Misplaced Pages

#398601

35-493: The site of the modern zoo was home in 1895 to the Northeast German industrial and craft exhibition. Its supervisor Hermann Claaß proposed keeping the wooden pavilions to make a zoological garden. On 22 August 1895 the "Tiergarten Society" was created to realize the plan. The zoo's opening took place on 21 May 1896. At that time, the collection had 893 specimens representing 262 species. In 1912 an ethnographic museum

70-729: A Polish fief. During the Polish–Teutonic War (1519–21) , the town was captured by Polish troops under Hetman Mikołaj Firlej , who confirmed the town privileges. During the Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629 , Polish troops were stationed around the town in 1626. During the Second Northern War it was plundered by Swedish troops in 1656. Since 1618 ruled in personal union with the Imperial Margraviate of Brandenburg as Brandenburg-Prussia , although

105-673: A local branch of the anti-Polish German Eastern Marches Society was founded, the organization's busiest branch in Masuria. From 1903 to 1933 the Tuberculosis sanatorium Hohenstein for male patients operated in the municipal forest about 4 km north of the town center. In the beginning of World War I in August 1914, Imperial Russian Army troops occupied the region but were defeated by German Army forces under General Paul von Hindenburg and Chief of Staff Erich Ludendorff in

140-509: A statue in his honor, which was erected on the main avenue of the park on 13 June. After the war the sculpture disappeared and was rediscovered only much later, in a private residence on Vatunin street occupied by the Gosstrakh . The pedestal of the statue was discovered in a playground on the intersection of Ogaryov and Kutuzov streets. In 1990 the monument was reassembled and re-erected in the zoo on its former spot. A "talking raven" lived in

175-776: Is a town in northern Poland , in Olsztyn County , in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship . It is the administrative seat of Gmina Olsztynek . It is part of the historic region of Masuria . Olsztynek is located about 28 km (17 mi) south of Olsztyn in the western part of the Masurian Lake District , where it borders on the Prussian Uplands ( Prusy Górne ), part of the Baltic Uplands . Olsztynek station

210-628: Is a local Polish variant of the Magdeburg rights, modelled after the town rights of Środa Śląska in Lower Silesia , granted in 1235 by Polish ruler Henry the Bearded of the Piast dynasty . The purpose of creating the Środa law was to conform the so-called German law to the interests of Polish authority. Major cities chartered with Środa law were Kalisz , Legnica and Radom . Resulting from

245-585: Is a stop on the railway line from Olsztyn to Działdowo . The expressway S7 running from Gdańsk via Olsztynek to Warsaw and Kraków , parts of which are still under construction, is part of the European route E77 . A direct link to Olsztyn is provided by the expressway S51 . The intersection of the S7 and S51 highways is located just outside the town limits of Olsztynek, and the National road 58 also runs through

280-571: The Battle of Tannenberg . The battle actually was fought from 27 to 29 August in and around Hohenstein, whereby 115 buildings including the town hall were demolished. However, Hindenburg urged to name it after Tannenberg to counter the myth of the "German" defeat in the 1410 Battle of Grunwald, which was known as the (First) Battle of Tannenberg in German sources. The town's reconstruction started during World War I with financial aid from Leipzig and

315-467: The German Empire . Administratively, the town was part of Landkreis (district) Osterode ( Ostróda ) in the province of East Prussia . Although Olsztynek was outside the authority of Poland after 1657, in the late 19th century Poles still formed the majority of the local Lutheran parish (majority of the town's population was Lutheran), with 3,344 people in comparison to 1,966 Germans. In 1898,

350-676: The Magdeburg rights developed by Otto I . The Magdeburg law became the inspiration for regional town charters not only in Germany, but also in Central and Eastern Europe who modified it during the Middle Ages . The German town law (based on the Magdeburg rights) was used in the founding of many German cities, towns, and villages beginning in the 13th century. As Germans began establishing towns throughout northern Europe as early as

385-601: The Rechtsvorort . As territorial borders changed through the passage of time, changes to German city rights were inevitable. During the course of the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries, the town laws of many places were modified with aspects of Roman law by legal experts. Ultimately, the older towns' laws, along with local autonomy and jurisdiction, gave way to landed territorial rulers. With the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803, almost all of

SECTION 10

#1732771829399

420-516: The federal states of Germany . Many towns granted German city rights had already existed for some time, but the granting of town law codified the legal status of the settlement. Many European localities date their foundation to their reception of a town charter, even though they had existed as a settlement beforehand. German town law was frequently applied during the Ostsiedlung of Central and Eastern Europe by German colonists beginning in

