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120-593: The King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz International Centre for Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue , mostly referred to as "The International Dialogue Centre – KAICIID" [1] and globally known by its abbreviation, KAICIID , is an inter-governmental organization that promotes interreligious and intercultural dialogue to prevent and resolve conflict. It was established in Vienna , Austria, but relocated to Lisbon , Portugal on 1 July 2022. KAICIID

240-463: A humid subtropical ( Köppen : Cfa ) classification. The city has warm, showery summers, with average high temperatures ranging between 25 to 27 °C (77 to 81 °F) and a record maximum exceeding 38 °C (100 °F). Winters are relatively dry and cold with average temperatures at about freezing point. Spring is variable and autumn cool, with a chance of snow in November. Precipitation

360-493: A treaty that acts as a charter creating the group. Treaties are formed when lawful representatives (governments) of several states go through a ratification process, providing the IGO with an international legal personality. Intergovernmental organizations are an important aspect of public international law . Intergovernmental organizations in a legal sense should be distinguished from simple groupings or coalitions of states, such as

480-735: A capitalist economy. The oldest regional organization is the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine , created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna . There are several different reasons a state may choose membership in an intergovernmental organization. But there are also reasons membership may be rejected. Reasons for participation: Reasons for rejecting membership: Intergovernmental organizations are provided with privileges and immunities that are intended to ensure their independent and effective functioning. They are specified in

600-646: A central 'Knowledge Hub', a collection of recorded webinars, self-paced e-learning courses, a global networking platform Connect2Dialogue, and a Peace Map which shows the range of interreligious activities by international organisations across the world in a central online location. A unique dual governance structure includes a Council of Parties made of sovereign states, and a Board of Directors made of representatives of major world religions. The Council of Parties consists of: The Board of Directors includes representatives from five world religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. As of 30 September 2023,

720-644: A decline in the Viennese population. After World War II, the Soviets used force to repatriate key workers of Czech, Slovak and Hungarian origins to return to their ethnic homelands to further the Soviet bloc economy. The population of Vienna generally stagnated or declined through the remainder of the 20th century, not demonstrating significant growth again until the census of 2000. In 2020, Vienna's population remained significantly below its reported peak in 1916. Under

840-776: A different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene speakers call the city Dunaj , which in other Central European Slavic languages means the river Danube , on which the city stands. Duchy of Austria 1156–1453 [REDACTED] Archduchy of Austria 1453–1485, 1490–1804 [REDACTED]   Principality of Hungary 1485–1490 [REDACTED]   Austrian Empire 1804–1867 [REDACTED]   Austria-Hungary 1867–1918 [REDACTED]   First Austrian Republic 1919–1934 [REDACTED]   Federal State of Austria 1934–1938 [REDACTED]   Nazi Germany 1938–1945 [REDACTED] Allied-occupied Austria 1945–1955 [REDACTED]   Austria 1955–present In

960-640: A fair trial . Otherwise, the organizations' immunities may be put in question in national and international courts. Some organizations hold proceedings before tribunals relating to their organization to be confidential, and in some instances have threatened disciplinary action should an employee disclose any of the relevant information. Such confidentiality has been criticized as a lack of transparency . The immunities also extend to employment law . In this regard, immunity from national jurisdiction necessitates that reasonable alternative means are available to effectively protect employees' rights; in this context,

1080-705: A few more days until the Soviet Navy ’s Danube Flotilla naval force arrived with reinforcements. The remaining defending soldiers surrendered that same day. After the war, Vienna was part of Soviet-occupied Eastern Austria until September 1945. That month, Vienna was divided into sectors by the four powers: the US, the UK, France, and the Soviet Union and supervised by an Allied Commission . The four-power occupation of Vienna differed in one key respect from that of Berlin:

1200-854: A first instance Dutch court considered an estimated duration of proceedings before the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization of 15 years to be too long. An international organization does not pay taxes, is difficult to prosecute in court and is not obliged to provide information to any parliament. The United Nations focuses on five main areas: "maintaining peace and security , protecting human rights , delivering humanitarian aid , supporting sustainable development , and upholding international law ". UN agencies , such as UN Relief and Works Agency , are generally regarded as international organizations in their own right. Additionally,

1320-534: A good resource for developmental projects in developing countries. The UN has to protect against any kind of human rights violation, and in the UN system, some specialized agencies, like ILO and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ), work in the human rights' protection fields. The UN agency, ILO, is trying to end any kind of discrimination in the work field and child labor; after that, this agency promotes fundamental labor rights and to get safe and secure for

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1440-454: A human rights violation, it is deeply rooted in the cultural beliefs of Muslim communities. KAICIID's programmes focus on facilitating intercultural and interreligious dialogue in different countries around the globe, particularly through religious higher education and leadership. The organization is active in multiple countries around the world, but places a particular programmatic emphasis on Asia , Africa (Nigeria, Central African Republic),

1560-606: A journalist, the current Secretary General of KAICIID repeatedly defended the death penalty in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , referring to any criticism as being selective, uninformed, and targeting Sharia laws . He refers to the death penalty as a "divine instruction" and argues that laws in America are "made by human beings", while Saudi laws are based on divine texts. He also justifies the death penalty by citing cultural differences, arguing that while Western societies may view it as

1680-642: A major prestige project. Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically. In 1918, after World War I , Vienna became capital of the Republic of German-Austria , and then in 1919 of the First Republic of Austria . From the late-19th century to 1938, the city remained a center of high culture and of modernism . A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as Johannes Brahms , Anton Bruckner , Gustav Mahler , and Richard Strauss . The city's cultural contributions in

