Republican Fortress ( 105 )
49-618: KNIP may refer to: Central Indonesian National Committee (in Indonesian, Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat ) the ICAO code for Naval Air Station Jacksonville , in Jacksonville, Florida, United States Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title KNIP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
98-747: A unitary state and a republic . On 26 July 1945, the Allies called for the unconditional surrender of Japan in the Potsdam Declaration . The Japanese authorities, realising they would probably lose the war, began to make firm plans for Indonesian independence, more to spite the Dutch than anything else. On 6 August, an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima . On 7 August, the Southern Expeditionary Army Group headquarters announced that an Indonesian leader could enact
147-535: A BPUPK for Sumatra. No such organisation existed for the remainder of the East Indies. The BPUPK in Java, when established, consisted of 62 members, but there were 68 in the second session. It was chaired by Radjiman Wedyodiningrat (1879–1951). The future president Sukarno and vice-president Mohammad Hatta were among its members. It met in the building that had been used by the Dutch colonial quasi-parliament,
196-729: A body called the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI). The dropping of a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki, and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria on 9 August prompted the Japanese to surrender unconditionally on 15 August 1945. Sukarno and Hatta declared independence on 17 August 1945, and the PPKI met the following day. In the meeting chaired by Sukarno, the 27 members, including Hatta , Soepomo , Wachid Hasjim , Sam Ratulangi and Subardjo , began to discuss
245-508: A preamble for the future constitution. This later became known as the Jakarta Charter . This was something of a compromise, and included an obligation for Muslims to follow Sharia (Islamic law). In the second session, which opened on 10 July, a committee of 19 people produced a provisional constitution. They were: The draft constitution comprised 37 articles, 4 transitory provisions and 2 additional provisions. The nation would be
294-598: A proposed modified version of the 1945 Constitution. With the fall of Suharto and the New Order regime in 1998, the 1983 decree and 1985 law were rescinded and the way was clear to amend the Constitution to make it more democratic. This was done in four stages at sessions of the MPR in 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002. As a result, the original Constitution has grown from 37 articles to 73, of which only 11% remain unchanged from
343-491: A provisional document. In 1983, the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) passed a decree stipulating the need for a nationwide referendum to be held before any amendments were made to the Constitution. This led to a 1985 law requiring such a referendum to have a 90% turnout and for any changes to be approved by a 90% vote. Then in 1997, the activist Sri Bintang Pamungkas and two colleagues were arrested and jailed for publishing
392-441: A return to the 1945 Constitution. This was put to the vote on 30 May 1958 and 2 June 1959, but the motion failed to gain the required two-thirds majority. Finally, on 5 July 1959 President Sukarno issued a decree dissolving the assembly and returning to the 1945 Constitution. Suharto , who officially became president in 1968, refused to countenance any changes to the Constitution despite the fact that even Sukarno had viewed it as
441-418: A six-month transition period, the new republic would be governed according to the constitution by a president, assisted by a National Committee, who would establish the two chamber legislature mandated by the constitution. The upper chamber, the People's Consultative Assembly would then have six months to draw up a new constitution, leaving open the possibility that this would be an entirely new document free of
490-467: Is obliged to respect the rights of others. The nation is based on belief in God, but the state guarantees religious freedom for all. States that all citizens have an obligation and right to participate in the defence of the nation. Outlines the structure and roles of the armed forces and the police. States that every citizen has the right to an education. Also obliges the government to allocate 20 percent of
539-558: The Central National Committee ( Indonesian : Komite Nasional Pusat , KNP ), was a body appointed to assist the president of the newly independent Indonesia . Originally purely advisory, it later gained assumed legislative functions. The Working Committee of the KNIP became part of the People's Representative Council when Indonesia became a unitary state in 1950. The Japanese invaded Indonesia in 1942. By 1943
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#1732765349423588-597: The House of Representatives and Constitution 1945 (usually referred to by the Indonesian acronym "UUD'45") remained in force until it was replaced by the Federal Constitution on 27 December 1949. This was in turn replaced by the Provisional Constitution on 17 August 1950 which in the end turned back into the unitary state of the republic of Indonesia. In 1955 elections were held for