455-474: The 10th century, they often received town privileges granting them autonomy from local secular or religious rulers. Such privileges often included the right to self-governance, economic autonomy, criminal courts, and militia . Town laws were more or less entirely copied from neighboring towns, such as the Westphalian towns of Soest , Dortmund , Minden , and Münster . As Germans began settling eastward,

490-609: The 14th century. In the 15th century, many towns in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were chartered with the Środa town law used in much of Poland, although this was done through the duplication of Polish administrative methods instead of German colonization. In the 16th century Muscovy granted or reaffirmed Magdeburg rights to various towns along the Dnieper acquired from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . After

525-571: The 1914 battle a large Tannenberg Memorial was inaugurated here on 18 September 1927, and made the place of the burial of Reich President Paul von Hindenburg on 7 August 1934. In World War II parts of the premises were used for the Stalag I-B prisoner-of-war camp . The memorial was partly demolished by the German forces withdrawing from the Soviet advance in 1945, after Hindenburg's coffin (and his wife's) were removed, and completely demolished by

560-639: The 51 reichsfrei cities of the Holy Roman Empire were mediatised by the territorial princes; the remaining imperial free cities of Frankfurt , Bremen , Hamburg , and Lübeck became sovereign city-states . The only remnants of medieval town rights (statutes) included in the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch of 1 January 1900 were single articles concerning family and inheritance laws. The cities of Hamburg, Bremen, and Berlin are currently administered under Landesrechte , or laws of

595-793: The Polish government in 1949. A surviving lion is displayed in front of the Olsztynek town hall. In January 1945 it was occupied by the Red Army throughout the East Prussian Offensive . Later it was handed over to the Republic of Poland ; the German population was expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement and the region was resettled with Poles, especially those expelled from territories of Poland annexed by

630-639: The Prussian part remained under Polish suzerainty until 1657. Hohenstein/Olsztynek with Ducal Prussia was incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701. In 1804 a fire destroyed 108 houses and the townhall. During the Napoleonic Wars in 1807 the French stayed in Olsztynek, including Marshals of France Michel Ney and Pierre Augereau . After the 1871 unification of Germany the town lay inside

665-464: The Soviet Union . In 1960 a memorial for the 1410 Battle of Grunwald was erected by Polish authorities. The local football club is Olimpia Olsztynek  [ pl ] . It competes in the lower leagues. German town law The German town law ( German : Deutsches Stadtrecht ) or German municipal concerns ( Deutsches Städtewesen ) was a set of early town privileges based on

700-759: The Teutonic Order in Prussia and along the lower Vistula in Eastern Pomerania, and in the Duchy of Masovia . Other variants included Brandenburg, Litoměřice, and Olomouc law. Litoměřice law and codes based on that of Nuremberg , such as Old Prague and Cheb law, were introduced into Bohemia during the reign of King Wenceslaus I , while German colonists introduced Brünn (Brno) and Olmütz (Olomouc) law in Moravia . South German law, broadly referring to

735-723: The basis of Riga law in Riga , used for some towns in the lands of the Livonian Order in Livonia , Estonia , and Courland . Magdeburg law was popular around the March of Meissen and Upper Saxony and was the source of several variants, including Neumarkt law ( Środa Śląska ) in Poland, used extensively in central and southern Poland, and Kulm law (Chełmno law), used in the State of

SECTION 20

#1732771829399

770-605: The citizens however had to face high taxes imposed by the Knights who had to refinance their contributions paid according to the 1411 Peace of Thorn . In turn the town became a member of the Prussian Confederation in 1444, opposing the authority of the Order's State. At the request of the organization, in 1454, King Casimir IV Jagiellon signed the act of incorporation of the region to the Kingdom of Poland , and

805-632: The codes of Nuremberg and Vienna , was used in Bavaria , Austria , and Slovenia , and was introduced into the Kingdom of Hungary during the rule of King Béla IV . Jihlava law was a variant used frequently by mining communities in Bohemia, Moravia, the mountains of Upper Hungary , and Transylvania . Other town laws were only suitable for or were modified to fit local conditions, such as Głubczyce , Görlitz , Goslar, Lüneburg, Lwówek Śląski , Nysa , Spiš, and Székesfehérvár laws. The Środa/Neumarkt law

840-400: The colonists modelled their town laws on the pre-existing 12th century laws of Cologne in the west, Lübeck in the north ( Lübeck law ), Magdeburg in the east ( Magdeburg rights ), and either Nuremberg or Vienna in the south. The granting of German city rights modelled after an established town to a new town regarded the original model as a Rechtsvorort , or roughly a legal sponsor of