1800-642: A novel and published it. Occupied Vienna is also depicted in the 1991 Philip Kerr novel, A German Requiem . The four-power control of Vienna lasted until the Austrian State Treaty was signed in May 1955 and came into force on 27 July 1955. By October, all soldiers had left the country. That year, after years of reconstruction and restoration, the State Opera and the Burgtheater , both on

1920-479: A pivotal role as a leading European music center, from the age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. Vienna was home to the world's first psychoanalyst, Sigmund Freud . The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque palaces and gardens, and the late-19th-century Ringstraße , which is lined with grand buildings, monuments, and parks. In 2024, Vienna retained its position as most livable city per

2040-528: A riot broke out in the city. The protestors, enraged by the decision, set the Palace of Justice ablaze. The police attempted to end the revolt with force and killed at least 84 protestors, with 5 policemen also dying. In 1933, right-wing Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss dissolved the parliament , essentially letting him run the country as a dictatorship , banned the Communist Party and severely limited

2160-616: A third of its population. In 1804, during the Napoleonic Wars , Vienna became the capital of the newly formed Austrian Empire . The city continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the Congress of Vienna in 1814–15. The city also saw major uprisings against Habsburg rule in 1848 , which were suppressed. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 , Vienna remained

2280-595: A variety of issues—was the League of Nations , founded on 10 January 1920 with a principal mission of maintaining world peace after World War I. The United Nations followed this model after World War II . This was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, and came into force on 24 October 1945. Currently, the UN

2400-659: A widespread prehistorical cult of Vindos , a Celtic deity who survives in Irish mythology as the warrior and seer Fionn mac Cumhaill. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech , Slovak , Polish and Ukrainian names of the city ( Vídeň , Viedeň , Wiedeń and Відень respectively) and in that of the city's district Wieden . The name of the city in Hungarian ( Bécs ), Serbo-Croatian ( Beč , Беч ) and Ottoman Turkish ( بچ , Beç ) has

2520-541: Is Austria's primate city , with just over two million inhabitants. Its larger metropolitan area has a population of nearly 2.9 million, representing nearly one-third of the country's population. Vienna is the cultural , economic , and political center of the country, the fifth-largest city by population in the European Union , and the most-populous of the cities on the Danube river . The city lies on

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2640-613: Is based and to revoke an agreement that bases it in the Austrian capital. Over the years, the organization frequently faced criticism in Austria over the fact that it is funded by Saudi Arabia. The parliamentary motion was adopted during a period in which Austria was led by an interim government . In these "freewheeling conditions", the Parliament passed the motion to close KAICIID, which was tabled by Peter Pilz / "Liste Pilz" and saw

2760-483: Is designed to connect and cultivate a network of leaders committed to fostering peace in their communities through interreligious and intercultural dialogue. Since its inception in 2015, the Programme has seen more than 500 participants from 93 different countries, and twenty different religions, with a variety of denominations within each represented. Fellows can be part of the international or regional cohorts including

2880-467: Is generally moderate throughout the year, averaging around 600 mm (23.6 in) annually, with considerable local variations, the Vienna Woods region in the west being the wettest part (700 to 800 mm (28 to 31 in) annually) and the flat plains in the east being the driest part (500 to 550 mm (20 to 22 in) annually). Snow in winter is common, even if not so frequent compared to

3000-484: Is intended to be ensured by legal mechanisms that are internal to the intergovernmental organization itself and access to administrative tribunals. In the course of many court cases where private parties tried to pursue claims against international organizations, there has been a gradual realization that alternative means of dispute settlement are required as states have fundamental human rights obligations to provide plaintiffs with access to court in view of their right to

3120-499: Is now headquartered in Lisbon , Portugal . Before July 2022, the organization had been headquartered in Vienna , Austria since its foundation in 2012. The mandate of KAICIID is to foster interreligious and intercultural dialogue around the world by bringing religious leaders and political decision-makers together to develop and implement multilateral solutions that promote social cohesion and interreligious understanding. KAICIID

3240-402: Is one thing; selective application of that principle is another ". Political observers and diplomats have argued that KAICIID became "t he victim of a shifting political climate in Austria " and that the move threatens to undermine Austria's status as a centre for international diplomacy and de facto destination for international organizations. Austrian President Alexander Van der Bellen lamented

3360-500: Is perhaps most well known for its Gemeindebauten , public housing buildings. Between 1925 and 1934, over 60,000 new apartments were built in the Gemeindebauten. Apartments were assigned on the basis of a point system favoring families and less affluent citizens. In July 1927 , after three nationalist far-right paramilitary members were acquitted of the killing of two social democratic Republikanischer Schutzbund members,

3480-612: Is plentiful. Remains of the military camp have been found under the city, as well as fragments of the canal system and figurines. Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monk Saint Colman (or Koloman, Irish Colmán , derived from colm "dove") is buried in Melk Abbey and Saint Fergil (Virgil the Geometer) served as Bishop of Salzburg for forty years. Irish Benedictines founded twelfth-century monastic settlements; evidence of these ties persists in

3600-471: Is structured across three pillars: the "People Seeking Refuge in Europe" subprogramme, the "Social Cohesion Initiative" and the "Regional Collaboration and Networking Programme". The programme is designed to bring together religious leaders and policymakers in joint efforts which address some of the European continent's most pressing problems: the need for inclusive education for, and with refugees and migrants;

3720-817: Is the main IGO with its arms such as the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), the General Assembly (UNGA), the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the Secretariat (UNSA), the Trusteeship Council (UNTC) and the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). When defined as "organizations with at least three state parties, a permanent headquarters or secretariat, as well as regular meetings and budgets",

