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40-674: Thutmose IV ruled as pharaoh during the mid- Eighteenth Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt . He was interred in tomb KV43 in the Valley of the Kings with two of his children who died before him, Prince Amenemhat and Princess Tentamun . By the reign of Horemheb at the end of the Eighteenth Dynasty, the tomb had been entered and robbed. Its restoration is recorded in two hieratic inscriptions are written in black on

80-568: A dream in which the Sphinx told him that if he cleared away the sand and restored it he would become the next pharaoh. After completing the restoration of the Sphinx, he placed a carved stone tablet, now known as the Dream Stele, between the two paws of the Sphinx. The restoration of the Sphinx, and the text of the Dream Stele would then be a piece of propaganda on Thutmose's part, meant to bestow legitimacy upon his unexpected kingship. Little

120-447: A Mittanian king who ruled during the reign of Akhenaten , Thutmose IV's grandson. Tushratta states to Akhenaten that: When [Menkheperure], the father of Nimmureya (i.e., Amenhotep III ) wrote to Artatama , my grandfather, he asked for the daughter of my grandfather, the sister of my father. He wrote 5, 6 times, but he did not give her. When he wrote my grandfather 7 times, then only under such pressure, did he give her. (EA 29) Dating

160-496: A Year 19 and another year 20, have been suggested as possibly belonging to him, but neither have been accepted as dating to his reign. The readings of the king's name in these dates are today accepted as referring to the prenomen of Thutmose III —Menkheperre—and not Menkhepe[ru]re Thutmose IV himself. Due to the absence of higher dates for Thutmose IV after his Year 8 Konosso stela, Manetho's figures here are usually accepted. There were once chronological reconstructions which gave him

200-476: A campaign against the Hittites was an unsupportable drain on Egypt's treasury and military. In his 21st regnal year, Ramesses signed the earliest recorded peace treaty with Urhi-Teshub 's successor, Hattusili III , and with that act Egypt-Hittite relations improved significantly. Ramesses II even married two Hittite princesses, the first after his second Sed Festival . This dynasty declined as infighting for

240-512: A colourful tapestry-woven garment with the name of Amenhotep II, black-painted statuettes of the king, fragments of stone vases, broken fan handles, and portions of a cedar wood throne. Inspection of the side chambers yielded varying results: Chamber Ja only contained a mass of linen wrappings from a mummy; Chamber Jb contained victual mummies of meat and birds; Chamber Jc contained broken jars and large quantities of grain; Chamber Jd contained masses of broken faience vessels and shabti , along with

280-557: A graffito there too. Therefore, Maya likely delegated the task of inspecting and restoring the tomb to his subordinate, Djehutymose. This tomb was discovered in January 1903 by Howard Carter as part of the systematic clearance of a small valley that runs west from the tomb of Ramesses III ( KV3 ). These excavations were conducted by the Antiquities Service on behalf of Theodore Davis . An alabaster vase inscribed with

320-676: A major power in international politics, a power that both Seti I and his son Ramesses II would confront in the future. The New Kingdom of Egypt reached the zenith of its power under Seti I and Ramesses II ("The Great"), who campaigned vigorously against the Libyans and the Hittites. The city of Kadesh was first captured by Seti I, who decided to concede it to Muwatalli of Hatti in an informal peace treaty between Egypt and Hatti. Ramesses II later attempted unsuccessfully to alter this situation in his fifth regnal year by launching an attack on Kadesh in his Second Syrian campaign in 1274 BC ; he

360-575: A reign as long as 34–35 years. Today, however, most scholars ascribe him a 10-year reign from 1401 to 1392 BC, within a small margin of error. Like most of the Thutmoside kings, he built on a grand scale. Thutmose IV completed the eastern obelisk at the Temple of Karnak started by Thutmose III , which, at 32 m (105 ft), was the tallest obelisk ever erected in Egypt. Thutmose IV called it