637-516: The House of Representatives and the Regional Representatives Council , all of the members of both bodies being directly elected. The People's Consultative Assembly changes and passes laws, appoints the president, and can only dismiss the president or vice-president during their terms of office according to law. Outlines the powers of the president . States the requirements for the president and vice-president . Limits
686-574: The Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence ( Indonesian : Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan ) or BPUPK, chaired by Radjiman Wediodiningrat, with Sukarno, Hatta and Thamrin among its members. This body drew up a constitution for an independent Indonesia over several weeks of meetings. At a session of the Committee on 1 June 1945, Sukarno laid down the principles of Pancasila , which would become
735-528: The Provisional Constitution of 1950 , but restored by President Sukarno's 1959 Decree . The 1945 Constitution sets forth the Pancasila , the five nationalist principles, as the embodiment of basic principles of an independent Indonesian state. It provides for a limited separation of executive, legislative, and judicial powers. The governmental system has been described as "presidential with parliamentary characteristics." Following major upheavals in 1998 and
784-611: The Volksraad ("People's Council") in central Jakarta . It held two sessions, 29 May – 1 June and 10–17 July 1945. The first session discussed general matters, including the philosophy of the state for future independent Indonesia, Pancasila , which future president Sukarno outlined in a speech on 1 June. During the recess between the two BPUPK sessions, a Committee of Nine ( Panitia Sembilan ) comprising Sukarno, Hatta, Yamin, Maramis , Soebardjo, Wahid Hasjim , Muzakkir, Agus Salim and Abikoesno reformulated Sukarno's Pancasila in to
833-433: The cabinet a constitutional basis. The president appoints ministers. Explains how Indonesia is divided into provinces , regencies and cities , each with its own administration chosen by general election. The leaders of these administrations are "chosen democratically". Autonomy is applied as widely as possible. The state recognises the special nature of certain regions. Its members are elected by general election. It has
882-522: The resignation of President Suharto , several political reforms were set in motion, via amendments to the Constitution, which resulted in changes to all branches of government as well as additional human rights provisions. The Japanese invaded the Dutch East Indies in 1942, defeated the Dutch colonial regime, and occupied it for the duration of World War II . The territory then fell under
931-515: The Dutch and the Indonesian republicans. In order to avoid this rejection, Sukarno more than doubled the size of the KNIP to 514 members. The decision to expand the KNIP was taken in late 1946, but became effective only in March 1947. The number of left-wing members increased sharply as they wanted the Dutch military action to be ended as quickly as possible. These changes severely damaged that the KNIP's image as representing public opinion. Because of
980-530: The House of Representatives (DPR) as well as for a Constitutional Assembly to draw up a definitive constitution. However, this became bogged down in disputes between nationalists and Islamists, primarily over the role of Islam in Indonesia. Sukarno became increasingly disillusioned by this stagnation and with the support of the military, who saw a much greater constitutional role for themselves, began to push for
1029-550: The Indonesian national ideology. On 7 August, the day after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima , the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) was established. Sukarno was chairman, and Hatta vice-chairman. On 17 August, Sukarno proclaimed the Independence of Indonesia . On 18 August, the PPKI accepted the constitution drawn up by the BPUPK as the provisional Constitution of Indonesia and decided that during
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#17327653494231078-719: The Japanese 38th Army) was under the Imperial Japanese Navy . As the Japanese military position became increasingly untenable, especially after their defeat at the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944, more and more native Indonesians were appointed to official positions in the occupation administration. On 1 March 1945, the 16th Army established the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence ( Indonesian : Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan (BPUPK) ), for Java. The 25th Army later established
1127-543: The KNIP was reorganized by government decree. It now had 200 members. Of these, 110 were elected, 60 represented organizations and 30 were nominated by the president. Meanwhile, hopes that national elections would be held in January 1946 as planned began to fade. At the end of 1946, there was "manipulation" of the KNIP membership when it appeared likely the body would reject the Linggadjati Agreement between
1176-658: The Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 , commonly abbreviated as UUD 1945 or UUD '45 ) is the supreme law and basis for all laws of Indonesia . The constitution was written in June–August 1945, in the final months of the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies at the end of World War II . It was abrogated by the Federal Constitution of 1949 and
1225-578: The amendments, the Elucidation has not been updated, and still refers to the original document, including parts that have been removed, such as Chapter IV. During the sessions in the People's Assembly, all the ideas set forth in the Elucidation was transformed become articles in the new amendments. Lastly, final article of the amended Constitution states that the Constitution consists of the Preamble and