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3840-510: Is the only intergovernmental organization governed by religious representatives from all of the world's major religions. It is characterized by a dual governance structure, which includes a Council of Parties and a Board of Directors . The mission of the organization is to promote peace, tolerance and understanding among people of different faiths and cultures. KAICIID's work includes the use of dialogue to fight hate speech , support peacebuilding and social cohesion efforts in conflict areas around

3960-545: Is the seat of the Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna , in which is also vested the exempt Ordinariate for Byzantine-Rite Catholics in Austria; its Archbishop is Cardinal Christoph Schönborn . Many Catholic Churches in central Vienna feature performances of religious or other music, including masses sung to classical music and organ. Some of Vienna's most significant historical buildings are Catholic churches, including

4080-662: The Arab Region , Africa , Europe , South and South-east Asia , and Latin America . The most active programmes in Africa to date focus on Nigeria and the Central African Republic, but has included projects in more than twenty countries. Focusing on the healing of religious and ethnic divisions in Africa, KAICIID convenes community leaders from the major religious traditions (Christian, Muslim, and traditional) to work together for peace. This includes support of

4200-460: The Arab region , and Europe . KAICIID established five "dialogue platforms" in these focus regions to foster the use of interreligious cooperation as a counterweight to the manipulation of religion for violent ends. In these focus regions, KAICIID works together with civil society , faith-based and non-governmental organizations to address issues such as hate speech prevention, inclusive education and

4320-961: The Austrian Armed Forces shelled the Karl-Marx-Hof , a civilian housing estate, and the Schutzbund surrendered. On 15 March 1938, three days after German troops had first entered Austria, Adolf Hitler arrived in Vienna. 200,000 Austrians greeted him at the Heldenplatz , where he held a speech from a balcony in the Neue Burg, in which he announced that Austria would be absorbed into Nazi Germany . The persecution of Jews started almost immediately, Viennese Jews were harassed and hounded, their homes and businesses plundered. Some were forced to scrub pro-independence slogans off

4440-607: The Economist Intelligence Unit , and has spent every year since 2015 in the top 2 places, bar 2021 due to the COVID-19 lockdowns . The place is mentioned as Οϋι[νδ]όβονα (Oui[nd]obona) in the 2nd century AD (Ptolemy, Geography , II, 14, 3); Vindobona in the 3rd century ( Itinerarium Antonini Augusti 233, 8); Vindobona in the 4th century ( Tabula Peutingeriana , V, 1); Vindomana ab. 400 ( Notitia Dignitatum , 145, 16); Vindomina, Vendomina in

4560-782: The G7 or the Quartet . Such groups or associations have not been founded by a constituent document and exist only as task groups . Intergovernmental organizations must also be distinguished from treaties. Many treaties (such as the North American Free Trade Agreement , or the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade before the establishment of the World Trade Organization ) do not establish an independent secretariat and instead rely on

4680-609: The International Telecommunication Union and other standards organizations ). Common types include: In regional organizations like the European Union , African Union , NATO , ASEAN and Mercosur , there are restrictions on membership due to factors such as geography or political regimes. To enter the European Union (EU), the states require different criteria; member states need to be European, liberal-democratic political system, and be

4800-649: The Network for Dialogue , a pan-European network that connects faith and civil society actors to promote the use of dialogue and develop recommendations for the social inclusion of migrants and refugees in Europe. In October 2021, KAICIID hosted the 3rd edition of the " European Policy Dialogue Forum on Refugees and Migrants " in Lisbon, Portugal, in partnership with the European Council of Religious Leaders / Religions for Peace Europe (ECRL/RfP Europe) and with

4920-541: The OSCE . In 2001, the city center was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In July 2017, it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger . Vienna has been called the "City of Music" due to its musical legacy, as many famous classical musicians such as Beethoven , Brahms , Bruckner , Haydn , Mahler , Mozart , Schoenberg , Schubert , Johann Strauss I and Johann Strauss II lived and worked there. It played

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5040-771: The Ringstraße , reopened to the public. In the Autumn of 1956, Vienna accepted many Hungarian refugees , who had fled Hungary after an attempted revolution . The city experienced another wave of refugees after the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia in 1968, as well as after the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991. In 1972 the construction of the Donauinsel and the excavation of the New Danube began. In

5160-744: The Soviet air force . Only after the Allies had taken Italy did the next raids commence. From 17 March 1944, 51 air raids were carried out in Vienna. Targets of the bombings were primarily the city's oil refineries . However, around a third of the city center was destroyed, and culturally important buildings such as the State Opera and the Burgtheater were burned, and the Albertina was heavily damaged. These air raids lasted until March 1945, just before

5280-622: The St. Stephen's Cathedral ( Stephansdom ), Karlskirche , Peterskirche and the Votivkirche . On the banks of the Danube is a Buddhist Peace Pagoda , built in 1983 by the monks and nuns of Nipponzan Myohoji . Vienna is located in northeastern Austria, at the easternmost extension of the Alps in the Vienna Basin . The earliest settlement, at the location of today's inner city , was south of

5400-522: The Western and Eastern blocs , which deeply distrusted each other. The city experienced an economic upturn due to the Marshall Plan . The atmosphere of four-power Vienna is the background for Graham Greene 's screenplay for the film The Third Man (1949). The film's theme music was composed and performed by Viennese musician Anton Karas using a zither . Later he adapted the screenplay as