400-443: A reign of 9 years and 8 months. However, Manetho's other figures for the 18th Dynasty are frequently assigned to the wrong kings or simply incorrect, so monumental evidence is also used to determine his reign length. Of all of Thutmose IV's dated monuments, three date to his first regnal year, one to his fourth, possibly one to his fifth, one to his sixth, two to his seventh, and one to his eighth. Two other dated objects, one dated to

440-614: A result of a familial temporal epilepsy . This would account for both the untimely death of Thutmose IV and also his religious vision described on the Dream Stele, due to this type of epilepsy's association with intense spiritual visions and religiosity. His mummy has the inventory number CG 61073. In April 2021 his mummy was moved from the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization along with those of 17 other kings and 4 queens in an event termed

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480-435: A wooden lintel on Chamber Ja. Only two rooms in this tomb were decorated: the upper part of the well shaft, and the antechamber. The ceilings of both areas are decorated with yellow stars on a blue background. In the case of the well, only two walls are fully decorated: they begin with a kheker -frieze and the left wall depicts Thutmose before Osiris , Anubis , and Hathor . The other wall is unfinished and depicts Anubis. In

520-472: Is at the feet. The sides depict the king with Anubis, accompanied by text. The sarcophagus only contained two wooden figures as the king's mummy had been found five years earlier among the royal mummies cached in KV35. The burial chamber also contained the body of a chariot, once covered in silver leaf, and decorated with scenes of the king slaying enemies, an archer's gauntlet made of red and green leather, parts of

560-525: Is known about his brief ten-year rule. He suppressed a minor uprising in Nubia in his 8th year (attested in his Konosso stela) around 1393 BC and was referred to in a stela as the Conqueror of Syria, but little else has been pieced together about his military exploits. Betsy Bryan, who penned a biography of Thutmose IV, says that Thutmose IV's Konosso stela appears to refer to a minor desert patrol action on

600-539: The Dream Stele in order to justify his unexpected kingship. Thutmose's most celebrated accomplishment was the restoration of the Great Sphinx of Giza and subsequent commission of the Dream Stele. According to Thutmose's account on the Dream Stele, while the young prince was out on a hunting trip, he stopped to rest under the head of the Sphinx, which was buried up to the neck in sand. He soon fell asleep and had

640-649: The Pharaohs' Golden Parade . 19th Dynasty of Egypt The Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XIX), also known as the Ramessid dynasty , is classified as the second Dynasty of the Ancient Egyptian New Kingdom period, lasting from 1292 BC to 1189 BC. The 19th Dynasty and the 20th Dynasty furthermore together constitute an era known as the Ramesside period . This Dynasty

680-715: The tekhen waty or 'unique obelisk.' It was transported to the grounds of the Circus Maximus in Rome by Emperor Constantius II in 357 AD and, later, "re-erected by Pope Sixtus V in 1588 at the Piazza San Giovanni" where it is today known as the Lateran Obelisk . Thutmose IV also built a unique chapel and peristyle hall against the back or eastern walls of the main Karnak temple building. The chapel

720-447: The 14th century BC. His prenomen or royal name, Menkheperure , means "Established in forms is Re." He was the son of Amenhotep II and Tiaa . Thutmose IV was the grandfather of Akhenaten . Thutmose IV was born to Amenhotep II and Tiaa , but was not actually the crown prince and Amenhotep II's chosen successor to the throne. Some scholars speculate that Thutmose ousted his older brother in order to usurp power and then commissioned

760-514: The Place of Eternity [i.e. the royal necropolis] and leader of the festival of Amun in Karnak , Maya , son of the noble Iawy, born of the lady of the house Weret, be charged to renew the burial of King Menkheperure , true of voice, in the noble mansion upon the west of Thebes. The second inscription, to the right and slightly higher than the large one, is much shorter: His assistant, the steward of

800-487: The antechamber likewise only two walls are painted and have the same repeating decorative scheme of the king depicted before various gods. Thutmose IV Thutmose IV (sometimes read as Thutmosis or Tuthmosis IV , Thothmes in older history works in Latinized Greek; Ancient Egyptian : ḏḥwti.msi(.w) " Thoth is born") was the 8th Pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt , who ruled in approximately

