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68-476: Ludwig Alois Friedrich Ritter von Köchel ( German: [ˈkœçəl] ; 14 January 1800 – 3 June 1877) was an Austrian musicologist , writer, composer, botanist , and publisher. He is best known for cataloguing the works of Mozart and originating the 'KV-numbers' by which they are known ( KV for Köchel-Verzeichnis ). Born in the town of Stein , Lower Austria , he studied law in Vienna and graduated with

136-776: A History of Austria raises a number of questions, e.g., whether it is confined to the current or former Republic of Austria, or extends also to all lands formerly ruled by the rulers of Austria. Furthermore, should Austrian history include the period 1938–1945, when it nominally did not exist? Of the lands now part of the second Republic of Austria, many were added over time – only two of the nine provinces (Lower and Upper Austria) are strictly 'Austria', while other parts of its former sovereign territory are now part of other countries e.g., Italy, Croatia, Slovenia and Czechia. Within Austria there are regionally and temporally varying affinities to adjacent countries. The Alps were inaccessible during

204-569: A barony and designated as " Freiherr ". Even today, members of the Central European Order of St. George , which goes back to Emperor Maximilian and was later reactivated by the Habsburgs after its dissolution by Nazi Germany , are "Ritter" (knights). In addition to the described system, Württemberg introduced orders of merit beginning in the late 18th century, which also conferred nobility as "Ritter von" but kept

272-541: A comes or dux as appointed by the emperor. These terms are usually translated as count or duke, but these terms conveyed very different meanings in the Early Middle Ages , so to avoid misunderstanding historians usually employ the Latin versions when discussing the titles and their holders. In Lombardic speaking countries, the title was eventually regularized to margrave (German: markgraf ) i.e. "count of

340-786: A Germanic people who had been moving southwards in several steps, and had occupied the Rugian territory. During the 540s, the Lombards crossed the Danube into Roman Pannonia, in the west of present day Austria, bringing them into conflict with the Gepids . After defeating them with help from the Avars in 567 , the Lombards recruited many locals and moved into northern Italy, starting in 568. The Avars and their vassal Slavs subsequently began moving into

408-686: A PhD in 1827. For fifteen years, he was tutor to the four sons of Archduke Charles of Austria . Köchel was rewarded with a knighthood and a generous financial settlement, permitting him to spend the rest of his life as a private scholar. Contemporary scientists were greatly impressed by his botanical researches in North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula , the United Kingdom, the North Cape , and Russia. In addition to botany, he

476-595: A Ritter was called a " Frau " (in this sense "Lady") and not Ritterin. In heraldry, from the late 18th century, a Ritter was often indicated by the use of a coronet with five points, But not everyone who was a Ritter and displayed arms made use of such a coronet. In the Austrian Empire and in Austria-Hungary , the title of "Ritter von" was bestowed upon citizens who deserved more than the plain "von" but were not considered deserving enough as to be given

544-469: A king of Suevi , by crossing the frozen Danube from the east. These Suevi were at this time in a confederation with the Alemanni , in an Alpine region with streams that flowed loudly into the Danube, Baiuvarii (early Bavarians) on the east, Franks on the west, Burgundians on the south, and Thuringians on the north. This is one of the first mentions of the early Bavarians. They subsequently came to dominate

612-438: A letter mentioning that many of the peoples from around the region east of Austria, even from within the empire, were occupying Gaul at that time: "Quadi, Vandals, Sarmatians, Alans, Gepids, Herules, Saxons, Burgundians, Allemanni and—alas! for the commonweal!—even Pannonians". There was a short period of stability around 431. In 427 the chronicle of Marcellinus Comes says that the provinces of Pannonia, "which had been held by

680-624: A major defeat to the Goths, Alans and Huns at the Battle of Adrianople , which was caused by a sudden movement of peoples coming from present-day Ukraine. The Romans recovered control, but the Romans were apparently forced to try new approaches to settling newcomers in large numbers. One of the armed groups responsible for the defeat, led by Alatheus and Saphrax , were settled into the Pannonian part of

748-699: Is represented by the Hallstatt culture , which succeeded the Urnfield culture, under influences from the Mediterranean civilizations and Steppe peoples. This gradually transitioned into the Celtic La Tène culture . This early Iron Age culture is named after Hallstatt the type site in Upper Austria . The culture is often described in two zones, Western and Eastern, through which flowed