5520-541: The 16th century of the Habsburg emperors of the Holy Roman Empire with an interruption between at the turn to the 17th century until 1806, becoming an important center in the empire. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Christian forces twice stopped Ottoman armies outside Vienna, in the 1529 siege of Vienna and the 1683 Battle of Vienna . The Great Plague of Vienna ravaged the city in 1679, killing nearly

5640-567: The 1st century, the Romans set up the military camp of Vindobona in Pannonia on the site of today's Vienna city center near the Danube with an adjoining civilian town to secure the borders of the Roman Empire . Construction of the legionary camp began around 97 AD. At its peak, Vindobona had a population of around 15,000 people. It was a part of a trade and communications network across

5760-590: The 2021 census, 49.0% of Viennese were Christian. Among them, 31.8% were Catholic , 11.2% were Eastern Orthodox , and 3.7% were Protestant , mostly Lutheran , 34.1% had no religious affiliation, 14.8% were Muslim , and 2% were of other religions, including Jewish. One sources estimates that Vienna's Jewish community is of 8,000 members meanwhile another suggest 15,000. Based on information provided to city officials by various religious organizations about their membership, Vienna's Statistical Yearbook 2019 reports in 2018 an estimated 610,269 Roman Catholics, or 32.3% of

5880-778: The 6th century ( Jordanes , De origine actibusque Getarum , 50, 264). The English name Vienna is borrowed from the homonymous Italian name. The German name Wien comes from the name of the river Wien , mentioned ad UUeniam in 881 ( Wenia- in modern writing). The name of the Roman settlement on the same emplacement is of Celtic extraction Vindobona , probably meaning "white village, white settlement" from Celtic roots, vindo- , meaning "white" (Old Irish find "white", Welsh gwyn / gwenn , Old Breton guinn "white, bright" > Breton gwenn "white"), and -bona "foundation, settlement, village", related to Old Irish bun "base, foundation" and Welsh bon , same meaning. The Celtic word vindos may reflect

6000-415: The African Union on issues such as the protection of sacred sites; and work to build partnerships between policymakers and religious actors toward the achievement of Agenda 2063 and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). KAICIID and the AU have established the AU Interfaith Dialogue Forum (AU-IFDF). KAICIID also works extensively in the Arab world, and Fellows from the Arab region constitute

6120-406: The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Institute for Peace and Reconciliation, equipping religious leaders and policymakers with dialogue skills. KAICIID has also supported the ASEAN Youth Interfaith Camp. In Europe , KAICIID works mainly in the field of refugee and migrant inclusion, hate speech prevention and the strengthening of social cohesion . The Europe programme of the centre

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6240-426: The Austrian Society of Austrian-Arab relations , also criticised Austria's position, arguing that he considers protests against human rights violations as " appropriate ", but saying they should much rather be taken to the Saudi embassy instead. " If any criticism is justified, then it should be criticism of the Austrian government, because it was the Austrians who once pushed hard to bring this organization to Vienna in

6360-894: The Board of Directors are all vacant awaiting approval of a new slate of directors from the Council of Parties. The board members whose terms ended then were: Faisal bin Abdulrahman bin Muaammar served as the Secretary General of KAICIID until 2021. Since October 2022, the organization is led by a new Secretary General, the Saudi national Dr. Zuhair Alharthi. Intergovernmental organization Examples for international organizations include: UN General Assembly , World Trade Organization , African Development Bank , UN Economic and Social Council , UN Security Council , Asian Development Bank , International Bank for Reconstruction and Development , International Monetary Fund , International Finance Corporation , Inter-American Development Bank , United Nations Environment Programme. Scottish law professor James Lorimer has been credited with coining

6480-446: The Centre is to foster interreligious dialogue. It was not established to comment on the human rights situation in its member states ", he said, referring to the fact that KAICIID is an intergovernmental organization. He added that the accusations brought forward against KAICIID were unjustified. Mitterlehner also warned Faymann of " breaking international law" , should he proceed with his plans to close KAICIID. The Vatican has defended

6600-415: The Centre's commitment to capacity building through partnerships, one of the most successful programmes to come as a result is the partnership with the World Organization of the Scout Movement , by designing the Dialogue for Peace programme, an training program in interreligious and intercultural dialogue skills and comparative religion knowledge for Scouts and Scouters around the world. KACIID also sponsors

6720-426: The Centre, and was launched in 2015. It offers a one-year, non-residential training and capacity building program aimed at those who teach future religious leaders (i.e., seminary professors and the equivalent), other academics, religious leaders, peace practitioners, and policy makers. The program trains them in dialogue, mediation, and peacebuilding, so they can pass along these skills to their students. The Programme

6840-405: The Empire. Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius may have died here in 180 AD during a campaign against the Marcomanni . After a Germanic invasion in the second century the city was rebuilt. It served as a seat of the Roman government until the fifth century, when the population fled due to the Huns invasion of Pannonia. The city was abandoned for several centuries. Evidence of the Romans in the city

6960-468: The French Emperor Napoleon. States then became the main decision makers who preferred to maintain their sovereignty as of 1648 at the Westphalian treaty that closed the 30 Years' War in Europe. The first and oldest international organization—being established employing a treaty, and creating a permanent secretariat, with a global membership—was the International Telecommunication Union (founded in 1865). The first general international organization—addressing

7080-584: The King of Saudi Arabia, King Salman Ibn Abdulaziz Al-Saud , in the Saudi capital. The meeting took place as part of KAICIID's 22nd regular session of the board of directors. In 2015, a coalition quarrel broke out over the Centre between the Social Democratic Party ( SPÖ ) and the Austrian People's Party ( ÖVP ). Both parties had voted in favour of hosting the intergovernmental organization in Austria. The former Austrian Chancellor Werner Faymann (SPÖ) urged KAICIID to "speak out" against human rights violations in Saudi Arabia and called for an "orderly withdrawal" from

