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56-579: Mehmed Kâmil Pasha ( Ottoman Turkish : محمد كامل پاشا ; Turkish : Kıbrıslı Mehmet Kâmil Paşa , "Mehmed Kamil Pasha the Cypriot"), also spelled as Kamil Pasha (1833 – 14 November 1913), was an Ottoman statesman and liberal politician of Turkish Cypriot origin in the late-19th-century and early-20th-century. He was the Grand Vizier of the Empire during four different periods. Mehmed Kâmil Pasha

112-683: A Freedom and Accord partisan. The Ottoman Empire's defeat in the Balkan Wars was largely attributed to partisanship and lack of discipline within the military. This defeat gave the CUP the casus belli to return to power. In January 1913, the leadership of the CUP staged a coup , forcing the Freedom and Accord government of Kâmil Pasha to resign at gunpoint. The leaders of the Saviour Officers escaped to Egypt and Albania . Only in 1914 would

168-425: A [d] when followed by a vowel sound. This is reflected in conventions of Ottoman orthography as well. In Turkish, there is a verb representing to be , but it is a defective verb. It doesn't have an infinitive or several other tenses. It is usually a suffix. Negative verb to be is created with the use of the word دگل değil , followed by the appropriate conjugation of the to be verb; or optionally used as

224-606: A decision backed by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , who said the language should be taught in schools so younger generations do not lose touch with their cultural heritage. Most Ottoman Turkish was written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet ( Ottoman Turkish : الفبا , romanized :  elifbâ ), a variant of the Perso-Arabic script . The Armenian , Greek and Rashi script of Hebrew were sometimes used by Armenians, Greeks and Jews. (See Karamanli Turkish ,

280-508: A dialect of Ottoman written in the Greek script; Armeno-Turkish alphabet ) The actual grammar of Ottoman Turkish is not different from the grammar of modern Turkish .The focus of this section is on the Ottoman orthography; the conventions surrounding how the orthography interacted and dealt with grammatical morphemes related to conjugations, cases, pronouns, etc. Table below lists nouns with

336-676: A document but would use the native Turkish word bal ( بال ) when buying it. The transliteration system of the İslâm Ansiklopedisi has become a de facto standard in Oriental studies for the transliteration of Ottoman Turkish texts. In transcription , the New Redhouse, Karl Steuerwald, and Ferit Devellioğlu dictionaries have become standard. Another transliteration system is the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (DMG), which provides

392-725: A memorial to be raised over Kamil Pasha's grave. He also composed the English inscription, carved on the headstone below a Turkish one. It runs as follows: His Highness Kiamil Pasha Son of Captain Salih Agha of Pyroi Born in Nicosia in 1833 Treasury Clerk Commissioner of Larnaca Director of Evqaf Four times Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire A Great Turk and A Great Man. Ottoman Turkish language Historically, Ottoman Turkish

448-546: A new general election was called. This time, the CUP was restricted by the government. Some Unionist leaders thought of boycotting the election, but Talat convinced the Central Committee to participate in the process. On October 8, Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire, beginning the Balkan Wars , and these elections were ultimately shelved. Muhtar Pasha resigned, he was to be succeeded by Kâmil Pasha ,

504-716: A rivalry with Mehmed Said Pasha . His second premiership came about during the height of the Armenian Crisis during the Hamidian massacres . On 2 October 1895 he was appointed Grand Vizier in a tense atmosphere. As a neo- Tanzimatist , Kamil Pasha petitioned the sultan to put responsible governance back in the hands of the Sublime Porte . He received support from the Great Powers and Young Turk media. Several CUP organs supported Kâmil Pasha in his showdown with

560-411: A single root verb, with the addition of a variety of morphemes and suffixes, multiple new and different verbs meanings can be expressed in single but larger words. Below table is a sample from the verb تپمك tepmek meaning 'to kick', whose root (which is also 2nd person imperative) is تپ tep . Each of the produced new verbs below can be made into an infinitive with the addition of ـمك -mek at

616-427: A standalone for 3rd person. Generally, the verbs 'to exist' and 'to have' are expressed using what's called an existential copula , the word وار var . The verb 'to have' is expressed in the same way, except that the object noun will take a possessive pronoun, producing sentences that will literally mean "there exists house of mine". The verbs 'to exist' and 'to have' conjugated for other tenses, are expressed in