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816-714: The Avar March , corresponding roughly to present day Lower Austria , bordered by the rivers Enns , Raab and Drava , while to the south lay the March of Carinthia . Both marches were collectively referred to as the Marcha orientalis (Eastern March), a prefecture of the Duchy of Bavaria. In 805, the Avars, with Charlemagne's permission, led by the Avar Khagan, settled south-eastward from Vienna . A new threat appeared in 862,

884-597: The Bronze Age fortifications were appearing, protecting the commercial centers of the mining, processing, and trading of copper and tin . This flourishing culture is reflected in the grave artifacts, such as at Pitten, in Nußdorf ob der Traisen , Lower Austria. In the late Bronze Age appeared the Urnfield culture , in which salt mining commenced in the northern salt mines at Hallstatt . The Iron Age in Austria

952-714: The Burgenland (e.g., Oberpullendorf ) high-quality iron ore was mined and processed, then exported to the Romans as ferrum noricum ( Noric iron ). This led to the creation of a Roman trading outpost on the Magdalensberg in the early 1st century b.c. , later replaced by the Roman town Virunum. Fortified hilltop settlements , e.g. Kulm (east Styria ), Idunum (mod. Villach ), Burg ( Schwarzenbach ), and Braunsberg ( Hainburg ), were centers of public life. Some cities, such as Linz , date back to this period also. During

1020-647: The Carnic Alps arriving at Virunum in Noricum, as had been agreed to by the Roman general Stilicho , following several skirmishes between the two. Alaric was voted a large amount of money to maintain peace, by the Roman Senate, at Stilicho 's instigation. From there he directed his operations against Italy, demanding Noricum among another territory, finally sacking Rome in 410 but dying on the route home that year. During this period, in 409, Saint Jerome wrote

1088-684: The Enns River . Bavaria became a Margraviate under Engeldeo (890–895) and was re-established as a Duchy under Arnulf the Bad (907–937) who united it with the Duchy of Carinthia , occupying most of the eastern alps. This proved short lived. His son Eberhard (937–938) found himself in conflict with the German King, Otto I (Otto the Great) who deposed him. The next Duke was Henry I (947–955), who

1156-694: The Frankish Empire established by the Germanic Franks in the 9th century. The name Ostarrîchi (Austria) has been in use since 996 AD when it was a margravate of the Duchy of Bavaria and from 1156 an independent duchy (later archduchy ) of the Holy Roman Empire (962–1806). Austria was dominated by the House of Habsburg and House of Habsburg-Lorraine from 1273 to 1918. In 1806, when Emperor Francis II of Austria dissolved

1224-801: The Hungarians , following the pattern of displacement from more eastern territories by superior forces. By 896 the Hungarians were present in large numbers on the Hungarian Plain from which they raided the Frankish domains. They defeated the Moravians and in 907 defeated the Bavarians at the Battle of Pressburg and by 909 had overrun the marches forcing the Franks and Bavarians back to

1292-735: The Ice Age , so human habitation dates no earlier than the Middle Paleolithic era, during the time of the Neanderthals . The oldest traces of human habitation in Austria, more than 250,000 years ago, were found in the Repolust Cave at Badl, near Peggau in the Graz-Umgebung district of Styria . These include stone tools, bone tools, and pottery fragments together with mammalian remains. Some 70,000-year-old evidence

1360-542: The Lake Constance area to the west occupied by the Alemanni ( Vorarlberg ). Pockets of the Celto-Romanic population persisted, such as around Salzburg , and Roman place names persisted, such as Juvavum (Salzburg). In addition this population was distinguished by Christianity and by their language, a Latin dialect ( Romansch ). Salzburg was already a bishopric (739), and by 798 an archbishopric. Although

1428-711: The Mauer neighborhood of the southern Vienna district of Liesing dates from this period. In the Lengyel culture , which followed Linear Pottery in Lower Austria, circular ditches were constructed. Traces of the Copper Age in Austria were identified in the Carpathian Basin hoard at Stollhof , Hohe Wand , Lower Austria. Hilltop settlements from this era are common in eastern Austria. During this time

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1496-621: The Neolithic era, most of those areas of Austria that were amenable to agriculture and were sources of raw materials were settled. Remains include those of the Linear pottery culture , one of the first agrarian cultures in Europe. The first recorded rural settlement from this time was at Brunn am Gebirge in Mödling . Austria's first industrial monument, the chert mine at Mauer-Antonshöhe in

