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116-446: Pancasila Sakti Monument [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] 1st President of Indonesia [REDACTED] The Thirtieth of September Movement ( Indonesian : Gerakan 30 September , also known as G30S , and by the syllabic abbreviation Gestapu for Gerakan September Tiga Puluh , Thirtieth of September Movement, also unofficially called Gestok , for Gerakan Satu Oktober , or First of October Movement)
232-452: A communist state . The trials of key conspirators were used as evidence to support this view, as was the publication of a cartoon supporting the 30 September Movement in the 2 October issue of the PKI newspaper Harian Rakjat . According to later pronouncements by the army, the PKI manipulated gullible left-wing officers such as Untung through a mysterious " special bureau " that reported only to
348-412: A 5-year term. The Amended 1945 Constitution : The presidential candidate has to be an Indonesian citizen since their birth, who has not willingly become a citizen in another nation, has not betrayed the nation, and is physically and mentally capable of performing the duties. Amended Constitution also states that further criteria will be determined by laws. The president is also required to be nominated by
464-704: A Political Party or a coalition of Political Parties. 2017 Law No. 7 Regarding Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections The presidential candidate must: This law also stipulates that only political parties or a coalition of political parties that obtained 20% of the seats in the DPR or 25% of the total valid votes in the previous election may nominate president and vice president candidate. The Original 1945 Constitution : The presidential candidate has to be of Indonesian origin. The 1950 Provisional Constitution : The presidential candidate has to be an Indonesian citizen aged at least 30 years old. They cannot be someone who
580-566: A career in the Army and, according to Anderson, had been both a staunch Sukarno loyalist and a friend with Suharto. Following the coup attempt, however, Latief was jailed and named a conspirator in G30S. At his military trial in the 1970s, Latief made the accusation that Suharto himself had been a co-conspirator in the G30S plot, and had betrayed the group for his own purposes. Anderson points out that Suharto himself has twice admitted to meeting Latief in
696-483: A five-year term, once renewable, allowing for a maximum of 10 years in office. The new president of Indonesia is Prabowo Subianto , who assumed office on 20 October 2024 . The Indonesian presidency was established during the formulation of the 1945 Constitution by the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK). The office was first filled on 18 August 1945 when Sukarno
812-450: A hospital on 30 September 1965 (i.e. G30S) and that his two narratives of the meeting are contradictory. In an interview with American journalist Arnold Brackman , Suharto stated that Latief had been there merely "to check" on him, as his son was receiving care for a burn. In a later interview with Der Spiegel , Suharto stated that Latief had gone to the hospital in an attempt on his life, but had lost his nerve. Anderson believes that in
928-623: A message from Lieutenant Colonel Untung Syamsuri , commander of the 1st Honor Guard Battalion (Army), Tjakrabirawa Regiment , to the effect that the 30 September Movement, an internal army organization, had taken control of strategic locations in Jakarta, with the help of other military units. They proclaimed that this was to forestall a coup attempt by a 'Generals' Council' aided by the Central Intelligence Agency , intent on removing Sukarno on Armed Forces Day , 5 October. It
1044-465: A pension. Former presidents are also entitled to a house, with electricity, water, and telephone bills covered by the government. In addition to that, former presidents shall have free healthcare for their families and a car with a chauffeur . The presidents of Indonesia, as the issuer of decorations and the Grandmaster of Star Decorations ( Tanda Kehormatan Bintang ) are automatically awarded
1160-501: A presidential obligation to deliver accountability speeches near the end of his terms. During the speech, Suharto outlined the achievements that his administration had made and how those achievements had adhered to the GBHN set by the MPR. Despite the constitutional and democratic façade, Suharto made sure that the MPR was subservient to him. In 1969, a law was passed that required appointments to
1276-412: A promise of office before officially becoming president. The term of office is five years and after that the president can be re-elected for only one more term, whether successive or separated. The president and vice president candidate must receive over half the votes total, including at least 20% of the votes in at least half the 38 provinces to win. In the event that no ticket wins an outright victory,
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#17327721223111392-458: A regional command structure through which it could smuggle staple commodities to win the loyalty of the starving rural population. In an attempt to curtail the right-wing military's increasing power, the PKI and the left-wing military formed a number of peasant and other mass organizations. At around 3:15 am on 1 October, seven detachments of troops in trucks and buses dispatched by Lieutenant Colonel Untung Syamsuri (commander of Tjakrabirawa,
1508-464: A runoff is held between the two tickets with the first and second most votes in the first round, with the ticket that receives the most votes elected as President and Vice President. The Original 1945 Constitution : Together with the vice president, the president is elected by the MPR with the largest number of votes. The president-elect is also required to read either an oath or a promise of office before officially becoming president. The term of office
1624-424: A single operational force, especially compared to the number of military troops stationed in the city(footnote). Also, the lack of tanks proves that the forces did not have the intention of taking government control. The forces of Aidit and his men were separated from the rest of the movement's forces under Untung and the other men by a total distance of two miles, under two separate strategic headquarters. Furthermore,
1740-535: A vice-presidential decree which gave the Central National Committee of Indonesia (KNIP) legislative powers. On 11 November 1945, the KNIP made the decision to separate the role of Head of State from that of Head of Government. Although a new constitution had not been set up yet, Indonesia was now a de facto parliamentary democracy with the president as a ceremonial Head of State whose function
