form of monorhyme poetry), several dozen rübā'īs (four-line poems), and more. In
3465-515: Is considered one of the greatest works of Turkic literature. Another well-known work by Fuzuli is the maqtal (a poem about a historic death) Ḥadīqat al-Su'adā [ az ] ( lit. ' The Garden of the Blessed ' ), which is about the death of Husayn ibn Ali , the grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , in the Battle of Karbala , which he fought in 680 CE against
3570-476: Is designated a World Heritage Site . From the early modern era, Tabriz was pivotal in the development, movement and economy of its three neighboring regions; namely the Caucasus , Eastern Anatolia and Central Iran. In the modern era the city played a vital role in the history of Iran. As the country's closest hub to Europe, many aspects of early modernization in Iran began in Tabriz. Prior to forced ceding of
3675-401: Is excellently situated so the goods brought to here coming from many regions. Latin merchants specially Genevis go there to buy the goods that come from foreign lands." From 1375 to 1468, Tabriz was the capital of Qara Qoyunlu state in Azerbaijan, until defeat of Qara Qoyunlu ruler, Jahan Shah by Ag Qoyunlu warriors. Ag Qoyunlus selected Tabriz as their capital from 1469 to 1501. Some of
3780-477: Is located in northwest of Iran in East Azerbaijan province between Eynali and Sahand mountains in a fertile area inshore of Aji River and Quri River . The local area is earthquake-prone and during its history, the city has been devastated and rebuilt several times. Tabriz has a cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen : BSk , Trewartha : BS ) bordering on a humid continental climate with hot summers ( Köppen : Dsa , Trewartha : Dc ). The annual precipitation
3885-439: Is not out of the question, it seems no more probable than any other hypothesis, and less likely than those suggested by Speiser, Zarins, and Sauer." Since the earliest documented history of Tabriz, it has been chosen as the capital for several rulers commencing from Atropates era and his dynasty. It is likely the city has been destroyed multiple times either by natural disasters or by the invading armies. The earliest elements of
3990-471: Is one of the major environmental issues in Tabriz. Air pollution is due to an increase of the number of cars commuting in the city and polluting industries such as thermal power plants, petrochemical complexes and the oil refinery in the west of the city. Air pollution levels increased continuously in the second half of the 20th century. With a mandate of national environmental codes by heavy industries, industrial air pollution has reduced in recent years. However,
4095-406: The qaṣīdah composed by Fuzuli to commemorate Sultan Suleiman's capture of Baghdad. Nonetheless, the ghazals in the dīvān were more popular. Karahan states that Fuzuli "reached the peak of lyricism, mystical love and excitement in his ghazals ". Other works by him in Azerbaijani include the allegorical-satirical poem Bang va Bādah , which is over 400 couplets long and imagines
4200-552: The Bayat tribe . Although some contemporary sources refer to him as Fuz̤ūlī-yi Baghdādī ( lit. ' Fuzuli of Baghdad ' ), suggesting he was born or raised in that city or its surroundings, other sources cite the nearby cities of Najaf , Hilla , or Karbala as his birthplace. His father was reported to have once been a mufti (Islamic jurist) in Hilla, which suggests that Fuzuli likely came from an educated family. As
4305-590: The Blue Mosque was opened to the public in 2006. The other excavation site is in Abbasi Street at the site of Rab'-e Rashidi , which was the location for an academic institution since approximately 700 years ago. It was established in Ilkhanid period. The predominant language spoken in Tabriz is Azerbaijani language ( Azerbaijani people call it Turku ( تۆرکۆ ) or Turki (تۆرکی) language), which
Fuzuli - Misplaced Pages Continue
4410-530: The Iranian constitution respects the right to speak and have limited educational facilities in other native languages, including Azerbaijani. For the first time, an academic program on Azerbaijani language opened at the University of Tabriz in 1999. Other than Azerbaijani, there is a notable minority of Armenian speakers and a smaller minority of Assyrian Neo-Aramaic speakers. It is believed that before
4515-558: The Islamic world , Leyli and Majnun , was composed by the Azerbaijani composer Uzeyir Hajibeyov in 1908 and based on Fuzuli's work of the same name. The poet's ghazals were also the subject of Fuzuli Cantata , a cantata composed by another Azerbaijani composer, Jahangir Jahangirov , in 1959. Fuzuli remains a popular poet in countries such as Azerbaijan , Turkey, Iran, and Iraq. An administrative region and its capital city in Azerbaijan are named after him. Additionally,
