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35-580: Klaf or KLAF may refer to: Klaf , (or kelaf; Hebrew: קלף ), the designation given a particular piece of skin in Talmudic tradition KLAF-LD , a low-power television station (channel 14, virtual 14) licensed to serve Lafayette, Louisiana, United States Purdue University Airport ( ICAO airport code KLAF), a public-use airport in Tippecanoe County, Indiana, United States Topics referred to by

70-440: A cloth backing. It is used for hand metalworking. It may be sold in sheets or in narrow rolls, typically 25 or 50 mm wide, often described as "emery tape". The cloth backing makes emery cloth stronger in tension than paper, but still allows a sheet to be conveniently torn to size. Emery (largely displaced by improved products such as aluminium oxide and silicon carbide) is used for scrubbing highly abraded and rough surfaces to

105-579: A layer of material (such as old paint ), or sometimes to make the surface rougher (for example, as a preparation for gluing ). The grit size of sandpaper is usually stated as a number that is inversely related to the particle size. A small number such as 20 or 40 indicates a coarse grit, while a large number such as 1500 indicates a fine grit. The first recorded instance of sandpaper was in 13th-century China when crushed shells, seeds, and sand were bonded to parchment using natural gum . Shark skin ( placoid scales ) has also been used as an abrasive, and

140-500: A shift to other forms of abrasive, such as aluminium oxide , aluminium zirconia and silicon carbide . Emery is rated on the average grit size, glued to the backing. Common sizes are, from coarse to fine: 40, 46, 54, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 180, 220, 320, F, and FF. A 46 or 54 grade cloth is used on roughly filed work, while 220 to 320 grit cloth will give a good polish . By the successive use of progressively finer mesh emery paper, near-mirror finishes can be obtained. Water or oil

175-400: A smooth and shiny finish, notably in watchmaking. Emery paper , more commonly seen, has a paper backing and is usually a finer grit. Emery was considered a suitable abrasive for fitting work and the final adjustment of steel parts for a perfect fit. It had the advantage that, unlike harder abrasives, it was not considered to embed abrasive traces in the polished components afterwards. Emery

210-486: A use in modelling. For 00 scale modelling, the fine grades of emery paper can have the appearance of a tarmac surface. Crocus cloth is an abrasive sheet similar to sandpaper or emery cloth but covered with a layer of very fine loose iron oxide particles rather than with bound grains of abrasive. It is intended for final metal and gemstone finishing and is available in various grades (particle sizes). Federal Specification P-C-458 described this material in detail, although

245-515: A wooden drying frame and scrapes it until it is dry. Creases are ironed out with presses. Then it is sanded until it becomes a flat, smooth sheet fit for writing. The reasons for the change in this process are lengthy and controversial. Today, a few Jewish scribes still prepare klaf in precise accordance with the Jewish Law. Some parchment (usually poor quality) is smeared with log , a chalky substance, to make it whiter. Occasionally this

280-410: Is ISO 6344 . Sandpaper and emery cloth are coated abrasives for hand use, usually non-precision. Other coated abrasive forms include sanding cords, pads, belts, and discs. Variants are available for use by hand or as components for power tools such as sanders , die grinders and belt sanders . Types of abrasive materials include: Sandpaper may be " stearated " where a dry lubricant is loaded to

315-451: Is common to use the name of the abrasive when describing the paper, e.g. "aluminium oxide paper", or "silicon carbide paper". There are many varieties of sandpaper, with variations in the paper or backing, the material used for the grit, grit size, and the bond. Sandpaper is produced in a range of grit sizes and is used to remove material from surfaces, whether to make them smoother (for example, in painting and wood finishing ), to remove

350-633: Is commonly used with disc-type coated abrasives. A plastic or metal hub is bonded to one of the faces, which is threaded. This then mates directly to the sander or angle grinder or to a mandrel that can be mounted in a sander, grinder, or drill . The advantage is that the disc can be quickly replaced when needed. Quick-change discs are available in sizes of about 50 millimetres (2.0 in) and larger. Common substrates are paper , cloth, vulcanized fiber, and plastic films and come in grit sizes range from very coarse (~2 mm) to ultrafine (sub micrometre ). The international standard for coated abrasives

385-456: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Klaf Klaf is a specially prepared, tanned, split skin of a kosher animal— goat , cattle , or deer . Rabbinic literature addresses three forms of tanned skin: gevil , consisting of the full, unsplit hide; and klaf and duchsustus , which are the split halves of the full hide. The rabbinic scholars are divided upon which