1856-487: Is also able to seek advice from the Supreme Advisory Council (DPA). The 1950 Provisional Constitution : The president is assisted by the vice president. The Amended 1945 Constitution : If the president dies, resigns, removed, or is unable to perform their duties for any reason, they are replaced by the vice president . If the vice president becomes vacant, the president nominates two candidates and
1972-759: Is an international airport in Jakarta , Indonesia . The airport is located in East Jakarta and the airfield is conjoined with the Halim Perdanakusuma air force base of the Indonesian Air Force . Aside from commercial scheduled flights, this airport is also used for military , private and presidential purposes. The airport is used for corporate aviation with frequent arrivals and departures of corporate aircraft both domestically and internationally. About 5.6 million passengers used
2088-466: Is assisted by the vice president and their ministers . The ministers are appointed and dismissed by the president. Each minister is in charge of certain government affairs. The president is also allowed to form their own advisory teams which will further be regulated by laws passed by the DPR. The Original 1945 Constitution : The president is assisted by the vice president and their ministers. The president
2204-420: Is deemed to be undesirable or has had their right to take part in elections revoked. They are also required to not be involved with any private corporations. The Amended 1945 Constitution : Together with the vice president, the president is elected directly by the people on a single ticket. Further election rules are determined by laws passed by the DPR . The president-elect is required to read either an oath or
2320-452: Is five years and after that the president can be re-elected again. The 1950 Provisional Constitution : Together with the vice president, the president is elected according to rules specified by laws. The president-elect is required to read either an oath or a promise or a statement of office before officially becoming president. The president is constitutionally required to live where the seat of Government is. Before entering his/her office,
2436-453: Is still commemorated until present day. The Army leadership began making accusations of PKI involvement at an early stage. Later, the government of President Suharto would reinforce this impression by referring to the movement using the abbreviation "G30S/PKI". School textbooks followed the official government line that the PKI, worried about Sukarno's health and concerned about their position should he die, acted to seize power and establish
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#17327721223112552-522: Is used solely by the President of the Republic of Indonesia and other VVIPs, including for state visits . The feasibility study of an airport-to-airport Express Train has been finished and ready for prequalification offering. The Express Train initial plan is from Soekarno–Hatta International Airport (SHIA) to Manggarai, but to realize needs of transportation from Halim Perdanakusuma Airport (HPA),
2668-573: The New Order and to this day, the movement is usually referred to as "G30S/PKI" by those wanting to associate it with the PKI, and this term is also sometimes used by the current government. Investigations and questioning of Suharto 's version of the events were long obstructed in Indonesia. While the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) initially believed that Sukarno orchestrated all of it, several outside sources found inconsistencies and holes in
2784-544: The Cold War , the PKI extensively penetrated all levels of government. With the support of Sukarno and the air force, the party gained increasing influence at the expense of the army, thus ensuring the army's enmity. By late 1965, the army was divided between a left-wing faction allied with the PKI and a right-wing faction that was being courted by the United States. In need of Indonesian allies in its Cold War against
2900-762: The Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), Chinese Indonesians , and Sukarno in a bad light. These efforts were to duplicate the successes of British Psyop campaign in the Malayan Emergency . Of note, these efforts were coordinated from the British High Commission in Singapore where the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ), Associated Press (AP), and The New York Times filed their reports on
3016-698: The Halim Perdana Kusumah Air Force Base , and before that it was known as Tjililitan Airport or Tjililitan Airfield ( Dutch : Vliegveld Tjililitan ), after its borough. As a civilian airport, Halim Perdanakusuma was one of the city's main airports, along with Kemayoran Airport , until the opening of Soekarno–Hatta International Airport in Tangerang in 1985. Until then, it served all international routes bound for Jakarta , while Kemayoran handled domestic flights. The closure of Kemayoran in 1985 meant that Halim would serve as
3132-463: The MPR has to elect a new vice president out of the candidates within 60 days. If the president and the vice president dies, resigns, or are unable to perform their duties for any reason, the government will be taken over together by the minister of home affairs , minister of foreign affairs , and minister of defense . No later than 30 days after that, MPR must elect a new president and vice president from
3248-807: The National Air Defense Command Headquarters (Makohanudnas) , the Headquarters of the National Air Defense Command Sector I (Makosekek I), the Air Survey and Photography Service (Dissurpotrudau), the Air Force Psychological Service (Dispsiau), and the dr. Esnawan Antariksa Air Force Hospital (RSAU dr. Esnawan Antariksa). The airport is connected with Transjakarta bus and Greater Jakarta LRT . There
3364-566: The 1945 Constitution, it did not mean that it was strictly adhered to. The MPR, which at this stage was still on a provisional basis (MPRS), was subservient to the president despite its status of the Nation's highest Governing Body. It was only in 1966, when the political tide began to turn against Sukarno that the MPRS nominally regained its rightful constitutional status. In 1967, Sukarno was forced to resign as president, and army chief of staff Suharto