4620-754: The Ottoman troops intervened and took control of the city by defeating the Russian troops stationed there. By this time, the Ottoman army led by Enver Pasha threatened the whole Russian army in the Caucasus region. Russian troops recaptured the city from the Ottomans at a later stage of the war. By escalation of the revolution in Russia , the Russian armies in Iranian Azerbaijan were evacuated, and
4725-529: The Qajar dynasty, Tabriz was used as residence centre of Iranian Crown Prince (1794–1925). In 2002, during a construction project at the north side of the Blue Mosque (Part of Silk Road Project), an ancient graveyard was revealed. This was kept secret until a construction worker alerted the authorities. Radiocarbon analysis by Allameh Tabatabai University has shown the background of the graves to be more than 3,800 years old. A museum of these excavations including
4830-475: The Treaty of Zohab in 1639. The city was completely devastated by a strong earthquake in 1641 . In summer of 1721, a large earthquake shocked Tabriz, killing about eighty thousand of its residents. The devastation continued in 1724–1725, when the city was invaded by an Ottoman army . During this round of invasion, the Ottomans imprisoned many in Tabriz and killed about two hundred thousand residents. The city
4935-622: The Turkish literature scholar İskender Pala attributes to the sincerity and lyricism of the poet's expression. The work has been described by the Encyclopædia Iranica as "the culmination of the Turk[ic] mas̱navī tradition in that it raised the personal and human love-tragedy to the plane of mystical longing and ethereal aspiration". Through his interpretation, the story of Leylī and Macnūn became widely known and Fuzuli's poem
5040-707: The Turkologist Gunnar Jarring in 1936 in Lund under the title The Contest of the Fruits , and Leylī va Macnūn was translated by the writer-translator Sofi Huri in 1970 in London under the title Leyla and Mejnun . Fuzuli's poetry played an important role in the development of the Azerbaijani language, with the modern scholar Sakina Berengian referring to him as the " Ferdowsi and Hafez of Azeri literature", comparing him to two poets regarded as among
5145-547: The Twelver branch of Shia Islam as the official religion of the Safavid Empire . As a result of this royal order, the mostly Sunni population of Tabriz was force converted to Shiism. Currently, the majority of people are followers of Shia Islam. The city has a visible Armenian Apostolic minority who follow Christianity . There used to be a small Jewish community, but most of them have moved to Tehran . There
5250-618: The Arabic language. Described by Kathleen Burrill, a professor of Turkish studies, as the "foremost of all the Azeri [Azerbaijani] poets", Fuzuli is also regarded as one of the greatest Turkic poets. He had a major influence on Azerbaijani and Ottoman literature , and is sometimes considered an Ottoman poet because he composed most of his poetry after the Ottoman conquest of Iraq. His work also had an impact on literature written in Chagatai ,
5355-564: The Cupbearer ' ), a seven-part mas̱navī consisting of 327 couplets, with each part focusing on a specific musical instrument. The work is notable for its mystical elements. Another Persian mas̱navī by the poet is Ṣiḥḥat va Maraz̤ ( lit. ' Health and Sickness ' , also called Ḥusn va ‘Ishq , lit. ' Beauty and Love ' ). It was inspired by the 15th-century Persian poet Fattahi Nishapuri 's Ḥusn va Dil ( lit. ' Beauty and Heart ' ) and
SECTION 50
#17328025990995460-673: The Great , as a response to the massacre of 12,000 Christians in the Georgian-controlled city of Ani on Easter day by Muslims. In nearby Ardebil , conquered by the Georgians as well, as many as 12,000 Muslims were killed. The Georgians then pushed further, taking Khoy and Qazvin along the way. After the Mongol invasion, Tabriz came to eclipse Maragheh as the later Ilkhanid Mongol capital of Azerbaijan until it
5565-495: The Qajar dynasty's Caucasian territories to Imperial Russia , following two Russo-Persian Wars in the first half of the 19th century, Tabriz was at the forefront of Iranian rule over its Caucasian territories. Until 1925, the city was the traditional residence of the Qajar crown princes. According to some sources, including Encyclopædia Britannica , the name Tabriz derives from tap-riz , meaning "flowing hot", in reference to