7200-486: The Nazi regime, 65,000 Jews were deported and murdered in concentration camps by Nazi forces; approximately 130,000 fled. By 2001, 16% of people living in Austria had nationalities other than Austrian, nearly half of whom were from former Yugoslavia ; the next most numerous nationalities in Vienna were Turks (39,000; 2.5%), Poles (13,600; 0.9%) and Germans (12,700; 0.8%). As of 2012 , an official report from Statistics Austria showed that more than 660,000 (38.8%) of

7320-413: The Parliament, the French in Hotel Kummer on Mariahilferstraße, the Americans in the National Bank , and the British in Schönnbrunn Palace . The division of the city was not comparable to that of Berlin . Although the borders between the sectors were marked, travel between them was freely possible. During the ten years of the four-power occupation, Vienna was a hotbed for international espionage between

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7440-399: The Secretary-General of the World Organization of the Scout Movement , Ahmad Alhendawi , and the European Muslim-Jewish Leadership Council (MJLC). The Austrian activist and author Heather Wokush published an article headlined "Closing KAICIID, silencing dialogue", in which she wrote: " In essence, shutting down Austrian-based organizations with ties to nations supporting capital punishment

7560-399: The Soviet troops started the Vienna offensive . The Red Army , who had previously marched through Hungary , first entered Vienna on 6 April. They first attacked the eastern and southern suburbs, before moving on to the western suburbs. By the 8th they had the center of the city surrounded. The following day the Soviets started with the infiltration of the city center. Fighting continued for

7680-590: The UN such as the World Health Organization (which was made up of regional organizations such as PAHO that predated the UN). A few UN special agencies are very centralized in policy and decision-making, but some are decentralized; for example, the country-based projects or missions' directors and managers can decide what they want to do in the fields. The UN agencies have a variety of tasks based on their specialization and their interests. The UN agencies provide different kinds of assistance to low-income countries and middle-income countries, and this assistance would be

7800-428: The United Nations has Specialized Agencies , which are organizations within the United Nations System that have their member states (often nearly identical to the UN Member States ) and are governed independently by them; examples include international organizations that predate the UN, such as the International Telecommunication Union , and the Universal Postal Union , as well as organizations that were created after

7920-421: The Viennese Community Rabbi Schlomo Hofmeister , the Archbishop of Vienna, Christoph Schönborn , and the former Austrian President Heinz Fischer . In 2021, Austrian media outlets reported that Japan , Argentina , Morocco , Indonesia and Canada were reportedly considering to join the organization as new member states. The International Dialogue Centre (KAICIID) is an intergovernmental organization that

8040-422: The Viennese population have full or partial migrant background, mostly from Ex-Yugoslavia, Turkey, Germany, Poland, Romania and Hungary. From 2005 to 2015 the city's population grew by 10.1%. According to UN-Habitat , Vienna could be the fastest growing city out of 17 European metropolitan areas until 2025 with an increase of 4.65% of its population, compared to 2010. Religion in Vienna (2021) According to

8160-402: The capital of Austria-Hungary (1867–1918). In 1910, Vienna had more than two million inhabitants and was the third largest city in Europe after London and Paris. Around the start of the 20th century, Vienna was the city with the second-largest Czech population in the world (after Prague ). After World War I, many Czechs and Hungarians returned to their ancestral countries, resulting in

8280-409: The capital of it and all its successor states. Throughout the modern era Vienna has been among the largest German-speaking cities in the world, being the largest in the 18th and 19th century, peaking at two million inhabitants before it was overtaken by Berlin at the beginning of the 20th century. Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations, OPEC and

8400-404: The capital of what became the Austro-Hungarian Empire . The city functioned as a center of classical music, for which the title of the First Viennese School (Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven) is sometimes applied. During the latter half of the 19th century, Vienna developed what had previously been the bastions and glacis into the Ringstraße , a new boulevard surrounding the historical town and

8520-408: The central area of the city, known as the first district, constituted an international zone in which the four powers alternated control on a monthly basis. The city was policed by the four powers on a day-to-day basis using the "four soldiers in a jeep" method, which had one soldier from each nation sitting together. The four powers all had separate headquarters, the Soviets in Palais Epstein next to

8640-473: The centre's global programmes in 2020. Recalling that the founding document of KAICIID cites principles enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , especially, "the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion" – with emphasis on "human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion." On 13 October 2011 the "Agreement for

8760-514: The city were arrested. Adolf Eichmann held office in the expropriated Palais Rothschild and organized the expropriation and persecution of the Jews. Of the almost 200,000 Jews in Vienna, around 120,000 were driven to emigrate and around 65,000 were killed. After the end of the war, the Jewish population of Vienna was only about 5,000. In 1942 the city suffered its first air raid , carried out by

8880-412: The closure of KAICIID in Vienna. Van der Bellen stated that KAICIID " did good work in the field of interreligious dialogue ", but criticized that the organization failed to communicate that well enough. The Austrian broadsheet " Die Presse " expressed concerns over Austria's reliability as an international partner and seat of intergovernmental organizations, fearing that Saudi Arabia could even push for

9000-640: The distinction from international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), which are non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that operate internationally. These include international nonprofit organizations such as the World Organization of the Scout Movement , International Committee of the Red Cross and Médecins Sans Frontières , as well as lobby groups that represent the interests of multinational corporations. IGOs are established by