3480-674: The 1st Air Force Operations Command ( Komando Operasi Angkatan Udara I ) responsible for the western section of the Indonesian airspace . The airbase is home to five squadrons of the Indonesian Air Force and the headquarters to the 1st Air Force Operations Command. Other than that, the base is also occupied by more than twenty other units of the Indonesian Air Force such as the Air Force Education Command Headquarters (Makodikau),
3596-453: The 30 September Movement's forces. Now joined by Nasution, at 9 pm he announced over the radio that he was now in command of the Army and that he would destroy the counter-revolutionary forces and save Sukarno. He then issued another ultimatum, this time to the troops at Halim. Later that evening, Sukarno left Halim and arrived in Bogor , where there was another presidential palace. Most of
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3712-518: The Armed Forces although any decision on this matter needs to be countersigned by the appropriate ministers and wartime control of troops has to be placed under an Armed Forces Commander. The president requires permission from the DPR to declare war and sign treaties although the president has independent power to appoint ambassadors and to accept them. The president also has the power to grant pardons. The Amended 1945 Constitution : The president
3828-578: The BBC reporting that communists were planning to slaughter the citizens of Jakarta. The accusation was based solely on a forgery planted by Norman Reddaway , a propaganda expert with the IRD. He later bragged in a letter to the British ambassador in Jakarta, Sir Andrew Gilchrist that it "went all over the world and back again," and was "put almost instantly back into Indonesia via the BBC." Gilchrist himself informed
3944-680: The British arming the right-wing faction of the Army, though he did comment that if there were such a plan, he "would certainly have supported it." Although MI6 is strongly implicated in this scheme by the use of the Information Research Department (seen as an MI6 office), any role by MI6 itself is officially denied by the UK government, and papers relating to it had yet to be declassified by the Cabinet Office . ( The Independent , 6 December 2000) Upon declassification,
4060-645: The DPR). If the Constitutional Court decides that the president has violated the law, the DPR can motion for the MPR to convene. The president would then be given one last chance to defend himself before the MPR makes the decision whether or not the president should be impeached. The decision of the MPR to dismiss the President and/or the Vice President is made with the approval of at least 2/3 of
4176-476: The Foreign Office on 5 October 1965: "I have never concealed from you my belief that a little shooting in Indonesia would be an essential preliminary to effective change." In April 2000, Sir Denis Healey , Secretary of State for Defence at the time of the war, confirmed to The Independent that the IRD was active during this time. He officially denied any role by MI6, and denied "personal knowledge" of
4292-538: The Government and has the power to name and remove ministers. The president has the power to create laws with the agreement of the People's Representative Council (DPR), to make Government regulations in accordance with laws, and in the case of emergencies has the power to make Government regulations in lieu of law. Militarily, the president holds supreme authority over the Army, Navy, and Air Force whilst security-wise,
4408-522: The Indonesian turmoil. According to Roland Challis, the BBC correspondent who was in Singapore at the time, journalists were open to manipulation by IRD because of Sukarno's stubborn refusal to allow them into the country: "In a curious way, by keeping correspondents out of the country Sukarno made them the victims of official channels, because almost the only information you could get was from the British ambassador in Jakarta." These manipulations included
4524-460: The MPR to be made official by the president. He also took measures that largely emasculated the opposition parties. For example, he had the power to issue governmental regulations in lieu of law. Nominally, if these regulations were not approved by the House of People's Representatives (DPR, the pre-2004 legislative branch), they were considered revoked. However, given the DPR's infrequent sessions and
4640-594: The President of the Republic of Indonesia : "I solemnly pledge to fulfill the duties of President (Vice President) of the Republic of Indonesia to the best of my capabilities and in the fairest way possible, to uphold the Constitution by all means and to execute all laws and regulations as straightforwardly as possible as well as to dedicate myself to the service of the Nation and the People." The Amended 1945 Constitution : The president has constitutional authority over
4756-417: The President of the Republic of Indonesia : "I swear by God to fulfill the duties of President (Vice President) of the Republic of Indonesia to the best of my capabilities and in the fairest way possible, to uphold the Constitution by all means and to execute all laws and regulations as straightforwardly as possible as well as to dedicate myself to the service of the Nation and the People." Pledge of Office of
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4872-501: The President or Vice President must take an oath or affirmation in the session of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) . If the MPR is unable to hold a session, the oath or promise is made in a session of the People's Representative Council (DPR) . If the DPR is unable to hold a session, the oath or affirmation is made before the leadership of the MPR in the presence of the leadership of the Supreme Court . Oath of Office of
4988-707: The Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Presiden Republik Indonesia ) is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Indonesia . The president is the leader of the executive branch of the Indonesian government and the supreme commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces and the Indonesian National Police . Since 2004 , the president and vice president have been directly elected to
5104-470: The Soviet Union, the United States cultivated a number of ties with officers of the military through exchanges and arms deals. This fostered a split in the military's ranks, with the United States and others backing a right-wing faction against a left-wing faction leaning towards the PKI. When Sukarno rejected food aid from USAID , thereby exacerbating famine conditions, the right-wing military adopted