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672-751: A transliteration system for any Turkic language written in Arabic script. There are few differences between the İA and the DMG systems. Savior Officers Saviour Officers victory The 1912 Ottoman coup d'état (17 July 1912) was a coup by military memorandum in the Ottoman Empire against the Committee of Union and Progress by a group of military officers calling themselves the Saviour Officers ( Ottoman Turkish : Halâskâr Zâbitân ) during

728-435: A variety of phonological features that come into play when taking case suffixes. The table includes a typical singular and plural noun, containing back and front vowels, words that end with the letter ه ـه ([a] or [e]), both back and front vowels, word that ends in a ت ([t]) sound, and word that ends in either ق or ك ([k]). These words are to serve as references, to observe orthographic conventions: Table below shows

784-409: Is compound verbs. This consists of adding a Persian or Arabic active or passive participle to a neuter verb, to do ( ایتمك etmek ) or to become ( اولمق olmaq ). For example, note the following two verbs: Below table shows some sample conjugations of these two verbs. The conjugation of the verb "etmek" isn't straightforward, because the root of the verb ends in a [t]. This sound transforms into

840-548: The Saviour Officers ( Halâskâr Zâbitân ) clique, and requested President of the Ottoman Assembly Halil Bey to disband the CUP dominated parliament. During this time, the units sent to Albania to put down the revolt joined the rebels and took to the mountains, much like the Unionists themselves did in 1908 . These officers being affiliated with the Saviour Officers, they delivered an ultimatum that

896-631: The Second Constitutional Monarchy and to restore the Sultan-Caliph Abdul Hamid II his powers. The countercoup was put down by a constitutionalist force which marched on the capital: the Action Army ( Hareket Ordusu ), and Abdul Hamid II was deposed for his half-brother Mehmed V . While the CUP was back in power and purged reactionaries from government, it was not fully in control, and elements in

952-769: The Young Turk Revolution and the Second Constitutional Era . The revolution resulted in the Sultan Abdul Hamid II announcing the restoration of the Ottoman Constitution on 24 July 1908 and an election to elect a new parliament. The 1908 election put the CUP firmly in the legislature, while the main opposition was the Liberty Party . The 31 March Incident (13 April 1909) was an attempt to dismantle

1008-748: The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire . The coup occurred in the context of increasing distrust in the CUP's political agenda, the fallout of the Italo-Turkish War , and rising political polarization. In late 1911, anti-CUP opposition consolidated into the Freedom and Accord Party , and both sides sought to abuse constitutional law for their own gain. After the CUP's election victory in the 1912 election , widely deemed fraudulent, Freedom and Accord members recruited army officers serving in Albania to their cause in protest. They organized themselves into

1064-647: The list of replaced loanwords in Turkish for more examples of Ottoman Turkish words and their modern Turkish counterparts. Two examples of Arabic and two of Persian loanwords are found below. Historically speaking, Ottoman Turkish is the predecessor of modern Turkish. However, the standard Turkish of today is essentially Türkiye Türkçesi (Turkish of Turkey) as written in the Latin alphabet and with an abundance of neologisms added, which means there are now far fewer loan words from other languages, and Ottoman Turkish

1120-402: The 1960s, Ottoman Turkish was at least partially intelligible with the Turkish of that day. One major difference between Ottoman Turkish and modern Turkish is the latter's abandonment of compound word formation according to Arabic and Persian grammar rules. The usage of such phrases still exists in modern Turkish but only to a very limited extent and usually in specialist contexts ; for example,

1176-532: The 31 March Incident meant the Chamber of Deputies , now dominated by Freedom and Accord, held that prerogative, no longer the Sultan. Grand Vizier Said Pasha , at this point a reluctant Unionist partisan, attempted to get parliamentary approval for a constitutional amendment which would return to the Sultan the power of parliamentary dissolution, but when Freedom and Accord blocked this proposal, he resigned. Though

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1232-407: The CUP censured him with a vote of no confidence, and replaced him with someone more pliant to the committee's wishes. For three years he stayed out of politics. In 1911 he contracted pneumonia and went to Egypt for a change of atmosphere. There he met with King George V of England and the queen, who were on a trip to India, for lunch on the ship. This incident caused him to be heavily criticized in

1288-520: The CUP violently returned to power on 23 January 1913, with the Raid on the Sublime Porte . The coup was one of the central events of the politically volatile 1912–13 years, which saw political instability due to the power struggle between the CUP and Freedom and Accord, as well as the newly sparked Balkan Wars . The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) was a revolutionary group that instigated