1564-469: The Roman empire , the territory of present day Austria corresponded roughly with the Roman province of Noricum which was annexed by the empire around 15 BC, beginning 500 years of "Austria Romana" (as it became known in the 19th century). The western and eastern extremities of present day Austria were within the Roman provinces of Raetia , and Pannonia . During Emperor Claudius 's reign (41–54 AD), Noricum

1632-469: The "Jupiter" symphony, Symphony No. 41 , KV. 551. At the same time that Köchel was writing his catalogue Otto Jahn was making a comprehensive collection of Mozart works and writing a scholarly biography of Mozart. When Jahn learned of Köchel's work he turned over his collection to him. Köchel dedicated his catalogue to Jahn. Moreover, Köchel arranged Mozart's works into twenty-four categories, which were used by Breitkopf & Härtel when they published

1700-697: The Bavarians extended south to later-known South Tyrol , and east to the Enns . The administrative center was at Regensburg . Those groups mixed with the Rhaeto-Romanic population and pushed it up into the mountains along the Puster Valley . In the south of modern Austria, Slavs had settled in the valleys of the Drava, Mura and Save by 600. The westward Slavic migration stopped further Bavarian migration eastwards by 610. Their most westward expansion

1768-742: The Danube soon afterwards. The Laterculus Veronensis shows that Heruli and Rugii were already present somewhere in western Europe in about 314. Similar listings from later in the 4th century, the Cosmographia of Julius Honorius , and probably also the Liber Generationis , both listed the Heruli together with the Marcomanni and Quadi, in whose traditional region the Herule kingdom would later be found. In 380 AD, Roman forces suffered

1836-489: The Eastern Alps in the wake of the expansion of their Avar overlords during the 7th century, mixed with the Celto-Romanic population, and established the realm of Carantania (later Carinthia ), which covered much of eastern and central Austrian territory and was the first independent Slavic state in Europe, centered at Zollfeld . Together with the indigenous population they were able to resist further encroachment of

1904-532: The Frankish west, such as Rupert and Virgil of the Hiberno-Scottish mission . After centuries of tension and war on the Danube border which ran through present day Austria, the power of the Marcomanni seems to have been broken by 300 AD. Many, perhaps most of them, had been moved within the empire. It seems that the Rugii and Heruli may have already moved into the Marcomanni's traditional region north of

1972-691: The Franks and Bavarians against the eastern Avars in 791, so that by 803 they had fallen back to the east of the Fischa and Leitha rivers. These conquests enabled the establishment of a system of defensive marches (military borderlands) from the Danube to the Adriatic. By around 800, Österreich, the "Kingdom of the East," had been joined to the Holy Roman Empire. Among these was an eastern march,

2040-738: The Germanic Bavarians steadily replaced Romansch as the main language, they adopted many Roman customs and became increasingly Christianized. Similarly in the east, German replaced the Slavic language. The March of Austria's neighbours were the Duchy of Bavaria to the west, the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Poland to the North, the Kingdom of Hungary to the east and the Duchy of Carinthia to the south. In this setting, Austria, still subject to Bavaria

2108-630: The Holy Roman Empire, Austria became the Austrian Empire , and was also part of the German Confederation until the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. In 1867, Austria formed a dual monarchy with Hungary: the Austro-Hungarian Empire . When this empire collapsed after the end of World War I in 1918, Austria was reduced to the main, mostly German-speaking areas of the empire (its current frontiers), and adopted

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2176-426: The Huns for fifty years, were reclaimed by the Romans". However, in 433 Flavius Aëtius effectively ceded Pannonia to Attila . In 451 the Huns and their allies, now under the command of Attila must have poured through the area on their way to Gaul where they were defeated the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains that year. Attila died a few years later in 453, and this was followed by the Battle of Nedao in 454, when

2244-454: The Imperial family. Leopold then concentrated on pacifying the nobility. His monastic foundations, particularly Klosterneuburg and Heiligenkreuz , led to his posthumous canonisation in 1458, and he became Austria's patron saint . Leopold III was succeeded by his son, Leopold IV 'The Generous' (1137–1141). Leopold further enhanced the status of Austria by also becoming Duke of Bavaria in 1139, as Leopold I. Bavaria itself had been in

2312-403: The Pannonian area, having previously established themselves from the Baltic Sea to the Balkans . After the Avars suffered setbacks in the east in 626, the Slavs rebelled, establishing their own territories. The Carantanians (Alpine Slavs) elected a Bavarian, Odilo, as their Count, and successfully resisted further Avar subjugation. The Carantanians migrated westward along the Drava into