840-428: The antechamber; seals bearing the name of Horemheb occurred in addition to the original "jackal over captives" necropolis seal on a partially blocked doorway. The tomb follows on from the design and layout of KV35 , the tomb of Thutmose IV's father Amenhotep II but is more precise in its cutting and alignment. The first three corridors end in a deep well with a chamber at the bottom. The axis then turns 90 degrees with

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880-532: The beginning of the reign of Thutmose IV is difficult to do with certainty because he is several generations removed from the astronomical dates which are usually used to calculate Egyptian chronologies, and the debate over the proper interpretation of these observances has not been settled. Thutmose's grandfather Thutmose III almost certainly acceded the throne in either 1504 or 1479, based upon two lunar observances during his reign, and ruled for nearly 54 years. His successor Amenhotep II , Thutmose IV's father, took

920-403: The burial chamber. The pharaoh's red stone sarcophagus , covered in yellow-filled text and figures, was still in place in the burial chamber. Its lid was propped up beside it, supported by slabs of stone and the sculpted wooden head of a cow. The sarcophagus and lid have a rounded head end and a square foot end. Nephthys , with arms raised, is on the head end, while Isis , in the same attitude,

960-431: The chest, right over left. His hair, which is parted in the middle, is about 16 cm (6.3 in) long and dark reddish-brown. His ears are also pierced. Elliot Smith estimated his age to be 25–28 years or possibly older. He was succeeded to the throne by his son, Amenhotep III . In 1980, James Harris and Edward F. Wente conducted X-ray examinations of New Kingdom Pharaoh's crania and skeletal remains, which included

1000-406: The entrance passage partly filled with debris and broken artefacts. The blocked and painted doorway leading to the first pillared hall had been penetrated by robbers. More tangible evidence of their presence was encountered in the hall: a rope made of palm fiber was still secured around one of the columns, with its end reaching the bottom of the well shaft. Evidence of double-sealing was encountered in

1040-425: The first pillared hall which leads, with stairs and a sloping corridor, to the antechamber and burial chamber. In a departure from KV35, the far end of the burial chamber is lowered to form a "crypt" for the sarcophagus. An innovative feature of this tomb is the presence of magical niches, which are seen in all later 18th Dynasty and early 19th Dynasty tombs. Four storerooms are arranged symmetrically on either side of

1080-399: The king's name, confirmed this was the tomb of Thutmose IV. On 18 January 1903 the entrance was cleared enough to permit an exploration; Davis had already left for Aswan , and Carter, unable to contact him, resolved to enter the tomb anyway, inviting American amateur Egyptologist Robb de Peyster Tytus along for the inspection. The tomb had been thoroughly robbed in antiquity, and Carter found

1120-484: The mummified remains of Thutmose IV. The authors noted royal mummies like Thutmose IV showed features characteristic of North Mediterranean populations, or the Western World. In 2012 a surgeon at Imperial College London analysed the early death of Thutmose IV and the premature deaths of other Eighteenth Dynasty pharaohs (including Tutankhamun and Akhenaten ). He concludes that their early deaths were likely as

1160-568: The name of Thutmose IV had been encountered part way up the valley in 1902, leading Carter to suspect he was close to the tomb. By January 1903, investigations reached the base of a sheer cliff; here the bedrock rises to form a natural platform which was leveled to take the tomb cutting. On this platform, in front of the tomb entrance, two intact foundation deposits were uncovered containing alabaster vessels and model implements; one of them, an alabaster saucer, had been usurped from Hatshepsut . The discovery of these items, along with others also bearing

1200-493: The part of the king's forces to protect certain gold-mine routes in Egypt's Eastern Desert from occasional attacks by the Nubians. Thutmose IV's rule is significant because he established peaceful relations with Mitanni and married a Mitannian princess to seal this new alliance. Thutmose IV's role in initiating contact with Egypt's former rival, Mitanni, is documented by Amarna letter EA 29 composed decades later by Tushratta ,