5220-568: The US contributed substantial covert aid, noting that the US military presence in Jakarta was at an all-time high in 1965, and that the US government delivered a shipment of 200 military aircraft to the Indonesian Army the summer before the coup. Scott also implicates the CIA in the destabilization of the Indonesian economy in 1965, and notes that investment by US corporations in Indonesia increased in
5336-401: The airport in 2016. This airport takes its name from Air Vice-Marshal Halim Perdanakusuma , an Indonesian aviator. It is now home to a large number of turboprop, charter, and general aviation companies. It is a major air force base of the Indonesian Air Force and is home to most of its major squadrons, such as the 31st Squadron and the 17th VIP Squadron. In the 1960s, it was also known as
5452-531: The army claims, notably Benedict Anderson and Ruth McVey who wrote the Cornell Paper that challenged it. From the late 1950s, President Sukarno 's position came to depend on balancing the opposing and increasingly hostile forces of the army and the PKI. His "anti-imperialist" ideology made Indonesia increasingly dependent on the Soviet Union and, particularly, China . By 1965, at the height of
5568-501: The army press in late 1965, were transparent fakes. Likewise, the highly publicized story about the movement's female participants; torturing and castrating the seven captured officers in Lubang Buaya turned out to be a fabrication, presumably by psychological warfare specialists. Hence, Roosa indicates that the army does not provide conclusive evidence of the PKI being the mastermind behind the movement. Similarly, he asks why, if
5684-672: The base. Later that morning, around 2,000 troops from two Java-based divisions (the 454th Infantry Battalion from the Diponegoro Division and the 530th Infantry Battalion from the Brawijaya Division ) occupied Lapangan Merdeka, the park around the National Monument in central Jakarta, and three sides of the square, including the RRI ( Radio Republik Indonesia ) main building and studios. They did not occupy
5800-462: The commander and executive officer of the 72nd Military Area at the time of their murders, were also posthumously named Heroes of the Revolution by Sukarno, also in his capacity of Commander of KOTI. Suharto and his associates immediately blamed the PKI as masterminds of the 30 September Movement. With the support of the Army, and fueled by horrific tales of the alleged torture and mutilation of
5916-455: The coup. He also alleges that the fact that the generals were killed near an air force base where PKI members had been trained allowed him to shift the blame away from the Army. He links the support given by the CIA to anti-Sukarno rebels in the 1950s to their later support for Suharto and anti-communist forces. He points out that training in the US of Indonesian Army personnel continued even as overt military assistance dried up, and contends that
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#17327721223116032-465: The credibility of the evidence on which the Suharto regime based its official narrative. The evidence provided by the army consisted of the testimony of two officers who were under the influence of torture and therefore unreliable. One has to be suspicious when the case is partly based on black propaganda and torture-induced testimonies. The confessions of two PKI leaders, Njono and Aidit , printed in
6148-536: The decision to unseat President Sukarno was made by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan then executed under Prime Minister Harold Wilson . According to the exposés, the United Kingdom had already become alarmed with the announcement of the Konfrontasi policy. It has been claimed that a CIA memorandum of 1962 indicated that Prime Minister Macmillan and President John F. Kennedy were increasingly alarmed by
6264-414: The document confirmed the president's role as the head of state, but limited him to a mostly ceremonial role. He appointed a prime minister on the advice of formateurs. Despite his limited constitutional role, Sukarno commanded great moral authority. Nonetheless, he was never content with the role of ceremonial head of State, and grew increasingly disenchanted with western-style parliamentary democracy. In
6380-428: The documents were used to contend that the British had supported the slaughter and that this was done in three ways: encouragement of the killing; giving the Indonesian military a free hand by furnishing assurances that there would be no British intervention while PKI was being crushed; and propaganda operations. In October 2021, further light was shed on the United Kingdom's role when declassified documents revealed that
6496-509: The early 1950s, he began calling for the implementation of " Guided Democracy ," in which decisions would be made after lengthy deliberation with a view toward achieving a consensus under presidential "guidance." The rest of the decade saw a series of unstable governments. Taking advantage of the situation, Sukarno made a speech in April 1959 and suggested that Indonesia return to the 1945 Constitution. The People reacted enthusiastically and there
6612-612: The east side of the square – the location of the armed forces strategic reserve ( KOSTRAD ) headquarters, commanded at the time by Major General Suharto. At some time during the night, D. N. Aidit , the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) leader and Air Vice Marshal Omar Dani , the Air Force commander both went to the Halim AFB, which pointed at their involvement in the movement. Following the news at 7 am, RRI broadcast
6728-488: The embarrassing fact the Army was behind the movement. Recently Anderson expanded on his theory that the coup attempt was almost totally an internal matter of a divided military with the PKI playing only a peripheral role; that the right-wing generals assassinated on 1 October 1965 were, in fact, the Council of Generals coup planning to assassinate Sukarno and install themselves as a military junta . Anderson argues that G30S
6844-417: The film was broadcast on the state television station TVRI and, later, private stations; it was also required viewing at schools and political institutions. A 2000 survey by the Indonesian magazine Tempo found 97% of the 1,101 students surveyed had seen the film; 87% of them had seen it more than once. A number of Western scholars, while rejecting Suharto's propaganda, argue that the 30 September Movement
