34-624: The 2009 G20 London Summit was the second meeting of the G20 heads of government/heads of state, held in London at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre to discuss financial markets and the world economy . Heads of government or heads of state from the G20 attended, with some regional and international organisations also represented. Due to the extended membership, it has been referred to as
68-422: A crucial role in preparing the agenda and negotiating outcomes for G20 meetings. Sherpa meetings allow for in-depth discussions on technical and policy matters before they are presented at higher-level meetings. B20 summits are summits of business leaders from the G20 countries. C20 summits are summits of civil society delegates from the G20 countries. L20 summits are summits of labor and employment leaders from
102-475: A financial stability forum working with the IMF to ensure wider global co-operation and to provide an early-warning system for future financial crises. Despite calls for a Green New Deal from Greenpeace and others and general political hype regarding environmental concerns, none of the $ 1.1 trillion stimulus package was allocated for environmental investment, and no other environmental agreements were made. One of
136-453: A joint press conference in London, Brown and Obama said that suggestions of a rift were exaggerated. Sarkozy attended a separate press conference with Merkel in which both repeated calls for the summit to agree on more stringent regulation of financial markets and restated their firm opposition to further financial stimulus packages. On the evening of 1 April the leaders attended a reception at Buckingham Palace hosted by Elizabeth II . During
170-494: A major role in guiding national economic and monetary policy, and is therefore one of the most important public officials in the United Kingdom . According to the original charter of 27 July 1694 the bank's affairs would be supervised by a governor, a deputy governor, and 24 directors. In its current incarnation, the bank's Court of Directors has 12 (or up to 14) members, of whom five are various designated executives of
204-585: A photograph she lightly rebuked the Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi for shouting too loudly in an effort to attract the attention of United States President Barack Obama . The story was featured heavily in the Italian media, and was used by opponents to lambast Berlusconi. After the palace reception, the leaders dined at 10 Downing Street where the food was cooked by Jamie Oliver . The summit proper began on
238-689: A second post mortem and an independent criminal inquiry, with the second post mortem finding that although "there is evidence of coronary atherosclerosis " it was "unlikely to have contributed to the cause of death" and that "the cause of death was abdominal haemorrhage ". The London summit was a preliminary step in the process through which the G20 evolved to become "the premier forum for discussing, planning and monitoring international economic co-operation". The G20 leaders reached an agreement which, in principle, provides US$ 1.1 trillion to various programs designed to improve international finance, credit, trade, and overall economic stability and recovery. There
272-642: The City of London Police denied that any incident with the police had occurred . However video, photographic and eyewitness evidence was published in the media, and the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) confirmed that Tomlinson had been pushed back by police officers minutes before he collapsed and died of a heart attack. Further allegations that Tomlinson had been hit with a baton were supported when additional video footage became public. The IPCC then later ordered
306-595: The Czech Prime Minister Mirek Topolanek strongly criticised the economic expansion policies of US President Barack Obama . G20 leaders began gathering in London on 1 April 2009. Before leaving for the London Summit, French President Nicolas Sarkozy suggested that if a meaningful deal was not agreed France would walk out of the summit echoing the "empty chair" gesture of then-French President Charles de Gaulle in 1965. At
340-881: The Governor of the Bank of England . While speaking at the European Parliament in Strasbourg , France, he was challenged by a Member of the European Parliament over his spending plans. He also visited the US, Brazil , Argentina and Chile . He strongly attacked protectionism saying "One of the messages that must come from next week's summit is that we will reject protectionist countries, we will monitor those countries and name and shame if necessary countries that are not following free trade practices". In
374-513: The International Organization of Securities Commissions ; off-balance-sheet vehicles; credit-derivatives market; and non-cooperative territories . In the weeks before the London Summit, UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown visited several countries on three continents to try to secure backing for his goals at the London Summit. During the trip Brown was forced to re-clarify his position on fiscal stimulus after criticism from