875-430: The early 13th century. Because many areas were considered underpopulated or underdeveloped, local rulers offered urban privileges to peasants from German lands to induce them to immigrate eastward. Some towns which received a German town law charter were based on pre-existing settlements, while others were constructed anew by colonists. Many towns were formed in conjunction with the settlement of nearby rural communities, but

910-445: The newly chartered town. For instance, Magdeburg became the sponsor of towns using Magdeburg Rights, and its lay judges could rule in ambiguous legal cases in towns using such rights. Certain city rights became known under different names, although they originally came from the same source; the name of some city variants designates the Rechtsvorort they became famous from, not necessarily that that specific style of rights originated from

945-557: The reign of King Casimir III of Poland , numerous towns were chartered with Środa town law throughout the Kingdom of Poland in the 14th century, especially in Masovia , Galicia , and Volhynia . By 1477, 132 towns and thousands of villages in Poland were granted Środa law. Many Transylvanian Saxon settlements in Transylvania, especially in the regions of Altland , Burzenland , and Nösnerland , received South German town law in

980-608: The seat of the local administration within the State of the Teutonic Order . During the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War , the 1410 Battle of Grunwald took place in the vicinity of the town, whereby the Poles and Lithuanians defeated the Teutonic Knights. In the succeeding fights, Olsztynek was seized and burnt down to the grounds, in order not to let it pass into Polish hands. Quickly rebuilt afterwards,

1015-705: The town recognized itself as part of the Kingdom of Poland, but returned to the Order's rule during the Thirteen Years' War in 1455. After the peace treaty signed in Toruń in 1466 it became a part of Poland as a fief held by the Order's State , until the conversion of Grand Master Albert von Hohenzollern to Lutheranism in 1525, whereafter the town became part of the Protestant Duchy of Prussia , also

1050-658: The town. Several decades after the subjugation of the Old Prussians , Hohenstein Castle was erected from 1351 to colonize the Sasna lands at the behest of Günter von Hohenstein, commander of the Teutonic Knights at Osterode commandry. A parish church was mentioned for 1348. Grand Master Winrich von Kniprode granted the surrounding settlement town privileges according to Kulm law in 1359. Olsztynek became

1085-490: The towns' urban rights were jealously guarded. Initially German town law was applied only to ethnic Germans, but gradually in most localities all town-dwellers were regarded as citizens, regardless of ethnic origin. Lübeck law spread rapidly among the maritime settlements along the southern shore of the Baltic Sea and was used in northern Mecklenburg , Western Pomerania , and parts of Pomerelia and Warmia . It formed

Kaliningrad Zoo - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-613: The zoo became the property of the city of Königsberg, and the Tiergarten society was dissolved. Only four of the zoo's animals survived the Second World War : a deer, a donkey, a badger and a hippopotamus. The hippopotamus was injured in the fighting, but recovered later. In 1973 a patronage program was started in which Kaliningrad businesses would sponsor installations or animals in the zoo. The first zoo director, Hermann Claaß, retired on 31 May 1913. Walter Rosenberg built

1155-603: The zoo. In 2003, the zoo suffered from a lack of funding, sometimes even to the extent there is not enough food for the animals. Many of the animals survived by scrounging food from visitors. At the present, the Kaliningrad Zoo contains 2264 animals representing 315 different species. [REDACTED] Media related to Kaliningrad Zoo at Wikimedia Commons Olsztynek Olsztynek [ɔlʂˈtɨnɛk] ( Masurian : Ôlstÿnek; German : Hohenstein in Ostpreußen )

1190-562: Was established in the grounds of the zoo. In the 1930s this was moved to Mt. Hexenberg north of Hohenstein (now Olsztynek , Poland ). The zoo lost its prosperity when the First World War began and was closed on 17 August 1914. All available buildings were used by the military as warehouses for uniforms. The zoo opened again in 1918, but was unable, in the post-war decline, to regain its former glory. The collection diminished severely and consisted in 1921 only of 565 animals. In 1938

1225-825: Was largely completed by 1920. The townhall was finalized in 1922/23. As a condition of the Treaty of Versailles , the League of Nations held the East Prussian plebiscite on 11 July 1920 to determine if the people in the southern districts of the East Prussian province wanted to remain within the Free State of Prussia and Germany or to join the Second Polish Republic , which just regained independence after World War I. The plebiscite resulted in 1,780 votes for Germany and 20 for Poland. In remembrance of

#398601