5670-590: The Safavid era, noting the climate in Tabriz in his travel logs: "Cold weather exists for most of the year. Since the city is northerly, snow exists on the peaks of its mountains for nine months out of the year. The wind blows during mornings and nights, while rain showers form in all seasons except summer. The weather is relatively cloudy the entire year." Highest recorded temperature: 42.0 °C (107.6 °F) on 26 July 1966 Lowest recorded temperature: −25.0 °C (−13.0 °F) on 20 January 1964 Air pollution
5775-764: The Safavid nobles. During this time, he worked as a custodian of the Imam Ali Shrine in Najaf. Despite his employment, he did not have much money and relied on different patrons for support. His life between 1527 and 1534 is largely unknown. When Sultan Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire captured Baghdad in 1534, Fuzuli was already in his fifties. He presented the sultan with a long qaṣīdah and also wrote qaṣīdahs to Ottoman officials in his entourage in order to earn their favour. One of these officials, Celalzade Mustafa Çelebi [ tr ] ,
5880-681: The Turkic cultural landscape from the 16th to the 19th centuries, Fuzuli's work was famous not only in the Ottoman Empire, Iran, and Central Asia, but also in the Indian subcontinent , as indicated by Indian library catalogues. The poems were transcribed by scribes from various linguistic backgrounds using different writing systems over a vast area. Fuzuli's Leylī va Macnūn was particularly popular in India's Muslim-inhabited regions. As many Muslim Indians migrated to places like South Africa ,
5985-464: The absolute monarchy, had a great role in achievement to the goals of Iran's constitutional revolution. In 1909, Tabriz was occupied by the Russian forces. Four months after the constitutional revolution's success, in December 1911, the Russians reinvaded Tabriz . After crushing the local resistance by invading Russian troops, they started suppressing the constitutional revolutionaries and residents of
6090-486: The actual power passed into the hands of the local committee of the democrat party, with Ismail Nawbari at its head. Following Russia's retreat, the Ottomans captured the city once again for a few months until the decisive end of the war, and retreated thereafter. After World War I, a new era in the county's history began. Reza Pahlavi , brigadier-general of the Persian Cossack Brigade , declared himself
6195-501: The air quality in the city is far from world norms for clean air. An immediate environmental threat is the shrinkage and drying out of the Lake Urmia located in the outskirts of Western Tabriz. The lake has faced a grave crisis since the late 20th century. Water depth reduction, increasing water salinity to saturation level and the appearance of vast salt fields around the lake, are alarming indications of gradual total desiccation of
6300-520: The ancient Silk Road . The Byzantine Gregory Chioniades is said to have served as the city's Orthodox bishop during this time. In the 13th century, many western expediters who visited Tabriz on their way to the east were amazed by the richness of the city, its magnificent buildings and its institutions. Marco Polo travelled the Silk Road, passing Tabriz about 1275, described it as: "a great city surrounded by beautiful and pleasant gardens. It
6405-616: The area's many thermal springs . Other sources claim that in AD 246, to avenge his brother's death, king Tiridates II of Armenia repelled Ardashir I of the Sassanid Empire and changed the name of the city from Shahistan to Tauris, deriving from in Grabar ta-vrezh "this revenge". In AD 297, it became the capital of Tiridates III , king of Armenia. However, this story is of popular origin and based on accounts of Vardan Areveltsi ,
SECTION 60
#17328025990996510-415: The best. Some of the most esteemed cultural institutions in northwest Iran are located in Tabriz, which is also a center for intellectual activity. Tabriz contains many historical monuments, representing Iran's architectural transition throughout its long history. Most of Tabriz's preserved historical sites belong to Ilkhanid , Safavid and Qajar . Among these sites is the grand Bazaar of Tabriz , which
6615-936: The city reached its highest splendour. The later realm stretched from the Amu Darya in the East to the Egypt borders in the West and from the Caucasus in the North to the Indian Ocean in the South. It was again the capital of Iran during the Qara Qoyunlu dynasty from 1375 to 1468 and then during the Ag Qoyunlu within 1468–1500 and it was capital of Iran in the Safavid period from 1501 until their defeat in 1555 . During
6720-441: The city was captured for Russia in 1828 by General Prince Eristov, who marched into the city with 3,000 soldiers. After Abbas Mirza and Ivan Paskevich signed the peace treaty , which granted for the irrevocable cession of the last remaining Caucasian territories, the Russian army retreated from the city. Nevertheless, Russian political and military influence remained a major force in Tabriz and north-northwestern Iran even until