6960-412: The first account, Suharto was simply being disingenuous; in the second, that he had lied. Further backing his claim, Anderson cites circumstantial evidence that Suharto was indeed in on the plot. Among these are: Professor Peter Dale Scott alleges that the entire movement was designed to allow for Suharto's response. Dale Scott draws attention to the fact the side of Lapangan Merdeka on which KOSTRAD
7076-409: The first president who had to beat another candidate to be elected, as Sukarno and Suharto had been sole candidates. As a result of this, Wahid was also the first president to be elected through counting votes instead of by acclamation. However, Wahid was impeached and removed from office by the MPR. This was a clear sign that while the presidency is the key institution, the MPR was now truly a check on
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#17327721223117192-499: The first time, the 2013 Haj pilgrims used this airport. Since 2014, the airport has served domestic scheduled flights with a capacity up to 2.2 million passengers per year from about 200,000 passengers in 2013. In early November 2021, Indonesia's Ministry of Transportation announced they would close the airport temporarily for public use for the next nine months for renovation. Domestic flights would be moved to Soekarno–Hatta International Airport or Pondok Cabe Airport . This decision
7308-629: The generals at Lubang Buaya, anti-PKI demonstrations and then violence soon broke out. Violent mass action started in Aceh, then shifted to Central and East Java. Suharto then sent the RPKAD paratroops under Col. Sarwo Edhie to Central Java. When they arrived in Semarang , locals burned the PKI headquarters to the ground. The army swept through the countryside and were aided by locals in killing suspected communists. In East Java, members of Ansor Youth Movement ,
7424-426: The government and has the power to name and remove ministers. The president has the right to propose bills to DPR , to discuss bills with the DPR to reach an agreement, make government regulations in accordance with laws, and in the case of emergencies has the power to make Government regulations in lieu of law. Militarily, the president holds supreme authority over the Indonesian National Armed Forces . Diplomatically,
7540-520: The government had covertly deployed black propaganda in order to urge prominent Indonesians to "cut out [the] communist cancer". As the atrocities began in October 1965, British spooks called for "the PKI and all communist organisations [to] be eliminated". The nation, they warned, would be in danger "as long as the communist leaders are at large and their rank and file are allowed to go unpunished". Historian John Roosa highlights several inconsistencies in
7656-500: The highest class of all civilian and military Star Decorations. Currently there are 14 decorations which will be bestowed upon them soon after taking office, namely: The most recent presidential election was held in 2024 where Prabowo Subianto and his running mate Gibran Rakabuming Raka defeated Anies Baswedan and Ganjar Pranowo with 58.6% of the vote. Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport ( IATA : HLP , ICAO : WIHH )
7772-465: The kidnap attempt by jumping over a wall into the Iraqi embassy garden. However his personal aide, First Lieutenant Pierre Tendean , was captured after being mistaken for Nasution in the dark. Nasution's five-year-old daughter, Ade Irma Suryani Nasution, was shot by the assault group and died on 6 October. In addition a police officer guarding Nasution's neighbour, Police Chief Brigadier Karel Sadsuitubun ,
7888-454: The killings of these leftists, and that U.S. officials "actively supported" the efforts of the Indonesian Army to quell the labor movement. Several hundred or thousand Indonesian leftists travelling abroad were unable to return to their homeland. Djawoto , the ambassador to China, refused to be recalled and spent the rest of his life outside of Indonesia. Some of these exiles, writers by trade, continued writing. This Indonesian exile literature
8004-517: The members of the MPR who are present at the session which is attended by at least 3/4 of all members of the MPR (at least 50% of the total members of the MPR). The Original 1945 Constitution : If the president dies, resigns, or is unable to perform their duties for any reason, they are replaced by the vice president. The 1950 Provisional Constitution : If the president dies, resigns, or is unable to perform their duties for any reason, they are replaced by
8120-720: The military - and as a result, the PKI would be unstoppable. This led to impatience within the military for the fall of Sukarno. The role of the Foreign Office and MI6 intelligence service of United Kingdom, then Indonesia's colonial neighbor on the island of Borneo, has also come to light, in a series of exposés by Paul Lashmar and James Oliver in The Independent newspaper in December 1998, as well as their book, Britain's Secret Propaganda War . The revelations included an anonymous Foreign Office source stating that
8236-411: The months prior to the movement, which he argues indicates US foreknowledge of the plot. Another damaging revelation came to light when it emerged that one of the main plotters, Col Latief, was a close associate of Suharto, as were other key figures in the movement, and that Latief actually visited Suharto on the night before the murders. A Tirto.id article also suggests that Suharto, with the military,
8352-402: The movement was planned by military officers, as alleged in the Cornell Paper , was it so poorly planned. Despite the movement being labeled a "coup attempt", the movement's troops did not execute the plan with military efficiency or planning. As Roosa notes, the movement's military force, which only consisted of 2,130 total military personnel and 2,000 civilians, was spread too thin to constitute
8468-421: The movement's leaders as a group were too disparate to find enough common ground to carry out the operation. Throughout the coup attempt, the PKI utilized the broadcast system a total of four times, greatly limiting their presentation of the movement to the public. Each broadcast was also inconsistent and clashing. The first statement reported the movement's capture of the generals and their intent to act against
8584-577: The near-total dominance of the pro-government political grouping, Golkar , such approval was a mere formality. Thus, for all intents and purposes, Suharto ruled by decree for most of his tenure. For the better part of Suharto's rule, he effectively held all governing power in the nation. Suharto fell from power in 21 May 1998 and the presidency experienced changes as a result of the reform movement. Compared to Suharto, who had all of his accountability speeches accepted, B. J. Habibie had his only accountability speech rejected. Abdurrahman Wahid then became