1274-724: The annual state budget for consideration by the House of Representatives. Explains that this exists to oversee the management of state funds. Affirms the independence of the judiciary . Explains the role and position of the Supreme Court as well as the role of the Judicial Commission . Also states the role of the Constitutional Court . States that the nation is an archipelago whose borders and rights are laid down by law. Defines citizens and residents , and states that all citizens are equal before
1323-422: The articles. The preamble to the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia contains the Pancasila state philosophy. Whereas Independence is the inalienable right of all nations; therefore, colonialism must be abolished in the world as it is not in conformity with humanity and justice. And the moment of rejoicing has arrived in the struggle of the Indonesian independence movement to guide the people safely and well to
1372-415: The gate of the independence of the state of Indonesia which is independent, united, sovereign, just and prosperous; By the blessings of Almighty God and motivated by the noble desire to live a free national life, the people of Indonesia hereby declare their independence. Subsequent thereto, to form a government of the state of Indonesia which protect all the people of Indonesia and all the independence and
1421-632: The influence of Mohamad Hatta and Tengku Mohamad Hasan. The Committee then officially adopted the Constitution. On 29 August, Sukarno dissolved the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence and established the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP). Sukarno and Hatta appointed 135 members, including the membership of the PPKI to this new body. It included people representing areas outside Java, Islam , women and young people. Following
1470-631: The influence of the situation prevailing during the Second World War . The PPKI also named Sukarno as president and Hatta vice-president. The following day it appointed 12 government ministers and decreed that Indonesia was to be divided into eight provinces. On 29 August, Sukarno dissolved the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence and established the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP). Sukarno and Hatta appointed 135 members, including
1519-555: The jurisdiction of the Japanese Southern Expeditionary Army Group (南方軍, Nanpō gun ), based in Saigon , Vietnam . The Japanese divided the territory into three military government regions, based on the largest islands: Sumatra was under the Japanese 25th Army , Java under the Japanese 16th Army and East Indonesia (the eastern islands), including part of Borneo (Sarawak and Sabah were under
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1568-480: The land that has been struggled for, and to improve public welfare, to educate the life of the nation and to participate toward the establishment of a world order based on freedom, perpetual peace and social justice, therefore the independence of Indonesia is formulated into a constitution of the Republic of Indonesia which is built into a sovereign state based on a belief in the One and Only God, just and civilized humanity,
1617-463: The law. Details the human rights guaranteed to all, including: It also states that the rights not to be tortured, to have freedom of thought and conscience, of religion, to not be enslaved, to be recognised as an individual before the law and to not be charged under retroactive legislation cannot be revoked under any circumstances. Furthermore, every person has the right to freedom from discrimination on any grounds whatsoever. Finally, every person
1666-574: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KNIP&oldid=396060959 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Airport disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Central Indonesian National Committee Various allegiances ( 212 ) The Central Indonesian National Committee ( Indonesian : Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat , KNIP ), also known as
1715-502: The members of the House of Representatives, the Regional Representatives Council, the president and vice-president and the regional legislatures are free, secret, honest and fair and are held every five years. Candidates for the House of Representatives and regional legislatures represent political parties: those for the Regional Representatives Council are individuals. States that the president puts forward
1764-474: The membership of the PPKI to this new body. It included people representing areas outside Java, Islam , women and young people. Following pressure by individuals including Sutan Sjahrir and Amir Sjarifuddin for a less authoritarian system of government, on 16 October 1945, Vice-president Hatta issued Vice-Presidential Edict No.X transferring the powers the Constitution conferred on the People's Consultative Assembly and People's Representative Council from
1813-468: The ongoing armed struggle against the Dutch , it was not possible for the entire KNIP to meet regularly. Therefore, the KNIP acted as the upper house, the People's Consultative Assembly in the constitution, meeting only infrequently to discuss fundamental and pressing national issues, while the Working Committee continued to act as the day-to-day parliament. After the Linggadjati Agreement