6825-429: The city were stopped in order to fund the war costs. In addition to the indirect effects of the war, city's industrial zone, especially the oil refinery was also a major target for airstrikes by Iraqi's air forces because of the closeness to the Iraqi borderlines, and their strategic roles in the country's economy. With the escalation of the war, the attacks turned to War of the Cities and the air attacks later turned into
6930-590: The city's residents. The Municipal central office is located in the Tabriz Municipality Palace . Tabriz is divided into 10 municipal districts. Each municipal district retains a number of the older neighborhoods that are of cultural and historical interest. This is table of modern Tabriz districts. Sahand , o mountain of pure snow, Descended from Heaven with Zoroaster Fire in your heart, snow on your shoulders, with storm of centuries, And white hair of history on your chest ... Yadollah Maftun Amini (born in 1926) The city of Tabriz, historically located at
7035-433: The city. Following the invasion, Russian troops executed about 1,200 of Tabriz residents. As a result of the campaign, Tabriz was occupied by the Russian forces between 1911 and 1917. From the very start of World War I , Iran declared neutrality. When the war erupted on a full scale, Tabriz and much of northwestern-northern Iran had already been de facto occupied by Russia for several years. In later years of World War I,
7140-452: The city. One of the major establishments in the period of Pishevari's government was opening of the University of Tabriz which played a major role in the later political movements and protests in the region. For the next 30 years, after the collapse of Azerbaijan's autonomous government, Tabriz enjoyed a stable era until the revolution in 1979. During this period the city received significant investment in its industries and transformed into
7245-540: The dead. And barren desert stretching nigh, a plea Might send to it and humbly, wordlessly Ask to be given life, for was it not Life's very source and had it not begot By Heaven been and granted strength and might And rich and gorgeous beauty to delight — "Leyli and Majnun", trans. Irina Zheleznova Fuzuli is best known for his works in Azerbaijani, especially his ghazals (a form of love poem) and his mas̱navī Leylī va Macnūn ( lit. ' Leylī and Macnūn ' ). Written in 1535 or 1536,
7350-470: The end of the 18th century, the city was divided into several districts, each ruled by a family, until 1799, when the Qajar Prince Abbas Mirza was appointed as the governor of the city. During the Qajar Empire the city was the residence for the crown prince. The crown prince normally served as governor of Azerbaijan province as well. Some of the most important events in this period were the wars between Qajar Iran and neighbouring Imperial Russia . Prior to
7455-426: The existing historical monuments including the Blue Mosque belong to the Qara Qoyunlu period. In 1501, Ismail I entered Tabriz and proclaimed it the capital of his Safavid state. In 1514, after the Battle of Chaldiran , Tabriz was sacked by Selim I . On 16 July 1534, prior to Ottoman conquest of Baghdad , Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha occupied Tabriz. In 1555, Tahmasp I transferred its capital to Qazvin to avoid
7560-476: The fall of the Russian empire in the early 20th century. After the retreat of the Russian army, Abbas Mirza , the Qajar Crown Prince, launched a modernization scheme from Tabriz, during which he introduced Western-style institutions, imported industrial machinery, installed the first regular postal service, and undertook military reforms in the city. He also began a rebuilding campaign and established
7665-401: The forced cession of Iran's Caucasian territories—comprising what is now Georgia , southern Dagestan , Azerbaijan , and Armenia —to Imperial Russia following the two Russo-Persian Wars of the first half of the 19th century, Tabriz, being strategically located, was instrumental to the implementation of Iranian rule in its Caucasian territories. During the last Russo-Persian War ( 1826–1828 ),
7770-515: The gradual increase and the dominance of Azerbaijani language in the area, other Iranian languages similar to Persian were spoken in Azerbaijan and Tabriz. The 13th-century manuscript Safina-yi Tabriz has poems in what its Tabriz-born author has called the Tabrizi language ( Zabān-e-Tabrizi ) which is similar to Persian . After being crowned at Tabriz in 1501, Shah Ismail I announced