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#1732793574996408-524: The London Summit . The policing tactics at the event raised some controversy , particularly over the death of Ian Tomlinson . In June 2013, it came to light that the British government's spy agency, Government Communications Headquarters, had listened in on computer and phone communications made by foreign summit attendees. Their actions were sanctioned by the British government, and intelligence
442-483: The G20 countries. Parliament20 (P20) Engagement Group, started during Canada’s Presidency in 2010, is led by Speakers from Parliaments of G20 countries. Science 20 (S20) meetings and summits draw together academics and civil society delegates from the G20 countries. Supreme Audit Institutions 20 (SAI20) is an Engagement Group introduced by the Indonesian Presidency in 2022. It is a forum to discuss
476-408: The G20 countries. Urban 20 (U20) summits are summits of cities from the G20 countries. First W20 women's summit organized by German Chancellor Angela Merkel . Y20 summits are summits of young leaders and changemakers from 18 to 30 years old from the G20 countries. O20 summits are summits to discuss the ocean agenda with the civil society of the G20 countries. J20 summits are summits to gather
510-459: The G20 holds ministerial-level meetings on specific topics such as finance, trade, agriculture, affordable and accessible healthcare, pharma, tech series, technology advancements, health, and energy. These meetings involve ministers or high-level representatives from member countries who deliberate on policy matters, share experiences, and explore opportunities for collaboration majorly G20 finance and economy ministers, and central bank governors lead
544-401: The London Summit. To restore global growth as quickly as possible, the participants decided to approve coordinated and decisive actions to stimulate demand and employment. They also pledged to fight against all forms of protectionism and to maintain trade and foreign investments. The members also committed themselves to maintain the supply of credit by providing more liquidity and recapitalising
578-538: The banking system and bankers remuneration and bonuses, the continued war on terror and concerns over climate change. Although the majority of the protests and protestors were peaceful, instances of violence and criminal damage led to the use of kettling to contain protestors. Ian Tomlinson, a newsagent in the City of London , died within a police cordon of the G20 Meltdown protest near the Bank of England. Initially
612-495: The banking system, and to implement rapidly the stimulus plans. As for central bankers, they pledged to maintain low-rates policies as long as necessary. Finally, the leaders decided to help emerging and developing countries, through a strengthening of the IMF. To strengthen the financial system, the participants proposed to regulate appropriately all important financial institutions, to register all hedge funds or their managers and to force them to provide appropriate information as to
646-429: The discussions and decisions made at higher-level meetings. These groups bring together experts and officials to exchange knowledge and develop practical recommendations. G20 engagement groups and pre-conferences are meetings with various stakeholders. These groups make policy recommendations to G20 leaders and help shape the summit agenda. Sherpas are senior officials who represent their respective countries and play
680-601: The four European Union member countries of the G20, the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Italy along with the two largest European non-members, Spain and the Netherlands , met in Berlin on 22 February 2009 to prepare for the London Summit and to co-ordinate their actions. The meeting was organised at the initiative of German Chancellor Angela Merkel . The leaders agreed that markets, financial institutions and
714-413: The general agreements at the London Summit is that there needs to be more government regulations over businesses, and there was a perception that the US would no longer be as dominant as it has been previously. Commenting on the summit, Robert Hormats , vice-chairman of Goldman Sachs International , said "The U.S. is becoming less dominant while other nations are gaining influence." The influence of China
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#1732793574996748-404: The highest level of meetings, where heads of state or government from member countries come together to discuss key global issues. These summits usually take place annually and are hosted by different member countries. They provide an opportunity for leaders to engage in high-level discussions, negotiate agreements, and set priorities for international cooperation. In addition to the summits,
782-460: The important role played by SAIs globally in ensuring transparency and accountability, and in promoting cooperation among the G20 members. Startup 20 Engagement Group has been initiated under G20 India presidency of 2023 which aspires to create a global narrative for supporting startups and enabling synergies between startups, corporates, investors, innovation agencies and other key ecosystem stakeholders. T20 summits are summits of think tanks from