8700-523: The official version of the events. Roosa primarily bases his theories on the candid reflection of Supardjo . As a general who joined the movement just days before its execution, Supardjo offers a unique perspective on the movement as both an outsider and insider. In his testimony intended for the PKI leadership, he assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the 30 September Movement, particularly those of its presumed leader, Kamaruzaman Sjam . Roosa then challenges
8816-554: The ongoing Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Rail project will also include a light rail station that is integrated with the HSR station, thereby providing connection between two airports via Greater Jakarta LRT and Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link . Besides being an airport for commercial flights, the airport's airfield is also conjoined with the Halim Perdanakusuma Air Base of the Indonesian Air Force part of
8932-458: The party secretary, Aidit. This case relied on a confession by the alleged head of the bureau, named Sjam , during a staged trial in 1967. But it was never convincingly proved to Western academic specialists, and has been challenged by some Indonesian accounts. The New Order government promoted this version with a Rp800 million film directed by Arifin C. Noer entitled Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI ( Treachery of G30S/PKI ; 1984). Between 1984 and 1998
9048-795: The police brigadier were, by order of President Sukarno in his capacity as the Commander of the Supreme Operations Command ( Panglima Komando Operasi Tertinggi/Panglima KOTI ), officially declared the very same day as Heroes of the Revolution posthumously per Decree of the President/Commander of KOTI No. 111/KOTI/1965. Following the 7 am radio broadcast on RRI, troops from the Diponegoro Division in Central Java took control of five of
9164-426: The possibility of the confrontation with Malaysia spreading, and agreed to "liquidate President Sukarno, depending on the situation and available opportunities." However, the documentary evidence does not support this claim. To weaken the regime, the Foreign Office 's Information Research Department (IRD) coordinated psychological operations in concert with the British military, to spread black propaganda casting
9280-403: The power to name cabinets and appoint the prime minister with the advice of formateurs. The president is able to remove ministers from office and has the right to be informed of important matters by the Council of Ministers. As the head of state, the president has the power to dissolve the DPR and order for an election to be held within 30 days. Militarily, the president holds supreme authority over
9396-421: The presidency about with numerous checks and balances to prevent another president from completely dominating the system. For example, the president was limited to two terms, whether successive or separated. He also lost the right to legislate, but could propose legislation. In 2004 election , Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono became Indonesia's first directly elected president, beating incumbent Megawati Sukarnoputri in
9512-512: The president can only sign treaties, rehabilitate prisoners, and appoint Judicial Committee members with the DPR's agreement. The President can only appoint ambassadors and accept ambassadors from other countries by taking into account the DPR's considerations. The president has the power to grant pardons but must consider the advice of the Supreme Court . The president also has the final say over chief justice candidates. The Original 1945 Constitution : The president has constitutional authority over
9628-456: The president has the power to declare a State of Emergency. Diplomatically, the president, with the agreement of the DPR, has the power to declare war, peace, and to sign treaties. In addition, the president appoints ambassadors and consuls as well as accepting ambassadors from other countries. Finally, the president has power to give amnesties and pardons as well as awarding titles and honours. The 1950 Provisional Constitution : The president has
9744-527: The president in the palace. Over the course of the afternoon, Suharto persuaded both battalions to give up without a fight, first the Brawijaya battalion, who came over to Kostrad HQ, then the Diponegoro troops, which withdrew to Halim. His troops gave Untung's forces inside the radio station an ultimatum and they also withdrew. By 7 pm Suharto was in control of all the installations previously held by
9860-459: The president met with AVM Dani and the other service commanders remaining to plan for a replacement to the post of Commander of the Army which was by now vacant. At 5.30 am, Suharto , commander of the Army's Strategic Reserve (KOSTRAD), was woken up by his neighbor and told of the disappearances of the generals and the shootings at their homes. He went to Kostrad HQ and tried to contact other senior officers. He managed to contact and to ensure
9976-495: The president's power. Wahid was replaced by his vice president, Megawati Sukarnoputri , daughter of Sukarno and former opposition leader during Suharto's presidency. Megawati is the first and, so far, only female ever to become President of Indonesia. During the 2001 MPR Annual Session, it was finally decided that from 2004 onwards, the president will directly be elected by the people. In response to Sukarno and Suharto's abuses of power, other amendments passed at that session hedged
10092-1091: The presidential guard), comprising troops from the Tjakrabirawa Regiment (Presidential Guards), the Diponegoro (Central Java), and Brawijaya (East Java) Divisions, left the movement's base at Halim Perdanakusumah Air Force Base , just south of Jakarta to kidnap seven generals, all members of the Army General Staff. Three of the intended victims, (Minister/Commander of the Army Lieutenant General Ahmad Yani , Major General M. T. Haryono , and Brigadier General D. I. Pandjaitan ) were killed at their homes, while three more (Major General Soeprapto , Major General S. Parman , and Brigadier General Sutoyo ) were taken alive. Meanwhile, their main target, Coordinating Minister of Defense and Security and Armed Forces Chief of Staff, General Abdul Haris Nasution managed to escape
