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43-459: Plans for the building were first made in 1931, by architect Paul Ludwig Troost , Hitler's then-favorite architect. It was constructed from 1933 to 1937, part of a major remodeling of the Königsplatz plaza which included two Nazi temples in neo-Classical style that "enshrined" the remains of the 15 Nazis killed in the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch . Since Troost died in 1934, Leonhard Gall continued

86-577: A hospital ship , then a Soviet passenger ship. On 31 August 1986, Admiral Nakhimov collided with the large bulk carrier Pyotr Vasev in the Tsemes Bay , near the port of Novorossiysk , Russian SFSR , and quickly sank. In total, 423 of the 1,234 people on board died. Berlin was built by Bremer Vulkan at Vegesack, Germany (Yard 614) and was completed in March 1925. She was launched on 25 March 1925, and commissioned on 17 September 1925. The ship

129-612: A commission of inquiry to investigate the disaster. It determined that both Captain Markov of Admiral Nakhimov and Captain Tkachenko of Pyotr Vasev had violated navigational safety rules. Despite repeated orders to let Admiral Nakhimov pass, Tkachenko refused to slow his ship and only reported the accident 40 minutes after it occurred. Captain Markov was absent from the bridge. The inquiry took place in 1987 in Odessa . In March 1987 ,

172-596: A crew of 165. Initially serving in Norwegian waters, she was identified as "Field Post Number 07520". By January 1945, Berlin was assigned to Operation Hannibal , the transport of refugees and soldiers from the Eastern Baltic. On 31 January 1945, while forming up in convoy to head east, Berlin struck a mine off Swinemünde , and was put in tow for Kiel . She then hit another mine and was beached (23:53 hr, at position 54°03 N/14°19 E, in shallow waters). There

215-405: A speed of about 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph). Admiral Nakhimov continued forward with the freighter's bow in its side, ripping a 900-square-foot (84 m ) hole in the hull between the engine and boiler rooms. Admiral Nakhimov immediately took on a list on her starboard side, and her lights went out upon impact. After a few seconds, the emergency diesel generator powered on, but

258-442: A style that combined Spartan traditionalism with elements of modernity. He was in charge of design for all of the company's largest ships, such as SS Europa , SS Berlin , SS München , and SS Homeric , until 1929. An extremely tall, spare-looking, reserved Westphalian with a close-shaven head, Troost belonged to a school of architects like Peter Behrens and Walter Gropius who, even before 1914, reacted sharply against

301-590: A university lecturer. In the 1920s, he opened his own architectural office and became a member of the modernist Deutscher Werkbund association. Troost designed several rooms of Cecilienhof Palace in Potsdam . After a trip to the United States in 1922, he designed steamship décor for the Norddeutscher Lloyd shipping company before World War I , and the fittings for transatlantic liners in

344-579: Is today commemorated by the memorial written in German , Czech and Slovak . Today, the building houses the University of Music and Performing Arts Munich. Its congress hall now serves as a concert venue. From 2005 to 2011, an unknown number of Stolpersteine (between 20 and 25) were installed in the building until city officials removed them for reasons of "fire protection". After the German surrender,

387-915: The Black Sea Steamship Company in 1957. In 1962, during the Cuban Missile Crisis , the ship was used to transport soldiers to Cuba . During the peak summer travel season, Admiral Nakhimov operated cruises on the Black Sea between Odessa and Batumi , a six-day round trip. She carried an average of 1,000 people per voyage. She was the flagship of the Black Sea passenger fleet for several years until more modern liners entered service. At 10:00 p.m. Moscow Time on 31 August 1986, Admiral Nakhimov sailed from Novorossiysk en route to Sochi , its next stop. There were 888 passengers and 346 crew members aboard. Most of

430-501: The PS General Slocum or TSMS Lakonia cases.) From the forecastle on the port side, it was possible to lower one lifeboat, but by that time there was no longer the power needed for the winches to lower it into the water. Only later, when the ship was sinking, the lifeboat was able to sail. As a result, life rafts had to be thrown from the ship into the water, out of 48 they managed to drop 32. Hundreds of people dived into

473-731: The Reich Chancellery in Berlin . Along with other architects like Ludwig Ruff , Troost planned and built State and municipal edifices throughout the country, including new administrative offices, social buildings for workers and bridges across the main highways. One of the many structures he planned before his death was the Haus der Deutschen Kunst ("House of German Art") in Munich, modeled on Schinkel's Altes Museum in Berlin. The museum