1344-818: The CUP's military leaders, burst with some of his associates into the Sublime Porte while the cabinet was in session. By most accounts, one of Enver's officers, Yakup Cemil , shot the Minister of War Nazım Pasha and the group pressed Kamil Pasha to resign immediately at gunpoint. Kamil was put under house arrest and surveillance. The ex-Grand Vizier (who probably was in danger of life) was invited by his British friend Lord Kitchener to stay with him in Cairo . After three months in Egypt, Mehmed Kamil Pasha decided to wait for favourable turn of events in his native Cyprus, now under British occupation. Five weeks after his return to Cyprus,

1400-499: The CUP, after accusing central committee members Mehmed Talat , Mehmed Cavid , and Hüseyin Cahid of being seduced by Zionism and Freemasonry . Cavid would subsequently resign his post as minister of finance . On 30 September 1911, Unionist İbrahim Hakkı Pasha resigned as Grand Vizier following the outbreak of the Italo-Turkish War . When Tripolitanian MPs proposed to put him on trial for failing to stop Italian occupation of

1456-586: The Freedom and Accord Party was ascendant in the chamber, it did not have an empire wide political apparatus and was averse to an election. Mehmed V reappointed Said Grand Vizier, despite disapproval from Freedom and Accord and the President of the Senate : Ahmed Muhtar Pasha . Said Pasha again introduced a constitutional amendment to the Chamber that would give the Sultan prerogative to dissolve parliament, and it

1512-585: The Khedive's sons. Kamil's sojourn in London left in him a lifelong admiration for Britain and during his career within the Ottoman state, he was always known to be an Anglophile . Having full command of English, thenceforth to the close of his career he zealously sought a close friendship between the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire. After remaining in Egypt for ten years, Mehmed Kâmil exchanged

1568-543: The Persian genitive construction takdîr-i ilâhî (which reads literally as "the preordaining of the divine" and translates as "divine dispensation" or "destiny") is used, as opposed to the normative modern Turkish construction, ilâhî takdîr (literally, "divine preordaining"). In 2014, Turkey's Education Council decided that Ottoman Turkish should be taught in Islamic high schools and as an elective in other schools,

1624-474: The Persian character of its Arabic borrowings with other Turkic languages that had even less interaction with Arabic, such as Tatar , Bashkir , and Uyghur . From the early ages of the Ottoman Empire, borrowings from Arabic and Persian were so abundant that original Turkish words were hard to find. In Ottoman, one may find whole passages in Arabic and Persian incorporated into the text. It was however not only extensive loaning of words, but along with them much of

1680-432: The Saviour Officers, which are often referred to as the military wing of the Freedom and Accord Party. By the summer of 1912, the pro-CUP Grand Vizier Said Pasha resigned under Savior Officer pressure, completing the coup. Said Pasha turned over the premiership to Ahmed Muhtar Pasha 's non-partisan Great Cabinet . With his resignation from the Balkan Wars, Kâmil Pasha 's partisan Accordist ministry came to power, until

1736-504: The Sultan, but by 7 November, Kâmil Pasha was out of high office, his "coup" ending in status quo . For the next decade, he was exiled as governor of Aydın . When Said Pasha resigned from office soon after the Young Turk Revolution , Abdul Hamid II and the CUP compromised with Kâmil Pasha to run the government. Kâmil soon had an antagonistic relationship with the committee, and associated himself with Prince Sabahaddin 's Liberty Party . His premiership lasted just over five months, before

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1792-442: The additional - ـنـ [n] is a vowel, the final vowel ی is kept; otherwise it is removed (note the respective examples for kitaplarını versus kitaplarından ). Examples below : Below table shows the positive conjugation for two sample verbs آچمق açmak (to open) and سولمك sevilmek (to be loved). The first verb is the active verb, and the other has been modified to form a passive verb. The first contains back vowels,

1848-531: The area, the CUP blocked the motion, increasing partisanship. A meeting in October by all of the parliament's major politicians: Krikor Zohrab , Cavid, Talat, Halil Menteşe , Hakkı, Vartkes Serengülian , and Karekin Pastermadjian was held, the agenda being the CUP's lack of commitment to constitutional government, and a potential way to resolve differences between the CUP and opposition. The CUP rejected