7875-933: The greatest in Persian literature , and stating that Azerbaijani poetry and language reached new heights in his writings. Karahan regarded Fuzuli as a "brilliant linguist" because of his ability to compose poetry in non-native languages without any errors in language or technique. While he drew inspiration from earlier Persian works for most of his Azerbaijani pieces, he was able to add a "particular stamp of his personality" on his interpretations of subjects, which made them popular. The harmonious and expressive nature of Fuzuli's poems, informed by his musical knowledge, makes them suitable for setting to music. His ghazals continue to be enjoyed in Turkey , including by members of high society and performers in rural areas, where classical Turkish music merges with folk music. The first opera in
7980-556: The growing threat of the Ottoman army to his capital. Between 1585 and 1603, Tabriz was under occupation by Ottomans . After it was retaken by the Safavids under Abbas the Great , the city grew as a major commerce centre, conducting trade with the Ottoman Empire , Russia, and the Caucasus . Tabriz was occupied and sacked by Ottoman Murad IV in 1635, during the Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39) , before being returned to Iran in
8085-510: The heat of the Iranian Revolution , revolutionary movements of some of Tabriz residents played a major role in the revolution. After the revolution, the residents of the city were unsatisfied with the outcome, mainly because of the ignorance of the revolutionary government about the rights of the Azerbaijani minority. Another major source of dissatisfaction was the support of most of Iranian Azerbaijanis including Tabriz residents from
8190-445: The king of the country following a coup d'état . He started with promises of modernization programs in Iran which was concentrated on the unification of the country, under the idea of one country, one nation . This included centralization of the power and imposing restrictions on the local culture, heritage, and language in Iranian Azerbaijan, and the city of Tabriz. The modernization and nationalization plan of Reza Shah continued until
8295-485: The latter is a lyric poem that interprets the Middle Eastern story of the tragic romance between Leylī and Macnūn . Fuzuli reveals in the work that he was prompted to write it upon the request of some Ottoman poets who had accompanied Sultan Suleiman during his invasion of Baghdad. Accepting the request as a challenge, he completed the work within a year. Before beginning the work, he studied Persian versions of
8400-422: The legendary Garden of Eden was near Tabriz. Archaeologist Eric H. Cline commented on Rohl's views, writing that "his suggestions have not caught on with the scholarly establishment. His argument is not helped by the fact that it depends upon speculations regarding the transmission of place-names for both the various rivers and nearby related areas from antiquity to the present. In the end, while Rohl's suggestion
8505-548: The letter, he declared that he had abandoned all hope, explaining that he had been greatly affected by the political and theological instability of his age. His stipend was restored following the letter. At the time, he was working as a candle-lighter at the Bektashi convent in the Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala. He wrote in his poems that he had never found a patron who satisfied his needs and his desire to join
8610-624: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuzuli&oldid=1184864925 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with given-name-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Fuzuli (poet) Muhammad bin Suleyman ( Azerbaijani : Məhəmməd Süleyman oğlu , مَحمد سلیمان اوغلی ; 1483–1556), better known by his pen name Fuzuli ( Füzuli , فضولی ),
8715-445: The people's viewpoint towards a tyrannical ruler, presenting his opinions "in what were for the age very advanced terms" on the appropriate relationships between the populace, the Sultan, and the state. Demirel states that the language used in the work is stronger than a typical naṣīḥatnāmah and even possesses characteristics of a revolutionary manifesto. She concludes from Fuzuli's works that "he must have been no less high-minded as
8820-458: The poet's proficiency in Persian was equal to that of any classical Iranian poet. The collection opens with a prose preface, where the poet praises the merits of poetry, his enduring fascination with it, and its ability to turn pain into pleasure. In the dīvān , he shows influences from Persian poets like Hafez and Jami. He also wrote Haft Jām ( lit. ' Seven Goblets ' , also called Sāqīnāmah , lit. ' Book of