816-493: The intelligence agency of the British government, Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) spied on foreign politicians visiting the summit by intercepting phonecalls, emails and monitoring computers, in some cases even ongoing after the summit via keyloggers that had been installed during the summit. The summit became the focus of protests from a number of disparate groups over various long standing and topical issues. These ranged from disquiet over economic policy, anger at
850-603: The meetings. Locations in bold text indicate the meeting was concurrent with a G20 summit. Ministerial meetings are not always held in the summit host's country. The G20 Finance Track includes meetings of finance ministers and central bank governors from member countries. They discuss global economic and financial issues, review the progress of ongoing initiatives, and coordinate policies to foster economic stability and growth. G20 Working Groups are specialized task forces that focus on specific areas of interest. They work on policy development, research, and coordination to support
884-813: The morning of 2 April and took place at the Excel Centre in Custom House , east London. The following participants of the London summit include the core members of the G20, which comprises 19 countries and the European Union which is represented by its two governing bodies, the European Council and the European Commission , as well as other nations and regional organisations invited to take part. The security operation, Operation Glencoe headed by Commander Bob Broadhurst ,
918-502: The risks they take. They proposed to implement regulation to prevent the systemic risks and to curb business cycles , including the limitation of the leverage effect , which amplifies cycles. They announced new measures to prevent and resolve crises, through the strengthening of the IMF and the FSF. They agreed to control credit-rating agencies and their compliance with the Code of Conduct of
952-486: The supreme courts of the G20 countries. Governor of the Bank of England The governor of the Bank of England is the most senior position in the Bank of England . It is nominally a civil service post, but the appointment tends to be from within the bank, with the incumbent grooming their successor. The governor of the Bank of England is also chairman of the Monetary Policy Committee , with
986-556: The weeks leading up to the London Summit, there had been a growing difference of opinions on the question of implementing further fiscal stimulus . The British and the American leaderships were in favour of another round of stimulus packages to try to stimulate the global economy, while the French and German leaderships remained strongly opposed to such measures because of the increased levels of debt which this would cause. On 26 March 2009
1020-491: The wide range of financial assets they create, and hedge funds should be subject to appropriate control. In addition, they called for effective sanctions against tax havens . They also agreed to impose sanctions against countries that intend to undermine their work. Finally, they advocated the doubling of funds available to the IMF. Finance ministers and central bankers of the G20 met in Horsham on 14 March 2009 to prepare for
1054-825: Was passed to British government ministers. As hosts, the British Treasury produced an extended agenda pamphlet proposing the issues to be addressed at the London Summit. The explicit goal was "to start the process of reform so as to manage globalisation as a force for good in the medium term." Leaders of the member countries began to prepare for the London Summit months before the effective date, notably with two official meetings dedicated to that preparation, one held in Berlin , Germany, on 22 February 2009 for European leaders, and another in Horsham , Sussex, United Kingdom, on 14 March 2009 for finance ministers . Leaders of
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1088-553: Was projected to cost £7.2 million. Six police forces were used during the operation: the Metropolitan Police , the City of London Police , British Transport Police and the forces of Essex Police , Sussex Police and Bedfordshire Police . Furthermore, some units from the Ministry of Defence Police have been used. It is the highest security expenditure in British history. In June 2013 The Guardian revealed that
1122-470: Was some dispute about how best to move forward. On one hand, the UK and the US wanted a large financial stimulus. On the other hand, France and Germany wanted stricter financial regulation. Programs include: An agreement was also reached to attempt to bring wider global regulation of hedge funds and credit-rating agencies, a common approach to cleaning up bank toxic assets . The G20 leaders also agreed to establish
1156-540: Was very apparent during the G20 with some commentators saying that the G20 was more like a G2 . *] G20 Information Centre Archived 16 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine List of G20 summits The following list of G20 summits summarizes all G20 conferences held at various different levels: summits of heads of state or heads of government, ministerial-level meetings, Engagement Group meetings and others. G20 Summits: The G20 Summits are
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