Kul Tigin ( Old Turkic : 𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤 , romanized: Kültegin Chinese : 闕 特 勤 , Pinyin : Quètèqín, Wade-Giles : chüeh-t'e-ch'in, AD 684–731) was a general and a prince of the Second Turkic Khaganate .
15-503: Necip Asım (1921) initially gave his name as köl , based on the etymology of Mahmud al-Kashgari , meaning "lake, sea". Radloff rendered this word as kül , and Thomsen (1896), Malov (1951) and Tekin (1968) adopted this reading. Bazin (1956) and Hamilton (1962) rejected Radloff's reading and preferred the form köl . However, Chinese sources used the Chinese character 闕 ( què ). Therefore, this word should be read as kül , not köl . He
30-587: A raven . The head was found by the Czech archeologist Lumir Jisl during his 1957–1958 expedition to Mongolia. He was portrayed by Ham Suk Hun (함석훈) in Korean TV Series Dae Jo-yeong . Mahmud al-Kashgari Mahmud ibn Husayn ibn Muhammad al-Kashgari was an 11th-century Kara-Khanid scholar and lexicographer of the Turkic languages from Kashgar . His father, Husayn, was
45-607: The Iron Gate south of Samarkand . They also subjugated all nine of the Tokuz Oguz tribes. In 705, Tujue forces commanded by Mojilian entered Lingwu , defeating Shazha Chongyi (沙吒忠义). Kul Tigin commanded a unit in battle, in which he lost three horses. In 711, he participated in Battle of Bolchu , which was disastrous for Turgesh . In 713 he participated in subjugation of Karluk tribes with his brother and uncle. Upon
60-572: The Kara-Khanid confederation. However, scholars have not yet come to a settled conclusion. Al-Kashgari advocated monolingualism and the linguistic purism of the Turkic languages and held a belief in the superiority of nomadic people (the Turkic tribes had traditionally been nomads) over urban populations. Most of his Turkic-speaking contemporaries were bilingual in New Persian , which
75-623: The army, for himself. He died suddenly on 27 February 731. A stele in memory of Kül Tigin, which included inscriptions in both Turkic and Chinese , was erected at his memorial complex of Khoshoo Tsaidam , at the present site of the Orkhon inscriptions . Kül-Tegin is also mentioned in the inscription erected in memory of his older brother Bilge Qaghan at the neighbouring site of Khöshöö-Tsaidam-1. Heavenly Divine Türk Bilgä Qaghan, I reign at this time. Hear out my words, all my brothers, my sons, and also you, my tribe, my people: Šad Pït lords of
90-468: The assimilation of the nomadic way of life into a sedentary culture. He recorded a Turkic proverb that warned, “Just as the effectiveness of a warrior is diminished when his sword begins to rust, so too does the flesh of a Turk begin to rot when he assumes the lifestyle of an Iranian.” Some researchers think that Mahmud al-Kashgari died in 1102 at the age of 97 in Upal , a small city southwest of Kashgar and
105-635: The compiled information is not known. Scholars believe it is likely that Kashgari would have gathered most of the content about Oguz-Turkmen from Oguz tribes in Khorasan since he himself was a student in Seljuk Baghdad, but it is possible that some of this material could have come from early Turkmen. Other scholars believe that the compendium was based on the Turkiyya language of the Chigil tribe in
120-414: The death of Qapagan Khaghan , his son Inel Qaghan attempted to illegally ascend to the throne, defying the traditional Lateral succession law, but Kül Tigin refused to recognize the takeover. He raised an army, attacked, and killed Inel, Ashina Duoxifu and his trusted followers. He placed his elder brother Bilge Khagan on the throne, and took the title of Shad , an equivalent of commander-in-chief of
135-730: The first comprehensive dictionary of Turkic languages, the Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk (English: "Compendium of the languages of the Turks") in 1072–74. It was intended for use by the Abbasid Caliphate , the new Arab allies of the Turks. Mahmud Kashgari's comprehensive dictionary, later edited by the Turkish historian, Ali Amiri , contains specimens of old Turkic poetry in the typical form of quatrains ( Persio - Arabic رباعیات , rubā'iyāt ; Turkish : dörtlük ), representing all
150-584: The mayor of Barsgan , a town in the southeastern part of the lake of Issyk-Kul (nowadays village of Barskoon in Northern Kyrgyzstan 's Issyk-Kul Region ) and related to the ruling dynasty of Kara-Khanid Khanate . Around 1057 C.E., Mahmud al-Kashgari became a political refugee, before settling down in Baghdad . Al-Kashgari studied the Turkic languages of his time and in Baghdad, he compiled
165-566: The principal genres: epic , pastoral , didactic , lyric and elegiac . His book also included the first known map of the areas inhabited by Turkic peoples . This map is housed at the National Library in Istanbul. Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk also contains linguistic data about multiple Turkic dialects that may have been gathered from merchants and others involved in trade along routes that travelled through Transoxiana . The origin of
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#1732772992357180-525: The south; Tarqan Buyruq lords of the north; Otuz . . .; His burial ceremony took place in 1 November 731. He was posthumously renamed Inanču Apa Yarğan Tarqan ( Old Turkic : 𐰃𐰤𐰨𐰆:𐰯𐰀:𐰖𐰺𐰍𐰣:𐱃𐰺𐰴𐰣 ) by Bilge Khagan . The head of the Kül Tigin sculpture in the Khöshöö-Tsaidam enclave in ( Orkhon , in northern Mongolia ) carries a bird with wings spread like an eagle, personifying
195-590: Was a second son of Ilterish Qaghan , the Second Turkic Khaganate's founder, and the younger brother of Bilge Kaghan , the fourth kaghan. He was seven when his father died. During the reign of Qapagan Khaghan , Kul Tigin and his older brother earned reputation for their military prowess. They defeated Yenisei Kirghiz , Turgesh , and the Karluks , extending the Kaganate territory all the way to
210-411: Was buried there. There is now a mausoleum erected on his gravesite. But some modern authors reject this assertion, saying that the date of his death is just unknown. He is claimed by Uyghur , Kyrgyz and Uzbek nationalists as part of their respective ethnic groups. An oriental study university, situated in the capital city of Bishkek in post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan, was named after Makhmud Kashghari, in
225-512: Was then the urban and literary language of Central Asia. The most elegant of the dialects belongs to those who know only one language, who do not mix with Persians and who do not customarily settle in other lands. Those who have two languages and who mix with the populace of the cities have a certain slurring in their utterances. Even so, Kashgari praised the dialect spoken by the bilingual Uyghurs as "pure" and "most correct" on par with those of Turkic monolinguals. Al-Kashgari cautioned against
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