9120-776: The eastern edge of the Vienna Woods ( Wienerwald ), the northeasternmost foothills of the Alps , that separate Vienna from the more western parts of Austria, at the transition to the Pannonian Basin . It sits on the Danube , and is traversed by the highly regulated Wienfluss ( Vienna River ). Vienna is completely surrounded by Lower Austria , and lies around 50 km (31 mi) west of Slovakia and its capital Bratislava , 60 km (37 mi) northwest of Hungary , and 60 km (37 mi) south of Moravia ( Czech Republic ). The once Celtic settlement of Vedunia

9240-458: The end of September 2022. On 16 September 2022, following the unanimous decision by its Council of Parties, KAICIID announced its new leadership for the next 4 years. Zuhair Alharthi , a Saudi journalist and political analyst, is now serving as the centre's new Secretary General, while Ambassador António de Almeida-Ribeiro, a Portuguese career diplomat, was appointed Deputy Secretary General. KAICIID's new leadership took office on 1 October 2022. As

9360-424: The establishment of KAICIID" [2] in Vienna was signed by the governments of Austria , Spain and Saudi Arabia . Madrid, London and Geneva had also applied as host cities, but Vienna eventually won the bid. The center was inaugurated on 27 November 2012 in Vienna , in a ceremony attended by representatives of the world's major religions . UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon spoke at the inauguration and welcomed

9480-469: The establishment of the Centre in Vienna. However, others have argued that the centre has lived up to its mission by fostering interreligious dialogue, in particular between Jews and Muslims , in a way that would have not been possible in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia itself. In 2020, Rabbi David Rosen , a board member of KAICIID and an Israeli citizen, became the first Jewish Rabbi in history to meet with

9600-613: The first half of the 20th century included, among many, the Vienna Secession movement in art, the Second Viennese School , the architecture of Adolf Loos , the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein , and the Vienna Circle . The city of Vienna became the center of socialist politics from 1919 to 1934, a period referred to as Red Vienna ( Das rote Wien ). After a new breed of socialist politicians won

9720-574: The first place ", he added. KAICIID's headquarters were moved to Lisbon , Portugal as per 1 July 2022. Austrian media outlets have reported that once KAICIID has relocated its offices to Portugal, the Saudi Arabian embassy will most likely move into Palais Sturany. Austria's parliament backed a motion in June 2019 calling on the Austrian government to quit the headquarters treaty on which KAICIID

9840-470: The form of Vienna's great Schottenstift monastery (Scots Abbey), once home to many Irish monks. In 976, Leopold I of Babenberg became count of the Eastern March , a district centered on the Danube on the eastern frontier of Bavaria . This initial district grew into the duchy of Austria . Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube, eventually encompassing Vienna and

9960-618: The framework of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The conference was organized in cooperation with the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations ( UNAOC ). The Centre has convened, irregularly, a Global Forum of top religious leaders and academics to examine a series of topics, starting with a 2013 Global Forum on Education, up to the most recent, May 2024 Global Forum on Transformative Dialogue. As part of

10080-802: The globe, bringing together policymakers and religious leaders from different faith groups. In November 2014, KAICIID hosted a conference in Vienna of Muslim, Christian and Jewish religious leaders from across the Middle East and around the world to join in respect for tolerance and diversity, denouncing violence in the name of religion. In 2019, the organization organized a conference in Vienna themed " The Power of Words – The Role of Religion, Media, and Policy in Countering Hate Speech ”, which brought close to 200 faith leaders, policymakers, civil society representatives, educators and dialogue practitioners to discuss ways of preventing and countering

10200-610: The globe. The Centre runs focus region programmes in Nigeria , the Central African Republic , Europe and the Arab world . The centre was also active in Myanmar , but ceased to implement its programmes there in 2021. Crucially, KAICIID seeks to promote human rights , justice , peace and reconciliation, as well as curb the abuse of religion as a means to justify oppression , violence and conflict. It promotes

10320-607: The influence of the Social Democratic Party . This led to a civil war between the right-wing government and socialist forces the following year, which started in Linz and quickly spread to Vienna. Socialist members of the Republikanischer Schutzbund barricaded themselves inside the housing estates and exchanged fire with the police and paramilitary groups. The fighting in Vienna ended after

10440-531: The initiative., stating: "I believe so deeply in this Centre’s vision to advance respect for human dignity and human rights, foster mutual respect and generate cooperation for justice, reconciliation and peace ". The offices of the organization were based inside the Palais Sturany on Vienna's Ringstraße before it relocated to Lisbon on 1 July 2022. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia purchased the historical building for 13.4 million Euros in 2011 and also paid for

10560-426: The intergovernmental organization should this not happen. However, as an intergovernmental organization, the Centre does not have the mandate to comment on national policy in any country, including, but not limited to its member states. In response to Werner Faymann's remarks, Vice-Chancellor Reinhold Mitterlehner (ÖVP) referred to the attacks on KAICIID as a " campaign " that is " harmful to Austria ". " The mandate of

10680-529: The jurisdiction of national courts. Certain privileges and immunities are also specified in the Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations with International Organizations of a Universal Character of 1975,. which however has so far not been signed by 35 states and is thus not yet in force (status: 2022). Rather than by national jurisdiction, legal accountability

10800-411: The laborers. United Nations Environment Program(UNEP) is one of the UN's (United Nations) agencies and is an international organization that coordinates U.N. activities on the environment. An early prominent example of an international organization is the Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815, which was an international diplomatic conference to reconstitute the European political order after the downfall of