8925-524: The preface of his dīvān , he emphasises the importance of science to poetry, writing that without it, poetry is fleeting and compares it to a wall without a base. Karahan regards several of the qaṣīdahs in the dīvān as masterpieces, including the radif (couplet poems with same end-word) eulogies to Muhammad titled Ṣabā ( lit. ' Wind ' ), Sū ( lit. ' Water ' ), Gül ( lit. ' Flower ' ), and Xancar ( lit. ' Dagger ' ), as well as
9030-595: The present Tabriz are claimed to be built either at the time of the early Sassanids in the 3rd or 4th century AD, or later in the 7th century. The city used to be called T'awrēš in Middle Persian . After the Muslim conquest of Iran , the Arabian Azd tribe from Yemen resided in Tabriz. The development of post-Islamic Tabriz began as of this time. The Islamic geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi says that Tabriz
9135-549: The random strikes on the residential areas of the city in the later phase of the war. In recent years , Tabriz is much more stable and the new developments in the city are rapidly changing the face of the city. Tabriz was chosen as the capital by several rulers commencing from the time of Atropates . It was the capital of the Ilkhanate (Mongol) dynasty since 1265. During the Ghazan Khan era, who came into power in 1295,
9240-591: The region between 1470 and the conquest of the region by Shah Ismail I of the Iranian Safavid dynasty in 1508. By the time of the Safavid takeover, Fuzuli was already a popular young poet and had dedicated his first known poem, a Persian qaṣīdah (eulogy), to Shah Alvand Mirza of the Aq Qoyunlu. After 1514, the poet received patronage from Ibrahim Khan Mawsillu, the Safavid administrator of Baghdad, whom he met during Mawsillu's visit to Najaf and Karbala. He dedicated his first known Azerbaijani poem,
9345-411: The second Umayyad Caliph Yazid I . In the introduction, the poet explains that while there were existing works about the battle in Arabic and Persian, there were none in a Turkic language, leaving the Turkic people deprived of this knowledge. Adapted from the 15th-century Persian poet Husayn Kashifi 's Rawz̤at al-Shuhadā [ fa ] ( lit. ' The Garden of Martyrs ' ), it
9450-570: The sincerity of his style, and in his intense expression of feelings of passionate love, of pity for the unfortunate, and of patience in the face of adversity". His frequent use of love themes in his poetry has earned him the nickname poet of love by scholars. Abdülkadir Karahan, a scholar of medieval Turkic literature, notes that what distinguished Fuzuli was his "sincerity, enthusiasm, simplicity, sensitivity, and power of expression". Alireza Asgharzadeh, an academic studying Iranian and Azerbaijani culture, describes Fuzuli's poetry as having "manifested
9555-467: The spirit of a profound humanism, reflecting the discontent of both the masses and the poet himself towards totalitarianism , feudal lords , and establishment religion ". His poems have also been described by the literary researcher Muhsin Macit as having a "multi-layered structure" because of his "skillful use of metaphors and mystic symbols". Macit has also stated that Fuzuli's poems in Azerbaijani "have
9660-432: The story, particularly drawing inspiration from the 12th-century poet Nizami's rendition. Despite this, Fuzuli made significant changes to the narrative. For instance, while Nizami's work concludes with Majnun's death, Fuzuli's version sees the two lovers reunited in heaven and their graves transformed into türbahs . His interpretation of the story generated more interest than previous Arabic and Persian versions, which
9765-708: The surge of World War II. At the final year of the World War II despite the declaration of the neutrality by the Iranian government, the country was occupied by the allied forces. The allied forces then urged Reza Pahlavi to abdicate and installed his son Mohammad Reza as the new king of the country. The postwar situation was further complicated by Soviet aid to set up a local government called Azerbaijan People's Government in Northwest Iran , having Tabriz as its capital. The new Soviet-backed local government
9870-436: The time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 1,378,931 in 378,329 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,495,452 people in 455,494 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 1,558,693 people in 497,898 households. The majority of the city's population are Azerbaijani people , followed by Persians , Kurds , Armenians , Assyrians , and other People of Caucasus . Tabriz
9975-561: The westernmost end of Iran’s trade route and situated along the Silk Road , has long been a hub of commerce as well as culture and art. This strategic position facilitated both economic prosperity and the flourishing of cultural exchanges. In the modern era , the establishment of Memorial School in the late 19th century, followed by the founding of the University of Tabriz, along with the presence of intellectual movements, further boosted