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420-443: Is good for hand sanding or working with harder materials. In comparison, 50% to 70% of the surface is covered with abrasive grains with open coat sandpaper. The separation between particles makes the sandpaper more flexible, which prevents the sandpaper from clogging. However, the gaps in grit coverage limits the sandpaper's ability to perform even polishing jobs. Open coat sandpaper is better for softer materials. Wet and dry sandpaper

455-473: Is more effective used wet because clogging is reduced by particles washing away from the grinding surface. Sandpaper comes in a number of different shapes and sizes: Grit size refers to the size of the particles of abrading materials embedded in the sandpaper. These measurements are determined by the amount of the abrasive material that can fit through a square inch filter. Several standards have been established for grit size. These standards establish not only

490-464: Is often substituted for emery, silicon carbide being slightly harder , and more durable with less tendency to fracture than corundum. The use of natural emery papers is rare today generally being replaced with silicon carbide or pure aluminium oxide papers. Emery cloth has the abrasives bonded to a fabric instead of a paper. The cloth is more tear resistant, flexible, and costly. Emery boards have applications similar to emery paper or cloth. It also has

525-493: Is often used as a lubricant and to float the abrasive debris and worn abrasive away from the work, preventing the build-up of debris in the emery paper. The paper will lose effectiveness if too much debris builds up, a condition known as "clogging", or "loading". Originally, emery paper was made from milled emery rock, bonded or sized to paper often with an animal glue for water resistance. Today, synthetic adhesives are used in place of natural glues and silicon carbide (SiC)

560-430: Is only done on the reverse. Some scribes object to the use of log as it forms a barrier between the ink and the parchment. In Talmudic times klaf was primarily used for tefillin and at times mezuzot . Since the 9th or 10th centuries it has become more widespread to write Sifrei Torah on klaf ; however, even today, there are still groups who continue to adhere to the ancient prescription described in

595-405: Is optimal for regular rounded or flat surfaces. Sandpaper backings may be glued to the paper or form a separate support structure for moving sandpaper, such as used in sanding belts and discs. Stronger paper or backing increases the ease of sanding wood. The harder the backing material, the faster the sanding, the faster the wear of the paper and the rougher the sanded surface. A quick-change system

630-461: Is the inner and which is the outer of the two halves. Maimonides is of the opinion that klaf was the inner layer and that duchsustus was the outer layer The " Shulchan Aruch " rules in the reverse that klaf was the outer layer and that duchsustus was the inner layer There are halachic rules for the use of each of the three types of skin. According to Maimonides, Torah scrolls must be written on  g'vil  only on

665-554: The Talmud , and continue to write on gevil (full-grain leather). Rabbi Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne , in his day (early 12th-century), wrote the following account in his Questions & Responsa: Our Torah scroll , even though it is not made in accordance with the halakha , since it is written upon klaf called [in Arabic] req (= parchment ), which is neither treated with [barley]-flour nor tanned with tannins , they (i.e.

700-587: The Jewish community at large) have already relied upon its use owing to the extenuating circumstances, for 'it is a time for God to act, [so as to avoid] their cancelling of Your Divine Law.' They are [obligated to] stand-up before it, and observe concerning it the sanctity prescribed for the Book of the Law (Torah), and it is forbidden to hold-on to it without the intermediate handkerchiefs. The parchment must be prepared "for

735-413: The abrasive to the paper. Hide glue is still used, but this glue often cannot withstand the heat generated during machine sanding and is not waterproof. Waterproof sandpapers or wet/dry sandpapers use a resin bond and a waterproof backing. Sandpaper can be either closed coat or open coat . Approximately 90% to 95% of the surface is covered with abrasive grains with a closed coat. Closed coat sandpaper

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770-438: The abrasive. Stearated papers are useful in sanding coats of finish and paint as the stearate " soap " prevents clogging and increases the useful life of the sandpaper. The harder the grit material, the easier the sanding of harder surfaces like hardwoods such as hickory , pecan , or wenge . The grit material for polishing granite must be harder than granite. Emery cloth is a type of coated abrasive that has emery glued to

805-666: The average grit size, but also the allowable variation from the average. The two most common are the United States CAMI (Coated Abrasive Manufacturers Institute, now part of the Unified Abrasives Manufacturer's Association) and the European FEPA (Federation of European Producers of Abrasives) "P" grade. The FEPA system is the same as the ISO 6344 standard. Other systems used in sandpaper include