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516-415: The lifeboats . This was exacerbated by the fact that a rapidly formed strong list prevented this, quickly exceeding the design allowable 20 degrees; in addition, according to some of the witness, the lifeboats and davits were painted on the spot (and old davits were destroyed by corrosion), which made launching at least some of them impossible (Similar cases were noted earlier in some other shipwrecks, such as

559-603: The Nazi era, the building served as a symbolic building for Adolf Hitler. The building is also notable as the site of the signing of the historic 1938 Munich Agreement , in which Germany received the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia . Hitler himself signed the document in his office in the building. Other signatories included Germany , Italy , France , and the United Kingdom but notably not Czechoslovakia itself. This

602-571: The US occupation forces used the Führerbau and the Nazi administrative building next door as the "Zentrale Sammelstelle" ( Central Collecting Point ), which stored looted art stolen by the Nazis all over Europe. 48°08′46″N 11°34′04″E  /  48.14611°N 11.56778°E  / 48.14611; 11.56778 Paul Ludwig Troost Paul Ludwig Troost (17 August 1878 – 21 January 1934)

645-638: The age of 55. Hitler posthumously awarded him the German National Prize for Art and Science in 1937. He was buried in the Munich Nordfriedhof (Northern Cemetery). The gravestone still survives. SS Berlin (1925) SS Admiral Nakhimov (Russian: Адмирал Нахимов ), launched in March 1925 and originally named SS Berlin , was a passenger liner of the German Weimar Republic later converted to

688-408: The ascent on New Year's Eve 1947, its bow appeared above the surface of the water, a strong explosion occurred. The ship sank for the second time, pressing down the diver Timofey Starchenko, who went down under its bottom to plug a leak in one of the aft compartments. The diver was pressed into the mud, but he was saved by a hard copper helmet. Thanks to the quickly performed unique rescue operation,

731-612: The captains of both vessels: Vadim Georgievich Markov, captain of the Admiral Nakhimov , and Viktor Ivanovich Tkachenko, captain of the Pyotr Vasev , were found equally guilty of shipwreck, loss of life and sentenced to 15 years in prison each. Both captains were released early in the fall of 1992. After his release, V.G. Markov worked as a captain-mentor in the Black Sea Shipping Company and lived in

774-502: The diver managed to pull out alive through a tunnel specially made under the bottom of the steamer. On the second attempt, the ship was lifted and sent for major repairs. The ship was renamed Admiral Nakhimov in honor of Admiral Pavel Nakhimov , a 19th-century Russian naval commander who played a prominent role in the Crimean War . After her conversion, her size was increased to 17,053  GRT . She entered passenger service for

817-557: The divers of the Black Sea Shipping Company, a large specialized rescue vessel SS-21 arrived at the scene of the Admiral Nakhimov tragedy after 10 hours, which, after a months-long campaign, had just returned to Sevastopol from the Mediterranean Sea. The reconnaissance divers of the 17th Special Forces Brigade of the Black Sea Fleet were also urgently involved in the rescue work. Military divers immediately joined

860-591: The diving gazebo again to the bottom. At great risk, working almost without decompression, other divers managed to find Polishchuk, quickly lift him onto the ship and place him in a pressure chamber. Doctors fought for a long time, but they could not save him. On September 10, 1986 , Polishchuk, commander of a platoon of reconnaissance divers of the Black Sea Fleet Special Forces brigade, died without regaining consciousness. After this incident, it became more common (especially when working on

903-616: The hands of their rescuers. Sailors had to jump into the water to save people. Admiral Nakhimov lacked proper ventilation, which was the reason all 90 windows in the cabins were open during the accident. The several bulkheads that would have prevented the ship from sinking were removed during the conversion. The Admiral Nakhimov after that was able to float with only one compartment flooded, while most other ships could float with at least two filled with water. The wreck of Admiral Nakhimov lies on its starboard side in 150 feet (46 m) of water in Tsemes Bay off Novorossiysk. Pyotr Vasev

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946-403: The highly ornamental Jugendstil movement and advocated a restrained, lean architectural approach, almost devoid of ornament. Troost and Hitler first met in 1929, through the Nazi publisher Hugo Bruckmann and his wife Elsa . Although before 1933 he did not belong to the leading group of German architects, Troost became Hitler's foremost architect whose neo-classical style became for a time