1904-466: The army that a new impartial and technocratic government would be formed and that he would facilitate negotiations for the selection of premier. Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha , a war hero, was finally selected, with the hope that his appointment would stop partisanship in the army. Muhtar Pasha 's government, known as the "Great Cabinet", included prestigious statesmen, and they easily received a vote of confidence. The CUP though, notwithstanding its majority in

1960-657: The assassination of his successor to the premiership, Mahmud Shevket Pasha , occurred in June 1913, by a relative of Nazım Pasha to avenge his death. The CUP regime reacted with persecution of well-known opposition politicians. Djemal Pasha , then the CUP prefect of the capital Constantinople, indicated to Kamil's family that they had to leave the Ottoman Empire or he too would be arrested. His family joined his exile in Cyprus. On 14 November 1913, while full of plans for revisiting England in 1914, Kamil Pasha suddenly died of syncope and

2016-558: The country became alarmed at the manner in which the CUP was becoming increasingly authoritarian. In government with the CUP was the War Minister Mahmud Shevket Pasha , a confederate with the CUP during the 31 March Incident by organizing the Action Army, but now skeptical of the party's intentions. A group of officers led by CUP member and hero of the revolution Mehmed Sadık would separate from

2072-417: The end. Ottoman Turkish was highly influenced by Arabic and Persian. Arabic and Persian words in the language accounted for up to 88% of its vocabulary. As in most other Turkic and foreign languages of Islamic communities, the Arabic borrowings were borrowed through Persian, not through direct exposure of Ottoman Turkish to Arabic, a fact that is evidenced by the typically Persian phonological mutation of

2128-422: The grammatical systems of Persian and Arabic. In a social and pragmatic sense, there were (at least) three variants of Ottoman Turkish: A person would use each of the varieties above for different purposes, with the fasih variant being the most heavily suffused with Arabic and Persian words and kaba the least. For example, a scribe would use the Arabic asel ( عسل ) to refer to honey when writing

2184-470: The hopes that he would be able to get favorable terms for the end of the ongoing, disastrous First Balkan War (since the victorious Bulgaria's foreign interests were represented by the British). In January 1913, Kamil's government decided to accept severe peace conditions including massive territorial losses. The CUP used this pretext for their coup d'état on 23 January 1913. That day, Enver Bey , one of

2240-589: The madrasah was converted into a military academy, he took courses on military sciences. He graduated as a cavalry lieutenant. His first post was in the household of the Khedive of Egypt , Abbas I , at that time was only nominally dependent to the central Ottoman power in Constantinople . In the course of this appointment he visited London for the Great Exhibition of 1851 in charge of one of

2296-479: The new parliament should be dissolved and an impartial government under Kâmil Pasha be promulgated. Shevket immediately resigned from his ministry in support of the Saviour Officers, leaving the CUP isolated, and starting a wave of resignations from Said Pasha's cabinet. On 16 June 1912 after the Unionist dominated parliament voted Said Pasha their confidence, he resigned anyway. On July 19, Mehmed V announced to

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2352-463: The parliament, lost its executive power. Although Ahmed Muhtar Pasha and his cabinet were non-partisan, the Saviour Officers pressured Ahmed Muhtar Pasha's government to dissolve the parliament, costing the CUP its last stronghold, on August 4. This was again done through the Senate, which voted to dissolve the Chamber and Mehmed V subsequently enacted their vote. With the Chamber of Deputies dissolved,

2408-703: The pro-CUP press. After a while he returned to Istanbul. After the shuttering of parliament in summer 1912 by the Savior Officers , he became head of the Council of State in Muhtar Pasha 's Great Cabinet. With his resignation Kâmil returned to the premiership leading a Freedom and Accord government. He was appointed Grand Vizier for his friendly relations with the British (he was often known as İngiliz Kamil , or "English Kamil", for his Anglophilia ), in

2464-484: The proposals from Zohrab, increasing polarization. In November 1911, the opposition consolidated into the Freedom and Accord Party , with Sadık as the party's vice president and Damat Ferid Pasha as president. The Unionists immediately called for the Mehmed V to dissolve parliament and call an election, with the hope that they could stop the momentum of the new opposition party, but constitutional amendments passed after

2520-415: The reform was the Turkish nationalist Ziya Gökalp . It also saw the replacement of the Perso-Arabic script with the extended Latin alphabet . The changes were meant to encourage the growth of a new variety of written Turkish that more closely reflected the spoken vernacular and to foster a new variety of spoken Turkish that reinforced Turkey's new national identity as being a post-Ottoman state . See