10080-402: The work's popularity spread there as well. This has elevated Fuzuli's prominence among South African Muslims , who view Leylī and Macnūn as the "Islamic equivalents of what Romeo and Juliet have stood for culturally, and literarily, in the West", as described by the literary scholar Salvador Faura. Some of Fuzuli's works have been translated into English. Ṣöḥbat al-As̱mār was translated by
10185-757: The work. The only known manuscript copy is housed in the library of the Asiatic Museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia . His Arabic qaṣīdahs are believed to be fragments from a larger dīvān . All of them discuss Muhammad and his cousin and son-in-law Ali , who is also the first Shia Imam . Mazıoğlu states that Fuzuli's qaṣīdahs to Ali are indicative of his Shia devotion. The content and metaphors used in his Arabic qaṣīdahs are similar to those in his Azerbaijani and Persian ones. Mazıoğlu adds that these qaṣīdahs are "perfect in terms of expression and form", demonstrating his proficiency in
10290-443: Was Suleyman , was born in 1483. He wrote under the name Fuzuli , which can be translated either as "presumptuous, superfluous" or "exalted, superior, virtuous". In his Persian dīvān (a collection of poems), he wrote that he picked this name to stand out, knowing that no one else would choose such a pen name. Little is known about Fuzuli's youth. He was probably a Shia Muslim of Azerbaijani Turkic origin, descending from
10395-529: Was a 16th-century poet who composed works in his native Azerbaijani , as well as Persian and Arabic . He is regarded as one of the greatest poets of Turkic literature and a prominent figure in both Azerbaijani and Ottoman literature . Fuzuli's work was widely known and admired throughout the Turkic cultural landscape from the 16th to the 19th centuries, with his fame reaching as far as Central Asia and India . Born in 1483 in modern-day Iraq, Fuzuli studied literature, mathematics, astronomy, and languages as
10500-519: Was a village before Rawwad from the tribe of Azd arrive at Tabriz. In 791 AD, Zubaidah , the wife of Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid , rebuilt Tabriz after a devastating earthquake and beautified the city so much as to obtain the credit for having been its founder. In the Ramadan of 1208, Tabriz, as well as its adjacent cities and territories were conquered by the Kingdom of Georgia under Tamar
10605-574: Was appointed nişancı (head of the Ottoman Empire's imperial chancery ) while in Baghdad and arranged for the poet to receive a daily grant of nine akçes from the excess of donations made to Shia shrines. When Fuzuli was unable to obtain the money from the officers of the Ministry of Evkaf , who were responsible for distributing it, he expressed his disappointment in a poetic letter called Şikāyatnāmah ( lit. ' 'Complaint' ' ), written in Azerbaijani and addressed to Çelebi. In
10710-518: Was built by Abdü'l-mü'min Dede, the Bektashi sheikh (a spiritual guide) of Fuzuli, and the poet was buried next to him. Fuzuli composed poetry and prose in Azerbaijani, Persian and Arabic. Fifteen of his works are extant. The Encyclopædia Iranica distinguishes his work by "the way in which he integrates the mystic and the erotic, in the combination of the conventionality of his topics with
10815-486: Was run by Ja'far Pishevari and held power for one year starting from 1946. Pishevari's government gave more freedom to speech and education in Azerbaijani language and promoted local cultural heritage and gained some popularity among the residents. However, after the withdrawal of Soviet forces, Pishevari's limited armed forces were crushed by the Imperial Iranian army and the Iranian government retook control of
10920-689: Was sacked by Timur in 1392. Chosen as a capital by Abaqa Khan , fourth ruler of the Ilkhanate, for its favored location in the northwestern grasslands, in 1295, his successor Ghazan Khan made it the chief administrative centre of an empire stretching from Anatolia to the Oxus River and from the Caucasus to the Indian Ocean . Under his rule, new walls were built around the city, and numerous public buildings, educational facilities, and caravansarais were erected to serve traders travelling on
11025-440: Was subsequently retaken by the Iranian army, after which a widespread famine, combined with the spread of fatal diseases, killed more of those who still remained. In addition, another earthquake is disputed to have occurred in 1727 further adding to the region's instability at the time. In 1780, a major earthquake hit near Tabriz and killed as many as two hundred thousand people, leaving only about thirty thousand survivors. At
#98901