1862-670: The original constitution. The most important of the changes were: Among the above changes, the establishment of Constitutional Court is regarded as a successful innovation in Indonesia constitutional system. The court was established in 2003 by 9 justices head by Professor Jimly Asshiddiqie ,a prominent scholar from the University of Indonesia . There are five jurisdictions of the court, i.e. (i) constitutional review of law, (ii) disputes of constitutional jurisdiction between state institutions, (iii) disputes on electoral results, (iv) dissolution of political parties, and (v) impeachment of
1911-428: The president and vice-president to two terms of office and states that they be elected in a general election. Specifies the impeachment procedure. Includes the wording of the presidential and vice-presidential oath and promise of office. The entire articles of this chapter has been removed by the fourth amendment of the Constitution . Previously, states the role of Supreme Advisory Council . Four short articles giving
1960-442: The president to the KNIP, making the government more parliamentary in nature. The day-to-day tasks of the KNIP would be carried out by a Working Committee. On 30 October, a decree allowed the establishment of political parties. Then on 11 November, Sukarno accepted the fact that ministers would now be responsible to parliament, rather than to him. Three days later, Sutan Syahrir became Indonesia's first prime minister. In July 1946,
2009-539: The president/vice-president. The other icon of success in Indonesian reform is the establishment of the Corruption Eradication Commission which independently fights against corruption and grafts. Corruption in Indonesia is regarded an extraordinary crime. The 1945 Constitution has the highest legal authority in the country's system of government. The executive, legislative and judicial branches of government must defer to it. The Constitution
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2058-406: The proposed constitution article by article. The Committee made some fundamental changes, including the removal of 7 words from the text of Jakarta Charter which stated the obligation for Muslims to follow Sharia. The new charter then became the preambule of the constitution, and the clause stating that the president must be a Muslim was removed. The historical compromise was made possible in part by
2107-438: The right to pass laws, and has legislative, budgeting and oversight functions. It has the right to request government statements and to put forward opinions. An equal number of members is chosen from each province via a general election. The Council can suggest bills related to regional issues to the House of Representatives. It also advises the House on matters concerning taxes, education and religion. General elections to elect
2156-463: The tide had turned against them, and in order to encourage support for the war effort, the Japanese appointed Indonesian advisors ( Japanese : 參預 , romanized : sanyo ) to the administration and appointed nationalist leader Sukarno leader of a new Central Advisory Board ( Japanese : 中央參議會 , romanized : Chūō Sangi-kai ) in Jakarta . In March 1945, the Japanese established
2205-636: The transfer of sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia (RIS), in December 1949, the state adopted a bicameral system. The KNIP met for the last time on 15 December 1949 to agree to the Republic of Indonesia joining the United States of Indonesia (RIS). However, this state was short lived and when Indonesia became a unitary state in August 1950, the Working Committee of the KNIP became part of
2254-637: The transfer of sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia (RIS), in December 1949, the state adopted a bicameral system. The KNIP met for the last time on 15 December 1949 to agree to the Republic of Indonesia joining the RIS. However, this state was short lived, and when Indonesia became a unitary state in August 1950, the Working Committee of the KNIP became part of the People's Representative Council . Constitution of Indonesia [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The 1945 State Constitution of
2303-400: The unity of Indonesia, and democratic life led by wisdom of thoughts in deliberation amongst representatives of the people, and achieving social justice for all the people of Indonesia . States that Indonesia is a unitary republic based on law with sovereignty in the hands of the people and exercised through laws. States that the People's Consultative Assembly is made up of the members of
2352-520: Was originally officially enacted on 18 August 1945. The attached Elucidation, drawn up by Raden Soepomo (1903–1958), Indonesia's first justice minister, was officially declared to be a part of the Constitution on 5 July 1959. The Preamble, the body of the Constitution and the Elucidation were all reaffirmed as inseparable parts of the Constitution in 1959, and then again in Provisional MPR Decree No. XX/MPRS/1966. However, since
2401-670: Was signed between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch in November 1946, the left-wing parties, who supported the agreement, formed the Left Wing grouping, while parties opposing it formed the Republican Fortress . The proportion of seats held by the Left Wing increased dramatically following President Sukarno's appointments. The original and revised membership was as follows: The KNIP held six sessions between 1945 and 1949 in various locations around Java. Following
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