1240-458: The right-hand wall of the antechamber. The first, larger inscription is as follows: Year 8, 3rd month of akhet -season, day 1, under the majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Djeserkheperure-setepenre, son of Re Horemheb-merenamun. His majesty life! prosperity! health! commanded that the fan-bearer on the king's right hand , the king's scribe, overseer of the treasury, overseer of works in

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1280-406: The southern city, Djehutymose, whose mother is Iniuhe of the city [i.e. Thebes]. The larger inscription refers to Maya in the second person, and incorrectly names his mother as Weret, making it unlikely that he was the author of the inscription. The handwriting of the two graffiti are identical, and it is known that the restoration of Tutankhamun's tomb was also carried out by Djehutymose as he left

1320-415: The throne and ruled for at least 26 years but has been assigned up to 35 years in some chronological reconstructions. The currently preferred reconstruction, after analyzing all this evidence, usually comes to an accession date around 1401 BC or 1400 BC for the beginning of Thutmose IV's reign. The length of his reign is not clear. He is usually given about nine or ten years of reign. Manetho credits him

1360-418: The throne between the heirs of Merneptah increased. Amenmesse apparently usurped the throne from Merneptah's son and successor, Seti II , but he ruled Egypt for only four years. After his death, Seti regained power and destroyed most of Amenmesse's monuments. Seti was served at court by Chancellor Bay , who was originally just a 'royal scribe' but quickly became one of the most powerful men in Egypt, gaining

1400-474: The unprecedented privilege of constructing his own tomb in the Valley of the Kings ( KV13 ). Both Bay and Seti's chief wife, Twosret , had a sinister reputation in Ancient Egyptian folklore. After Siptah 's death, Twosret ruled Egypt for two more years, but she proved unable to maintain her hold on power amid the conspiracies and powerplays being hatched at the royal court. She was likely ousted in

1440-429: The unwrapped mummy of a young boy propped up against the wall. This boy is likely Prince Amenemhat, whose canopic jars were found in the tomb. Canopic jars of a Princess Tentamun were also found, indicating that she was once interred in her father's tomb. No trace of blocking or sealing was found at the entrances of these chambers so they were likely closed with wooden doors, long since looted, as evidenced by sockets, and

1480-540: Was buried in tomb KV43 the Valley of the Kings but his body was later moved to the mummy cache in KV35 , where it was discovered by Victor Loret in 1898. An examination of his mummy conducted by Grafton Elliot Smith revealed that he was extremely emaciated at the time of his death. His height was given as 1.646 m (5 ft 4.8 in) but considering that the feet have been broken off post-mortem, his height in life would have been taller. The forearms are crossed over

1520-596: Was caught in history's first recorded military ambush, but thanks to the arrival of the Ne'arin (a force allied with Egypt), Ramesses was able to rally his troops and turn the tide of battle against the Hittites. Ramesses II later profited from the Hittites' internal difficulties, during his eighth and ninth regnal years, when he campaigned against their Syrian possessions, capturing Kadesh and portions of Southern Syria, and advancing as far north as Tunip , where no Egyptian soldier had been seen for 120 years. He ultimately accepted that

1560-447: Was founded by Vizier Ramesses I , whom Pharaoh Horemheb chose as his successor to the throne. The warrior kings of the early 18th Dynasty had encountered only little resistance from neighbouring kingdoms, allowing them to expand their realm of influence easily, but the international situation had changed radically towards the end of the dynasty. The Hittites had gradually extended their influence into Syria and Canaan to become

1600-480: Was intended for people "who had no right of access to the main [Karnak] temple. It was a 'place of the ear' for the god Amun where the god could hear the prayers of the townspeople." This small alabaster chapel and peristyle hall of Thutmose IV has today been carefully restored by French scholars from the Centre Franco-Egyptien D'Étude des Temple de Karnak (CFEETK) mission in Karnak. Thutmose IV

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