989-411: The lights went out again two minutes later, plunging the sinking ship into darkness. People below decks found themselves lost in the dark and rapidly canting hallways. Without power, the system of remote closing the watertight bulkheads' doors did not work (although, due to the flooding of two compartments, a ship with the current design would still not be able to stay afloat). There was no time to launch

1032-420: The lower decks) to use diving equipment with the traditional supply of a breathing mixture through a hose from the ship providing descent. On September 19, 1986 , midshipman Sergei Alexandrovich Shardakov was given the task to get into the 41st cabin, in which, according to eyewitnesses, children remained locked. Trying to open the door with a crowbar, he got tangled in his own cables and hoses, could not ventilate

1075-500: The more elaborate imperial grandeur that he had admired in the 19th century Vienna Ring Road ( Ringstraße ) boulevard of his youth. Troost also redesigned Königsplatz in Munich to include new Nazi Party buildings and a "Temple of Honour". Hitler's relationship to Troost was that of a pupil to an admired teacher. According to Albert Speer , who later became Hitler's favorite architect, the Führer would impatiently greet Troost with

1118-641: The official architecture of the Third Reich . His work filled Hitler with enthusiasm, and he planned and built state and municipal edifices throughout Germany. Hitler commissioned Troost to convert the Barlow Palais in Munich into the headquarters of the Nazi Party , the " Brown House ", decorating it in a heavy, anti-modernist style under Hitler's supervision. In the autumn of 1933, he was commissioned to rebuild and refurnish Hitler's dwellings in

1161-445: The oily water, clinging to lifejackets , barrels and pieces of debris. Admiral Nakhimov sank in only seven minutes. Rescue ships began arriving just 10 minutes after the ship went down. Pyotr Vasev was not badly damaged, and assisted in the rescue effort. Sixty-four rescue ships and 20 helicopters rushed to the scene, and 836 people were pulled from the water. Some people were so slick with fuel oil that they could not keep hold of

1204-603: The passengers and crew of the liner Vestris , which sank off the coast of Virginia en route from New York City to Barbados . An estimated 113 people died in the sinking. Berlin was chartered by the Nazis in 1939 as a Strength Through Joy ( Kraft durch Freude , KdF) workers' vacation ship and was later used as a hospital ship during World War II . Berlin was one of eight German ships commissioned as hospital ships ( Lazarettschiffe ) during World War II. Most, if not all, of these ships also served in other capacities during

1247-478: The passengers were Ukrainian , with the remainder from Russia , Moldova , and other parts of the then Soviet Union . The captain of the ship was Vadim Markov. Just minutes into the voyage, the ship's pilot noticed that the large bulk carrier Pyotr Vasev was on a collision course with Admiral Nakhimov . Pyotr Vasev was a Japanese-built, 18,604-ton freighter recently acquired by the Soviet Union, and

1290-401: The port at Novorossiysk and 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) from shore, at 44°36′15″N 37°52′35″E  /  44.60417°N 37.87639°E  / 44.60417; 37.87639 While many passengers had gone to bed by this time, some were on deck listening and dancing to music. They could only watch helplessly as the freighter rammed into the starboard side of the ship at

1333-762: The process. The Führerbau was constructed north of the Brienner Strasse. A nearly identical building south of the Brienner Strasse and opposite the Führerbau was also built. The south building served as the Administrative Building of the NSDAP ( German : Verwaltungsbau der NSDAP ) at No. 10 Katharina-von-Bora-Strasse. Today it houses the Museum für Abgüsse Klassischer Bildwerke (Museum of Casts of Classical Statues) and Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte (Central Institute for Art History).. During

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1376-440: The ship's course 10 degrees portside. At 11:10 p.m., Chudnovsky cried on VHF to the freighter, "Immediately reverse full astern!" When it was clear that the freighter was headed directly for the ship, Pyotr Vasyov ' s engines were thrown in reverse. Admiral Nakhimov turned hard to port, but it was too late. At 11:12 p.m., Admiral Nakhimov was struck by Pyotr Vasev 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) from