840-421: The backing is usually designated by a letter. For paper backings, the weight ratings range from "A" to "F", with A designating the lightest and F the heaviest. Letter nomenclature follows a different system for cloth backings, with the weight of the backing rated J, X, Y, T, and M, from lightest to heaviest. A flexible backing allows sandpaper to follow irregular contours of a workpiece; relatively inflexible backing

875-404: The centuries. During Talmudic times, salt water and barley (or flours) were sprinkled on the skins which were then soaked in the juice of afatzim ( gall nuts , or oak apples , and other tannins ). Nowadays, most processors dip the skins in clear water for two days and then soak them in limewater for nine days to remove the hair. When it is a hairless surface, the scribe stretches it on

910-532: The preparation is for the sake of heaven. Today there is a large amount of klaf processed under rabbinical supervision, and the variety, quality, and quantity are increasing. Sandpaper Sandpaper , also known as glasspaper or as coated abrasive , is a type of material that consists of sheets of paper or cloth with an abrasive substance glued to one face. In the modern manufacture of these products, sand and glass have been replaced by other abrasives such as aluminium oxide or silicon carbide. It

945-685: The rough scales of the Coelacanth are used for the same purpose by the natives of Comoros . Boiled and dried, the rough horsetail plant is used in Japan as a traditional polishing material, finer than sandpaper. Glass paper was manufactured in London in 1833 by John Oakey , whose company had developed new adhesive techniques and processes, enabling mass production. Glass frit has sharp-edged particles and cuts well whereas sand grains are smoothed down and do not work well as an abrasive. Cheap sandpaper

980-476: The sake of the sanctity of a Torah scroll, tefillin, or mezuzah.", e.g. a mezuzah , or for tefillin , or a Sefer Torah , which are of weighty holiness ( kedusha chamurah ). If necessary, the scribe should state that he is preparing for the sake of a Sefer Torah but that he may change his mind if he wishes. Some Rabbinic scholars say that a non-Jew may prepare it; however, a Jew must stand over him, directing him in his work and stating verbally that

1015-490: The sake of use for the Divine act " and the processor must declare what he is preparing it for, as one cannot use klaf destined for a lesser holiness ( kedusha kallah ). Specifically, the tanning process must be done with the explicit intent of use for the holiness of Torah, tefillin, or a mezuzah. The tanner does this by uttering at the outset of the tanning process "Lshem kedushas sefer Torah, tefillin u'mezuzah" — "For

1050-499: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title KLAF . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KLAF&oldid=1257159165 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Broadcast call sign disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Hebrew-language text Short description

1085-502: The side on which the hair had grown, and never on duchsustos (understood as the half-skin from the flesh side). Phylacteries , if written on  k'laf , must be written on the flesh side. A mezuzah , when written on duchsustos , must be written on the hair side. It is unacceptable to write on k'laf  on the hair side or on the split skin (either g'vil or duchsustos ) on the flesh side. The legally required method of cleaning and preparing klaf has been altered over

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1120-453: The specification was cancelled in 1989. Abrasive papers and cloths with a waterproof backing allow the use of a lubricant, typically water, which can both decapitate rough surfaces when used dry and produce a semi-polished satin type finish when wet. Super-fine grades can produce a "key" adhesion surface appropriate for spray painting in critical decorative applications such as automotive bodywork repair. Different adhesives are used to bond

1155-445: Was also used for cleaning, as a means of removing rust from polished steel components. Both emery cloth and paper are still sold in hardware and do it yourself stores, but have been largely supplanted by the increased use of machine grinding to precision size, which has minimized or eliminated the need for hand-fitting; the widespread availability of powered hand tools employing sanding and grinding accessories such as flapwheels ; and

1190-405: Was in automotive paint refinishing. In addition to paper, backing for sandpaper includes cloth ( cotton , polyester , rayon ), PET film , "fibre", and rubber. Cloth backing is used for sandpaper discs and belts, while PET film is used as backing for extremely fine grits. Fibre or vulcanized fibre is a strong backing material consisting of many layers of polymer impregnated paper. The weight of

1225-411: Was often passed off as glass paper; Stalker and Parker cautioned against it in A Treatise of Japaning and Varnishing published in 1688. In 1921, 3M invented a sandpaper with silicon carbide grit and a waterproof adhesive and backing, known as Wet and dry . This allowed use with water, which would serve as a lubricant to carry away particles that would otherwise clog the grit. Its first application

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