2380-556: The Roman empire, including the east of Austria, and expected to do military service for Rome. As the Roman Empire's control over these border regions crumbled, the ability of Raetia, Noricum, and Pannonia to defend themselves became increasingly problematic. The Gothic leader Radagaisus overran part of the country in 405. After several raids on Italy, the Visigoths arrived in Noricum in 408, under Alaric I . As described by Zosimus , Alaric set out from Emona (modern Ljubljana ) which lay between Pannonia Superior and Noricum over

2448-463: The Slavs maintained their language and identity until the early 20th century, when assimilation reduced them to a small minority. Bavarian relationship with the Franks varied, achieving temporary independence by 717, only to be subjugated by Charles Martel . Finally Charlemagne (Emperor 800–814) deposed the last Agilolfing duke, Tassilo III , assuming direct Carolingian control in 788, with non-hereditary Bavarian kings. Charlemagne subsequently led

2516-412: The first complete edition of Mozart's works from 1877 to 1910, a venture partly funded by Köchel. He also catalogued the works of Johann Fux . Ritter For its historical association with warfare and the landed gentry in the Middle Ages , the title of Ritter can be considered roughly equal to the titles of " Knight ", but it is hereditary like the British title of " Baronet ". The wife of

2584-466: The first-recorded local tribal ( Taurisci , Ambidravi , Ambisontes ) and place names. Out of this arose Noricum (2nd century to c . 15 b.c. ) – a confederation of Alpine Celtic tribes (traditionally twelve) under the leadership of the Norici . It was confined to present-day southern and eastern Austria and part of Slovenia . The West was settled by the Raeti . Dürrnberg and Hallein (Salzburg) were Celtic salt settlements. In eastern Styria and

2652-485: The hands of the Welf (Guelph) dynasty, who were pitted against the Hohenstaufen . The latter came to the imperial throne in 1138 in the person of Conrad III (1138–1152); the Duke of Bavaria, Henry the Proud , was himself a candidate for the imperial crown and disputed the election of Conrad, and was subsequently deprived of the Duchy, which was given to Leopold IV. When Leopold died, his lands were inherited by his brother Henry II (Heinrich Jasomirgott) (1141–1177). In

2720-408: The inhabitants sought out and developed raw materials in the central Alpine areas. The most important find is considered to be the Iceman Ötzi , a well-preserved mummy of a man frozen in the Alps dating from approximately 3,300 BC, although these finds are now in Italy on the Austrian border. Another culture is the Mondsee group , represented by stilt houses in the Alpine lakes. By the beginning of

2788-437: The late Iron Age Austria was occupied by people of the Hallstatt Celtic culture ( c. 800 BC), they first organized as a Celtic kingdom referred to by the Romans as Noricum , dating from c. 800 to 400 BC. At the end of the 1st century BC, the lands south of the Danube became part of the Roman Empire . In the Migration Period , the 6th century, the Bavarii , a Germanic people, occupied these lands until it fell to

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2856-409: The mark". The first recorded instance of the name 'Austria' appeared in 996, in a document of King Otto III written as Ostarrîchi , referring to the territory of the Babenberg March. In addition, for a long time the form Osterlant was in use, the inhabitants being referred to as Ostermann or Osterfrau . The Latinized name Austria applied to this area appears in the 12th Century writings in

2924-425: The meantime, Conrad had been succeeded as emperor by his nephew Frederick I Barbarossa (1155–1190), who was descended from both the Welfs and Hohenstauffens and sought to end the conflicts within Germany. To this end he returned Bavaria to the Welfs in 1156, but as compensation elevated Austria to a duchy through an instrument known as the Privilegium Minus . Henry II thus became Duke of Austria in exchange for losing

2992-410: The modern Klagenfurt ), Teurnia (near Spittal ), and Lauriacum ( Enns ). Archaeological sites from the Roman period include Kleinklein (Styria) and Zollfeld ( Magdalensberg ). Christianity appeared in Austria in the 2nd century, prompting Church organization that can be traced back to the 4th century. After the arrival of the Bavarii , Austria became the object of new missionary efforts from

3060-542: The name, the Republic of German-Austria . However, union with Germany and the chosen country name were forbidden by the Allies at the Treaty of Versailles . This led to the creation of the First Austrian Republic (1919–1933). Following the First Republic, Austrofascism tried to keep Austria independent from the German Reich . Engelbert Dollfuss accepted that most Austrians were German and Austrian, but wanted Austria to remain independent from Germany. In 1938, Austrian-born Adolf Hitler annexed Austria to Germany , which