1419-536: The suit in time and lost consciousness. His partner managed to pull the unconscious midshipman out of the corridor, but he died before the arrival of help from the surface. After the death of the second diver, as well as due to the completion of the survey of most of the premises, the production of underwater work on the sunken liner was stopped by the decision of the Government Commission, before all cabins had been entered. The Soviet government formed

1462-419: The sunken liner, having spent a lot of time and effort installing explosives, and then also on the way back through the maze of corridors, divers Lieutenant Commander Igor Ivlev and Midshipman Yuri Vladimirovich Polishchuk used up almost the entire supply of breathing mixture. Helping a friend, Polishchuk himself lost consciousness from lack of air, as a result of which, when climbing to the surface, he fell out of

1505-481: The war after being decommissioned as hospital ships, mainly as accommodation or transport ships for military personnel. All German hospital ships were given alphabetic identifiers, Berlin ' s being 'A'. On 16 July 1939, Berlin began her conversion to hospital ship and entered service with the Kriegsmarine as Lazarettschiff A, Sanitätsamt Ost on 23 August 1939. The ship had berthing for 400 patients, with

1548-606: The words: "I can't wait, Herr Professor. Is there anything new? Let's see it!" Troost would then lay out his latest plans and sketches. Hitler frequently declared, according to Speer, that "he first learned what architecture was from Troost"'. The architect's death on 21 January 1934, after a severe illness, was a painful blow, but Hitler remained close to his widow Gerdy Troost , whose architectural taste frequently coincided with his own, which made her (in Speer's words) "a kind of arbiter of art in Munich". Troost died on 21 January 1934 at

1591-537: The work on the inspection of the sunken liner. It was extremely difficult to search underwater on an overturned vessel. For greater safety, the divers inside the ship worked in pairs, and on the upper decks used balloon breathing apparatus with an autonomous supply of oxygen-nitrogen mixture. The oak doors of the Nakhimov ' s interiors were heavily swollen from water, as a result of which they often had to be undermined with explosive charges. Working at night on board

1634-621: Was 572 feet (174 m) long, had four decks and a volume of 15,286  GRT . She originally operated the Bremen – Southampton – Cherbourg – New York City run for the North German Lloyd Line . The ship's main route was between Bremerhaven, Southampton and New York, which she began on 26 September 1925 and operated until May 1939 when she was laid up in Bremerhaven for refitting. On 12 November 1928, Berlin rescued

1677-854: Was a German architect . A favourite master builder of Adolf Hitler from 1930, his Neoclassical designs for the Führerbau , the Verwaltungsbau der NSDAP and the Haus der Kunst in Munich influenced the style of Nazi architecture . Born in Elberfeld in the Rhineland , Troost attended the Technical College of Darmstadt and, upon finishing his course, worked with Martin Dülfer in Munich beginning in 1920. He then qualified as

1720-703: Was carrying a cargo of oats and barley from Canada. The pilot radioed a warning to Pyotr Vasev , and the freighter responded, "Don't worry. We will pass clear of each other. We will take care of everything." Despite the message, Captain Viktor Tkachenko of Pyotr Vasev did nothing to slow his ship or change course. Convinced that the freighter would pass without incident, Captain Markov of Admiral Nakhimov retired to his cabin, leaving his second mate Alexander Chudnovsky in charge. From 11:00 p.m., Chudnovsky radioed Pyotr Vasev several times, asking about her course and her further actions. Chudnovsky changed

1763-490: Was constructed from 1933 to 1937 following Troost's plans, and was Nazi Germany 's first monumental structure of Nazi architecture . Hitler intended it to be a great temple for a "true, eternal art of the German people". It was a good example of the imitation of classical forms in monumental public buildings during the Third Reich, though subsequently Hitler moved away from the more restrained style of Troost, reverting to

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1806-663: Was one fatality. All usable equipment was salvaged by 5 February 1945, and the ship was abandoned. According to the reparations, Berlin went to the Soviet Union . In 1946, work began on its lifting by the Emergency Rescue Service of the Baltic Fleet . In a short time, all compartments were sealed under water and pumping of water was started. However, the liner was mined by the Germans, and when during

1849-461: Was renamed and operated under other flags until 2012. Passengers and crew had little time to escape, and 423 of the 1,234 on board perished. Sixty-four of those killed were crew members and 359 were passengers. The event was not reported in the news for forty eight hours. The survivors were only allowed to send telegrams saying "Alive and well in Novorossiysk." Search for drowned To help

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