10208-463: The rebel troops fled, and after a minor battle in the early hours of 2 October, the Army regained control of Halim, Aidit flew to Yogyakarta and Dani to Madiun before the soldiers arrived. It was only on 4 October when the bodies of all seven casualties were recovered from the well in which they were thrown at Lubang Buaya. They were buried in a state burial on 5 October, Armed Forces Day, preceded by an address by Nasution. All seven Army officers and
10324-471: The requirements to be president, the DPR can ask the Constitutional Court to look into the matter, during which it has 90 days to make a decision. The DPR's request to the Constitutional Court can only be made with the support of 2/3 of the total number of DPR members who are present at the session which is attended by at least 2/3 of the DPR's members (At least 44.44% of the total members of
10440-424: The right-wing faction in Indonesian society to take over the country. John Roosa writes that the 30 September Movement was an attempt to purge the Indonesian government of anti-communist influences, that failed because it was "a tangled, incoherent mess". In 1971, Benedict Anderson and Ruth McVey wrote an article which came to be known as the Cornell Paper . In the essay they proposed that the 30 September Movement
10556-563: The route is extended from Manggarai to HPA. The route will stretch 33 kilometers, from Halim-Cawang-Manggarai-Tanah Abang-Sudirman-Pluit-Terminal 2&3 SHIA, on surface, underground and elevated, and has been agreed to by Peraturan Menteri Nomor 1264 Tahun 2013 of the Transportation Ministry. The Express Train takes 30 minutes to travel between two airports instead of a 1 to 3 hour drive. In September 2019, then Minister of State Owned Eterprises Rini Soemarno confirmed that
10672-578: The runoff election. He was re-elected in 2009 . In 2014, Yudhoyono finished his second presidential term and was barred from seeking re-election. The 3rd Indonesian presidential election was held on 9 July 2014 and matched former general and Suharto's ex-son in law Prabowo Subianto against the governor of Jakarta, Joko Widodo . On 22 July the General Elections Commission announced Joko Widodo's victory. He and his vice president, Jusuf Kalla , were sworn in on 20 October 2014, for
10788-609: The secondary airport of Jakarta, mostly handling charter flights, general aviation , and flying school base for the next 29 years. In the 1990s the Directorate General of Civil Aviation mandated that Halim would serve non-scheduled flights, as well as scheduled flights with aircraft under 100 passengers capacity. In 2013, to ease congestion at Soekarno–Hatta Airport, the Halim airport authority announced that it would give 60 flight slots per hour for scheduled flights and, for
10904-533: The seven battalions and other units in the name of the 30 September movement. The PKI mayor of Solo , Utomo Ramelan , issued a statement in support of the movement. Rebel troops in Yogyakarta, led by Major Muljono, kidnapped and later killed Col. Katamso and his chief of staff Lt. Col. Sugiyono . However, once news of the movement's failure in Jakarta became known, most of its followers in Central Java gave themselves up. On 5 October, both Katamso and Sugiyono,
11020-599: The support of the commanders of the Navy and the National Police, but was unable to contact the Air Force Commander. He then took command of the Army and issued orders confining all troops to their barracks. Because of poor planning, the coup leaders had failed to provide provisions for the troops on Lapangan Merdeka, who were becoming hot and thirsty. They were under the impression that they were guarding
11136-627: The sympathizers of the Council of Generals. After five hours, the PKI released its second statement revealing the names of the deputy commanders under Lieutenant Colonel Untung. The third broadcast, "Decision No. 1", listed the 45 members of the Indonesian Revolution Council. The fourth broadcast then declared Untung as the highest-ranking official and any higher member was to be demoted. President of Indonesia [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The president of
11252-497: The two forces did not have efficient means of communication between them; the movement itself shut down the city's telephone system when it took over the telecommunications building, and neither group had walkie-talkies or other radio devices to relay plans back and forth. Instead, several of the leaders used shuttles and couriers as a means of communication. Roosa contributes these inconsistencies in planning to Sjam, noting his lack of experience in military strategy. In any case, he says,
11368-482: The two pairs of candidates nominated by the political party or coalition of political parties whose candidates were the winner and the runner-up in the previous presidential election. Under the amended constitution, the president (also vice president) can now be impeached and removed from office. If the president is viewed to have violated the law in the form of treason against the state, corruption, bribery, other serious crimes, or disgraceful acts, and/or no longer meets
11484-437: The vice president. Although there is no article about president (and vice president) impeachment in the original 1945 Constitution, Sukarno and Abdurrahman Wahid were still impeached in 1967 and 2001. Article on the impeachment of the president and vice president were made after the impeachment of Abdurrahman Wahid in the 3rd amendment to the Constitution. Law No.7 of 1978 stipulates that former presidents are entitled to
11600-573: The youth wing of the Nahdlatul Ulama went on a killing frenzy, and the slaughter later spread to Bali . Figures given for the number of people killed across Indonesia vary from 78,000 to one million. Among the dead was Aidit , who was captured by the Army on 25 November and summarily executed shortly after. Recently released records from the United States Department of State indicate that the U.S. embassy in Jakarta tracked
11716-460: Was a self-proclaimed organization of Indonesian National Armed Forces members. In the early hours of 1 October 1965, they assassinated six Indonesian Army generals in an abortive coup d'état . Later that morning, the organization declared that it was in control of media and communication outlets and had taken President Sukarno under its protection. By the end of the day, the coup attempt had failed in Jakarta . Meanwhile, in central Java there
11832-600: Was also stated that President Sukarno was under the movement's protection. Sukarno traveled to Halim 'after learning that there were troops near the Palace on the north side of Lapangan Merdeka' and also claimed (later) 'that this was so he could be near an aircraft should he need to leave Jakarta'. Further radio announcements from RRI later that day listed 45 members of the G30S Movement and stated that all army ranks above Lieutenant Colonel would be abolished. While at Halim,