2576-496: The same way, with a possessive pronoun if needed, and copula وار var , followed by the 3rd person singular form of the verb 'to do: ایتمك etmek attached as a suffix (or separate as a stanadalone verb); as conjugated in the above section. The verbs 'not to exist' and 'not to have' are created in the exact same manner and conjugation, except that the copula یوق yok is used. Turkish being an agglutinative language as opposed to an analytical one (generally), means that from

2632-609: The second front vowels; both containing non-rounded vowels (which also impacts pronounciation and modern Latin orthograhpy). Below table shows the conjugation of a negative verb, and a positive complex verb expressing ability. In Turkish, complex verbs can be constructed by adding a variety of suffixes to the base root of a verb. The two verbs are یازممق yazmamaq (not to write) and سوه‌بلمك sevebilmek (to be able to love). Another common category of verbs in Turkish (more common in Ottoman Turkish than in modern Turkish),

2688-629: The service of Abbas I for that of the Ottoman Government as of 1860 and for the ensuing nineteen years – that is to say until he first entered the Cabinet – he filled very numerous administrative appointments in every part of the Empire. He governed, or helped to govern vilayets such as Eastern Rumelia , Hercegovina , Kosovo , and his native Cyprus . Kamil Pasha was appointed Grand Vizier from 25 September 1885 to 4 September 1891, under Abdul Hamid II 's reign. During this time he developed

2744-410: The suffixes for creating possessed nouns. Each of these possessed nouns, in turn, take case suffixes as shown above. For third person (singular and plural) possessed nouns, that end in a vowel, when it comes to taking case suffixes, a letter - ـنـ [n] comes after the possessive suffix. For singular endings, the final vowel ی is removed in all instances. For plural endings, if the letter succeeding

2800-476: The words of Arabic origin. The conservation of archaic phonological features of the Arabic borrowings furthermore suggests that Arabic-incorporated Persian was absorbed into pre-Ottoman Turkic at an early stage, when the speakers were still located to the north-east of Persia , prior to the westward migration of the Islamic Turkic tribes. An additional argument for this is that Ottoman Turkish shares

2856-401: Was again blocked by Freedom and Accord. On 18 January, 1912 Article 7 of the constitution was employed; the Senate voted to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies and Mehmed V obliged. In April 1912, elections were held for a new session of parliament. However the CUP employed electoral fraud and violence at a massive scale, winning all but 15 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, to the point that it

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2912-476: Was born in Nicosia , Ottoman Cyprus in 1833. He was the son of an artillery captain, Salih Agha , from the village of Pyrogi . His paternal grandfather is from Karakese village of Anamur . Kâmil's mother is Pembe Hanım , who also hailed from Cyprus. He was educated in on the island until the age of thirteen; He learned Arabic, Persian, French and Greek. In 1845, he was taken to Egypt with his younger brother and studied at Elsine Madrasa . Shortly after, when

2968-581: Was buried in the court of the Arab Ahmet Mosque . Kamil married Layika (Bayur) and had several children. His grandson is Hikmet Bayur and his grand nephew is film maker Zeki Alasya . His son-in-law is general Naci Eldeniz . Tekin Arıburun , president of the Turkish Senate from 1970–1977, is his grandson-in-law. Sir Ronald Storrs , British Governor of Cyprus from 1926 to 1932, erected

3024-474: Was known as the "election of clubs". The election results immediately caused an uproar against the CUP. Moreover, because of the war in Libya and the start of Albanian revolt , CUP lost its former support and prestige. This time, Freedom and Accord was pushing for the Chamber's dissolution so it could win in a new election. By June, Colonel Sadık and staff major Gelibolulu Kemal ( later surnamed Şenkil) would form

3080-403: Was not instantly transformed into the Turkish of today. At first, it was only the script that was changed, and while some households continued to use the Arabic system in private, most of the Turkish population was illiterate at the time, making the switch to the Latin alphabet much easier. Then, loan words were taken out, and new words fitting the growing amount of technology were introduced. Until

3136-475: Was transformed in three eras: In 1928, following the fall of the Ottoman Empire after World War I and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey , widespread language reforms (a part in the greater framework of Atatürk's Reforms ) instituted by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk saw the replacement of many Persian and Arabic origin loanwords in the language with their Turkish equivalents. One of the main supporters of

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