10920-664: The lands immediately east. In 1155, Henry II, Duke of Austria moved the Babenberg family residence with the founding of the Schottenstift from Klosterneuburg in Lower Austria to Vienna. From that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty. Hungary occupied the city between 1485 and 1490. Vienna became at the turn to the 16th century the seat of the Aulic Council and subsequently later in

11040-593: The largest single regional and linguistic representation. It established the " Interreligious Platform for Dialogue and Cooperation in the Arab World " (IPDC) in 2018 in cooperation with 23 Arab religious leaders from different religious backgrounds. The platform serves as a permanent link between religious leaders and their communities in the region, through which they collaborate on initiatives aimed at promoting dialogue, preventing conflict, and resolving existing challenges. In an effort to fight hate speech, KAICIID funds

11160-422: The local elections they engaged in a brief but ambitious municipal experiment. Social democrats had won an absolute majority in the May 1919 municipal election and commanded the city council with 100 of the 165 seats. Jakob Reumann was appointed by the city council as city mayor. The theoretical foundations of so-called Austromarxism were established by Otto Bauer , Karl Renner , and Max Adler . Red Vienna

11280-497: The main tasks we are committed to. Difficulties in dialogue between different religions are a threat to our community and a challenge that we have to respond to". With the transfer of the centre's headquarters to Lisbon, Portugal will host nine international organizations. Before Lisbon was announced as KAICIID's new host country, Austrian media outlets had also speculated that the centre could move to Geneva . Ms. Elham Alshejni served as KAICIID's interim Deputy Secretary-General until

11400-412: The meandering Danube while the city now spans both sides of the river. Elevation ranges from 151 to 542 m (495 to 1,778 ft). The city has a total area of 414.65 square kilometers (160.1 sq mi), making it the largest city in Austria by area. Vienna has a borderline oceanic ( Köppen : Cfb ) and humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ), with some parts of the urban core being warm enough for

11520-473: The need for investigating and strengthening ways in which European leaders can act to protect religious minorities , and the provision of capacity-building tools for religious leaders and faith-based organizations to build up resilience, address and prevent hate speech and hate crime in Europe. In Europe, KAICIID co-established the " Muslim-Jewish Leadership Council " (MJLC), a platform that brings together Muslim and Jewish religious leaders from Europe., as well as

11640-410: The number of IGOs in the world increased from about 60 in 1940 to about 350 in 1980, after which it has remained roughly constant. Vienna Vienna ( / v i ˈ ɛ n ə / vee- EN -ə ; German: Wien [viːn] ; Austro-Bavarian : Wean [veɐ̯n] ) is the capital, most populous city , and one of nine federal states of Austria . It

11760-571: The organization as an international initiative, said that " the variety and pluralism of today’s world call for a multiplication of both chances for and vectors of development of the active and proactive role of the Church ", and promised " to bring to light her concerns for the effective respect of the fundamental rights of Christians who live in countries with a Muslim majority, in order to promote authentic and integral religious liberty. ". Austria's former President Heinz Fischer has frequently defended

11880-477: The organization's new Seat Agreement in Lisbon. The agreement foresees the organization's relocation from Vienna to Lisbon in the course of 2022. In his speech at the signing ceremony, the Portuguese Minister referred to KAICIID's work as "indispensable". Santo Silva stated: “ KAICIID has a mission: to provide conditions to implement and promote interreligious and intercultural dialogue. This is one of

12000-511: The parties for their administration, for example by setting up a joint committee . Other treaties have established an administrative apparatus which was not deemed to have been granted binding legal authority. The broader concept wherein relations among three or more states are organized according to certain principles they hold in common is multilateralism . Intergovernmental organizations differ in function, membership, and membership criteria. They have various goals and scopes, often outlined in

12120-594: The phenomenon of hate speech. Adama Dieng , in his role as UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, delivered a keynote speech at the conference. In 2020, KAICIID co-hosted the G20 Interfaith Forum ahead of the G20 Summit . The G20 Interfaith Forum is an annual platform that brings together religious leaders, policymakers, and diverse faith actors to collaborate on global agendas, within

12240-507: The population, and 200,000 (10.4%) Muslims, 70,298 (3.7%) Orthodox, 57,502 (3.0%) other Christians, and 9,504 (0.5%) other religions. A study conducted by the Vienna Institute of Demography estimated the 2018 proportions to be 34% Catholic, 30% unaffiliated, 15% Muslim, 10% Orthodox, 4% Protestant, and 6% other religions. As of the spring of 2014, Muslims made up 30% of the total proportion of schoolchildren in Vienna. Vienna

12360-463: The preservation and sacredness of holy sites , as well as respect for religious symbols, and focuses on issues pertaining to the dignity of human life and religious education. In Europe, KAICIID also works in the field of refugee and migrant inclusion and has cooperated with Caritas and Human Relief on a project level. In 2019, KAICIID announced that it will allocate approximately €1.5 million for initiatives aimed at combating " hate speech " through

12480-552: The protection of religious sites. Institutional partners that KAICIID has worked together with in the implementation of its programmes include the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC), Caritas , Religions for Peace , the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), and the World Organization of the Scout Movement . The KAICIID Fellows Programme is the flagship program of

12600-619: The purpose of realizing a common end". He distinguished between bilateral and multilateral organizations on one end and customary or conventional organizations on the other end. In his 1922 book An Introduction to the Study of International Organization , Potter argued that international organization was distinct from " international intercourse " (all relations between states), "international law" (which lacks enforcement) and world government . International Organizations are sometimes referred to as intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), to clarify

12720-572: The relocation of OPEC as a retaliatory measure. Paul Zulehner, an Austrian theologian and the former Dean of the Faculty for Catholic Theology at the University of Vienna , has referred to KAICIID's closure as a "big mistake". On 29 October 2021, KAICIID's former Secretary General, Faisal bin Muaammar, and the Portuguese Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Augusto Santos Silva , signed