3128-482: The neighboring Franks and Avars in the southeastern Alps. Meanwhile, the Germanic tribe of the Bavarii ( Frankish vassals), had developed in the 5th and 6th century in the west of the country and in later-known Bavaria , while Alemans had settled in later-known Vorarlberg . In the northern alps the Bavarians were established as a stem dukedom by around 550, under Agilolfing rule until 788 as an eastern Frankish Empire outpost. Those lands that were occupied by

3196-492: The province of Raetia . Present day Burgenland in the east was in Pannonia. To the south was Region 10, Venetia et Histria . The Danubian limes , formed a defensive line separating Upper and Lower Austria from Germanic tribes , most importantly the Marcomanni . The Romans built many Austrian cities that survive today. They include Vindobona ( Vienna ), Juvavum ( Salzburg ), Valdidena ( Innsbruck ), and Brigantium ( Bregenz ). Other important towns were Virunum (north of

3264-411: The rest. However they embarked on a programme of consolidating their power base. One such method was to employ indentures servants such as the Kuenringern family as Ministeriales and given considerable military and administrative duties. They survived as a dynasty through good fortune and skill at power politics, in that era dominated by the continual struggle between emperor and papacy . The path

3332-403: The rivers Enns , Ybbs and Inn . The West Hallstatt area was in contact with the Greek colonies on the Ligurian coast. In the Alps, contacts with the Etruscans and under Greek influence regions in Italy were maintained. The East had close links with the Steppe Peoples who had passed over the Carpathian Basin from the southern Russian steppes. The population of Hallstatt drew its wealth from

3400-444: The salt industry. Imports of luxury goods stretching from the North and Baltic seas to Africa have been discovered in the cemetery at Hallstatt. The oldest evidence of an Austrian wine industry was discovered in Zagersdorf , Burgenland in a grave mound. The Cult Wagon of Strettweg , Styria is evidence of contemporary religious life. In the later Iron Age , the Celtic La Tène culture spread to Austria. This culture gave rise to

3468-480: The same area, a double infant burial site was discovered at Krems-Wachtberg, dating from Gravettian culture (27,000 years old), the oldest burial ground found in Austria to date. Mesolithic remains include rock shelters (abris) from Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine Valley , a funeral site at Elsbethen and a few other sites with microlithic artifacts which demonstrate the transition from living as hunter-gatherers and sedentary farmers and ranchers. During

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3536-437: The sons of Attila and their Ostrogothic allies were defeated, The victors were able to consolidate independent kingdoms north of the Middle Danube. North of the Danube in present day Austria where the Marcomanni had been were the Rugii, and Heruli. In 468 the Ostrogoths won the Battle of Bolia , giving them hegemony over the Pannonian kingdoms. During the cold winter of 469/470, the Ostrogoths unexpectedly attacked Hunimund ,

3604-430: The territory eastward along the Danube valley, so that by 1002 it reached Vienna . The eastward expansion was finally halted by the newly Christianized Hungarians in 1030, when King Stephen (1001–1038) of Hungary defeated the Emperor, Conrad II (1024–1039) at Vienna. A 'core' territory had finally been established. The land contained the remnant of many prior civilisations, but the Bavarians predominated, except in

3672-465: The time of Leopold III (1095–1136). (compare Austrasia as the name for the north-eastern part of the Frankish Empire). The term Ostmark is not historically certain and appears to be a translation of marchia orientalis that came up only much later. The Babenbergs pursued a policy of settling the country, clearing forests and founding towns and monasteries. They ruled the March from Pöchlarn initially, and later from Melk , continually expanding

3740-400: The title limited to the recipient's lifetime (see Military Order of Max Joseph ). This German history article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Austrian history article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . History of Austria Timeline The history of Austria covers the history of Austria and its predecessor states. In

3808-440: The title of Duke of Bavaria. Austria was now an independent dominion within the Holy Roman Empire, and Henry moved his official residence to Vienna that year. In 1186 the Georgenberg Pact bequeathed Austria's southern neighbour, the Duchy of Styria to Austria upon the death of the childless Duke of Styria, Ottokar IV , which occurred in 1192. Styria had been carved out of the northern marches of Carinthia , and only raised to

3876-408: The western alpine parts of present day western Austria. In 476 Odoacer became ruler of Italy with barbarian forces including Heruli and Rugii, and other peoples from the Danubian region. Remnants of the Roman organization survived south of the Danube in the form of fortified strongholds, but the barbarians raided frequently, as described in the biography Severinus of Noricum by Eugippius . Noricum