11948-461: Was an attempt to take control over an army division and several cities. By the time this rebellion was put down, two more senior officers were dead. In the days and weeks that followed, the army, socio-political, and religious groups blamed the coup attempt on the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). Soon a mass purge was underway, which resulted in the imprisonment and deaths of many actual or suspected Communist Party members and sympathizers. Under
12064-481: Was appointed as acting president. Suharto was appointed president in his own right in 1968. During his rise to power, Suharto seemed determined to observe at least the forms of the constitution, and this continued when he became president. Under the constitution, the MPR was responsible for formulating the Outlines of State Policy (GBHN); as president, Suharto was responsible for implementing them. Suharto also made it
12180-578: Was behind the attack. It mentions the military's cooperation with Washington after the latter's failure in taking over Sumatra, an area which at that time contained strong support for Marxism and therefore constituted a threat for the Western bloc, particularly the US. Over time, the military and the PKI became increasingly at-odds. In August 1965, the military feared that because of the Fifth Regiment (Angkatan Kelima), they would not able to monopolise
12296-641: Was elected by acclamation by the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) because according to the Transitional Provisions of the Constitution, "the President and the Vice President for the first time shall be elected by the PPKI." Also, the body responsible for the presidential elections, the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), had not yet been formed. On 16 October 1945, Vice President Mohammad Hatta announced
12412-499: Was elected president of the Republic of the United States of Indonesia (RIS) and presidential mandate passed to Assaat . When it became clear that RIS was going to be replaced by a unitary state , Asaat stepped down from the presidency and Sukarno once again became president on 15 August 1950. Indonesia now adopted the constitution that had been intended for RIS. Officially known as the Provisional Constitution ,
12528-502: Was full of hatred for the new government and written simply, for general consumption, but necessarily published internationally. Immediately following Suharto's appointment as President in 1967, 1 October was decreed as Pancasila Sanctity Day ( Indonesian : Hari Kesaktian Pancasila ). The government's official narrative is that the day is commemorated to celebrate the triumph of Pancasila over all ideologies, especially "Communism/Marxism-Leninism" ( sic ; official terminology). It
12644-509: Was indeed a PKI coup d'état attempt. Robert Cribb states that "the Movement aimed to throw the army high command off balance, discredit the generals as apparent enemies of Sukarno, and shift Indonesian politics to the left so that the PKI could come to power rapidly, though probably not immediately"; Cribb believes that the PKI acted because it feared that, given Sukarno's failing health, the system of Guided Democracy would soon collapse, allowing
12760-455: Was indeed a movement of officers loyal to Sukarno who carried out their plan believing it would preserve, not overthrow, Sukarno's rule. The boldest claim in the Anderson theory, however, is that the generals were in fact privy to the G30S assassination plot. Central to the Anderson theory is an examination of a little-known figure in the Indonesian army, Colonel Abdul Latief. Latief had spent
12876-460: Was made based on the evaluation of Halim's aging infrastructure, like the runways and terminals, and the impact to the airport's quality of services. An express train has been planned to connect the two airports. Batik Air was the largest user, taking 32 slots from 74 slots available for all airlines a day. This terminal serves for all departing and arriving flights. The terminal has an area of about ten thousand square metres only. This terminal
12992-405: Was not a party-political but entirely an internal army affair, as the PKI had insisted. They claimed that the action was a result of dissatisfaction on the part of junior officers, who found it extremely difficult to obtain promotions and resented the generals' corrupt and decadent lifestyles. They allege that the PKI was deliberately involved by, for example, bringing Aidit to Halim: a diversion from
13108-462: Was shot and killed by the kidnapping group. A final victim was Albert Naiborhu, General Pandjaitan's nephew, who was killed during the raid on the General's home. The generals and the bodies of their dead colleagues were taken to a place known as Lubang Buaya near Halim where those still alive were tortured before being shot dead. The bodies of all the victims were then thrown down a disused well near
13224-418: Was situated was not occupied, and that only those generals who might have prevented Suharto seizing power (except Nasution) were kidnapped. Scott also discusses the relationship between Suharto and three of the Army battalions involved in the coup, which were under his command and staffed by US-trained soldiers. He notes that these battalions switched sides during the rebellion, working to both instigate and quell
13340-575: Was strong pressure on the Constitutional Assembly , the body responsible for formulating a new constitution, to adopt the 1945 Constitution. When the assembly did not budge, Sukarno issued a presidential decree on 5 July 1959 declaring that Indonesia was returning to the 1945 Constitution. That document made the president head of government as well as head of state. In May 1963, the People's Consultative Assembly appointed Sukarno president for life . Although Indonesia had re-adopted
13456-978: Was to ask the prime minister as the Head of the Government to form a new Cabinet. During the Indonesian National Revolution , both Sukarno and Hatta were captured by the Dutch in Yogyakarta on 18 December 1948. Sukarno then gave a mandate for Sjafruddin Prawiranegara to form an emergency government. This was done and the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) was formed in Sumatra with Prawiranegara as its chairman. Prawiranegara handed back his mandate to Sukarno on 13 July 1949. On 17 December 1949, Sukarno
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