12840-619: The renovation of the Palais before KAICIID was opened. KAICIID's inauguration ceremony was protested by the Austrian Green Party , as well as a variety of Austrian NGOs concerned with Saudi Arabia's poor human-rights record and fears that the KAICIID would in fact be misused by founding member and chief financier Saudi Arabia as a bridge-head for spreading Wahhabism in Europe. The far-right Freedom Party (FPÖ) also opposed

12960-637: The same decade, Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky inaugurated the Vienna International Centre , a new area of the city created to host international institutions. Vienna has regained much of its former international stature by hosting international organisations, such as the United Nations. Because of the industrialization and migration from other parts of the Empire, the population of Vienna increased sharply during its time as

13080-654: The seat of the Babenbergs , who ruled Austria from 976 to 1246. In 1221, Vienna was granted city rights. During the 16th century, the Habsburgs , who had succeeded the Babenbergs, established Vienna as the seat of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire , a position it held until the empire's dissolution in 1806, with only a brief interruption. With the formation of the Austrian Empire in 1804, Vienna became

13200-754: The streets. This culminated in the Kristallnacht , a nationwide pogrom against the Jews carried out by the Schutzstaffel and the Sturmabteilung , with support of the Hitler Youth and German civilians. All synagogues and prayer houses in the city were destroyed, bar the Stadttempel , due to its proximity to residential buildings. Vienna lost its status as a capital to Berlin , as Austria had ceased to exist. The few resistors in

13320-481: The support of all other parties except the ÖVP . Austria's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Alexander Schallenberg , declared that he would bring that motion into effect. The parliamentary motion was harshly criticised by civil society organizations, religious groups and prominent figures, including the former Austrian President Heinz Fischer , the AJC's International Director of Interreligious Affairs, Rabbi David Rosen ,

13440-450: The support of the OSCE's Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ( ODIHR ). The conference was the first major on-site event that KAICIID hosted in its future host country, Portugal. It saw the participation of the Portuguese Minister of Foreign Affairs, Augusto Santos Silva ., who delivered a keynote speech . Since its establishment, KAICIID has hosted multiple conferences around

13560-635: The term "international organization" in a 1871 article in the Revue de Droit International et de Legislation Compare . Lorimer use the term frequently in his two-volume Institutes of the Law of Nations (1883, 1884). Other early uses of the term were by law professor Walther Schucking in works published in 1907, 1908 and 1909, and by political science professor Paul S. Reinsch in 1911. In 1935, Pitman B. Potter defined international organization as "an association or union of nations established or recognized by them for

13680-859: The treaties that give rise to the organization (such as the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations and the Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the International Criminal Court ), which are normally supplemented by further multinational agreements and national regulations (for example the International Organizations Immunities Act in the United States). The organizations are thereby immune from

13800-697: The treaty or charter . Some IGOs developed to fulfill a need for a neutral forum for debate or negotiation to resolve disputes. Others developed to carry out mutual interests with unified aims to preserve peace through conflict resolution and better international relations , promote international cooperation on matters such as environmental protection , to promote human rights , to promote social development (education, health care ), to render humanitarian aid , and to economic development . Some are more general in scope (the United Nations ) while others may have subject-specific missions (such as INTERPOL or

13920-472: The work of KAICIID and also delivered a keynote speech at a KAICIID conference in Vienna in 2019. " It is not enough to constantly refer to ourselves as bridge builders, or as those who support dialogue, but when such a prominent opportunity to build bridges arises, we decide to stop instead of crossing it ", he stated in an interview with the Austrian broadcaster ORF in 2019. Fischer also referred to Austria's position with regards to KAICIID as "inconsistent". He

14040-887: The “ Social Media as a Space for Dialogue programme ” in different Arab countries, which has equipped more than 700 young people with skills to combat online hate speech and extremism. KAICIID is also financing a year-long fellowship programme to train journalists in interreligious dialogue awareness. South Asia is home to some of the most religiously diverse countries in the world. KAICIID facilitates exchanges among religious leaders and faith-based organizations in South and South-East Asia, designed to help communities find common solutions to shared problems, such as violent extremism, intercommunal conflict, marginalisation and displacement. KAICIID has also convened Buddhist and Muslim leaders to engage in dialogues addressing hate speech, protection of holy sites, and inclusive education. The Centre partners with

14160-607: Was converted by the Romans into the castrum Vindobona (province of Pannonia ) in the 1st century, and was elevated to a municipium with Roman city rights in 212. This was followed by a time in the sphere of influence of the Lombards and later the Pannonian Avars , when Slavs formed the majority of the region's population. From the 8th century on, the region was settled by the Baiuvarii . In 1155, Vienna became

14280-510: Was criticised for defending the centre by the FPÖ 's far-right leader Herbert Kickl . The Austrian journalist and MENA region expert Gudrun Harrer (" Der Standard ") criticised Austria's decision to "drop" KAICIID, referring to it as "n ot a particularly glorious chapter in the history of Austrian foreign policy ". In another Op-Ed, she referred to Austria's decision as " self-destructive " and " incomprehensible ". Fritz Edlinger, Secretary General of

14400-537: Was opened in 2012 by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , the Republic of Austria and the Kingdom of Spain , following the initiative of Pope Benedict XVI and King Abdullah of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia who met in 2007 to discuss the founding of a new interfaith activity. The Holy See is a founding observer. The centre and its mission have been endorsed by many religious leaders and high-level politicians, including

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