3944-410: Was Otto's brother. In 955 Otto successfully forced back the Hungarians at the Battle of Lechfeld , beginning a slow reconquest of the eastern lands, including Istria and Carniola . During the reign of Henry's son, Henry II (the Quarrelsome) (955–976) Otto became the first Holy Roman Emperor (962) and Bavaria became a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire . Otto I re-established the eastern march, and

4012-401: Was a relatively small player. The Babenberg Margraves controlled very little of modern Austria. Salzburg, historically part of Bavaria became an ecclesiastical territory, while Styria was part of the Carinthian Duchy. The Babenbergs had relatively small holdings, with not only Salzburg but the lands of the Diocese of Passau lying in the hands of the church, and the nobility controlling much of

4080-422: Was bounded on the east approximately by the Vienna Woods , the current eastern border of Styria , and parts of the Danube , Eisack , Drava rivers. Under Diocletian (284–305), Noricum was divided along the main Alpine ridge into a north ( Noricum ripense ) and a south ( Noricum Mediterraneum ). Across the Ziller in the west, corresponding approximately to the present provinces of Vorarlberg and Tyrol , lay

4148-407: Was eventually abandoned in 488, while Raetia was abandoned by the Romans to the Alamanni . In 493 Theoderic the Great , an Ostrogothic king, killed Odoacer and took control of Italy. By 500 the Herulian kingdom on the Danube, apparently by now under a king named Rodulph, had conquered their neighbours the Rugii, and become allies with Theoderic in Italy. In 508 Rodulph was killed by the Langobards ,

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4216-482: Was found in the Gudenus Cave in northwestern Lower Austria. Upper Paleolithic remains are more numerous in Lower Austria. The best known are in the Wachau region, including the sites of the two oldest pieces of art in Austria. These are figurative representations of women, the Venus of Galgenberg found near Stratzing and thought to be 32,000 years old, and the nearby Venus of Willendorf (26,000 years old) found at Willendorf , near Krems an der Donau . In 2005 in

4284-479: Was interested in geology and mineralogy , but also loved music, and was a member of the Mozarteum Salzburg . He died of cancer at age 77 in Vienna. In 1862 he published the Köchel catalogue , a chronological and thematic register of the works of Mozart. This catalogue was the first on such a scale and with such a level of scholarship behind it; it has since undergone revisions. Mozart's works are often referred to by their KV-numbers ( cf. opus number ); for example,

4352-415: Was later incorporated into the Carolingian empire , first as a tribal margravate under Slavic dukes and, after the failed rebellion of Ljudevit Posavski in the early 9th century, under Frankish-appointed noblemen. During the following centuries, Bavarian settlers went down the Danube and up the Alps, a process through which Austria was to become a mostly German-speaking country. Only in southern Carinthia,

4420-458: Was not always smooth. The fifth Margrave, Leopold II 'The Fair' (1075–1095) was temporarily deposed by the Emperor Henry IV (1084–1105) after finding himself on the wrong side of the Investiture Dispute . However Leopold's son, Leopold III 'The Good' (1095–1136) backed Henry's rebellious son, Henry V (1111–1125), contributed to his victory and was rewarded with the hand of Henry's sister Agnes von Waiblingen in 1106, thus allying himself with

4488-410: Was reached in 650 at the Puster Valley , but gradually fell back to the Enns by 780. The settlement boundary between Slavs and Bavarians roughly corresponds to a line from Freistadt through Linz , Salzburg ( Lungau ), to East Tyrol ( Lesachtal ), with Avars and Slavs occupying eastern Austria and modern Bohemia . Carantania, under pressure of the Avars, became a vassal to Bavaria in 745 and

4556-473: Was succeeded by Otto II in 967, and found himself in conflict with Henry who he deposed, allowing him to re-organise the duchies of his empire. Otto considerably reduced Bavaria, re-establishing Carinthia to the south. To the east, he established a new Bavarian Eastern March , subsequently known as Austria, under Leopold , count of Babenberg in 976. Leopold I, also known as Leopold the Illustrious ruled Austria from 976 to 994. The marches were overseen by

4624-415: Was supported by a large majority of Austrians . After the German defeat in World War II, the German identity in Austria was weakened. Ten years after the Second World War Austria again became an independent republic as the Second Austrian Republic in 1955. Austria joined the European Union in 1995. Since the territory understood by the term 'Austria' underwent drastic changes over time, dealing with

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