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38-470: The walls and ceiling of the chamber were covered with plaster and painted with Anubis jackals and two rows of deities, representing the followers of Ra and Osiris , which are placed over a lower row of mummy-like figures. The winged goddess Nut appears along the length of the ceiling and what may be a representation of the Ba of Ra is painted above her head. The paintings are conventional depictions drawn from

76-535: A goddess in ancient Egyptian religion . Her name is written in hieroglyphs as jnpwt (reconstructed in Middle Egyptian as /ʔan.ˈpa.wat/ or /jan.ˈpa.wat/). In English, her name also is rendered as Anupet , Input , Inpewt , and Yineput . As the female counterpart of her husband, Anubis , who was known as jnpw to the Egyptians, Anput's name ends in a feminine "t" suffix when seen as jnpwt. She

114-486: A " jackal " head and body. A jackal god, probably Anubis, is depicted in stone inscriptions from the reigns of Hor-Aha , Djer , and other pharaohs of the First Dynasty . Since Predynastic Egypt , when the dead were buried in shallow graves, jackals had been strongly associated with cemeteries because they were scavengers which uncovered human bodies and ate their flesh. In the spirit of "fighting like with like,"

152-572: A gift. With this connection, Anubis became the patron god of embalmers; during the rites of mummification, illustrations from the Book of the Dead often show a wolf-mask-wearing priest supporting the upright mummy. Anubis was a protector of graves and cemeteries . Several epithets attached to his name in Egyptian texts and inscriptions referred to that role. Khenty-Amentiu , which means "foremost of

190-404: A god of the desert necropolis . The Jumilhac papyrus recounts another tale where Anubis protected the body of Osiris from Set. Set attempted to attack the body of Osiris by transforming himself into a leopard . Anubis stopped and subdued Set, however, and he branded Set's skin with a hot iron rod. Anubis then flayed Set and wore his skin as a warning against evil-doers who would desecrate

228-467: A goddess of protection and also represented in relation to the desert, which was the realm of the dead for Ancient Egyptians. Unlike Anubis, Anput does not have a prominent role in Egyptian mythology, but she is thought to watch over the body of the god of the afterlife, Osiris, assuming the role of his protector for the duration of his death. Together with Anubis, Anput has a daughter named Kebechet. She

266-638: A jackal was chosen to protect the dead, because "a common problem (and cause of concern) must have been the digging up of bodies, shortly after burial, by jackals and other wild dogs which lived on the margins of the cultivation." In the Old Kingdom , Anubis was the most important god of the dead. He was replaced in that role by Osiris during the Middle Kingdom (2000–1700 BC). In the Roman era , which started in 30 BC, tomb paintings depict him holding

304-468: A ribbon and holding a nḫ3ḫ3 " flail " in the crook of his arm. Another of Anubis's attributes was the jmy-wt or imiut fetish , named for his role in embalming. In funerary contexts, Anubis is shown either attending to a deceased person's mummy or sitting atop a tomb protecting it. New Kingdom tomb-seals also depict Anubis sitting atop the nine bows that symbolize his domination over the enemies of Egypt. Although he does not appear in many myths, he

342-467: A tradition that Anubis was the illegitimate son of Nephthys and Osiris, but that he was adopted by Osiris's wife Isis : For when Isis found out that Osiris loved her sister and had relations with her in mistaking her sister for herself, and when she saw a proof of it in the form of a garland of clover that he had left to Nephthys – she was looking for a baby, because Nephthys abandoned it at once after it had been born for fear of Set ; and when Isis found

380-578: Is Anput . His daughter is the serpent goddess Kebechet . "Anubis" is a Greek rendering of this god's Egyptian name. Before the Greeks arrived in Egypt , around the 7th century BC, the god was known as Anpu or Inpu. The root of the name in ancient Egyptian language means "a royal child." Inpu has a root to "inp", which means "to decay." The god was also known as "First of the Westerners," "Lord of

418-399: Is also depicted as a woman, with a headdress showing a jackal recumbent upon a feather, as seen in the statue of the divine triad of Hathor , Menkaure , and Anput. She is occasionally depicted with the body of a woman and the head of a jackal, but this is very rare. As the consort of Anubis, Anput is a goddess of the dead, presiding over funerals and mummification. Additionally, she is

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456-462: Is depicted in the Pyramid Texts as the serpent who "refreshes and purifies" the pharaoh and is believed to bring water to the spirits of the dead, as they wait for the completion of their mummification. Anput is the female counterpart of the god Anubis . She is also a goddess of the seventeenth nome of Upper Egypt . She is also considered the protector of the body of Osiris , the god of

494-705: Is evidence that the worship of this god was continued in Rome through at least the 2nd century. Indeed, Hermanubis also appears in the alchemical and hermetical literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Although the Greeks and Romans typically scorned Egyptian animal-headed gods as bizarre and primitive (Anubis was mockingly called "Barker" by the Greeks), Anubis was sometimes associated with Sirius in

532-417: Is the god of funerary rites, protector of graves, and guide to the underworld , in ancient Egyptian religion , usually depicted as a canine or a man with a canine head . Like many ancient Egyptian deities , Anubis assumed different roles in various contexts. Depicted as a protector of graves as early as the First Dynasty ( c.  3100  – c.  2890 BC ), Anubis was also an embalmer . By

570-653: Is typically treating a king's corpse, providing sovereign to mummification rituals and funerals, or standing with fellow gods at the Weighing of the Heart of the Soul in the Hall of Two Truths. One of his most popular representations is of him, with the body of a man and the head of a jackal with pointed ears, standing or kneeling, holding a gold scale while a heart of the soul is being weighed against Ma'at's white truth feather. In

608-592: The Akkadian transcription ⟨a-na-pa⟩ ( 𒀀𒈾𒉺 ) in the name <ri-a-na-pa> " Reanapa " that appears in Amarna letter EA 315. However, this transcription may also be interpreted as rˁ-nfr , a name similar to that of Prince Ranefer of the Fourth Dynasty . In Egypt's Early Dynastic period ( c.  3100  – c.  2686 BC ), Anubis was portrayed in full animal form, with

646-521: The Egyptian pantheon ; however, no relevant myth involved him. Anubis was depicted in black, a color that symbolized regeneration, life, the soil of the Nile River , and the discoloration of the corpse after embalming. Anubis is associated with his brother Wepwawet , another Egyptian god portrayed with a dog's head or in canine form, but with grey or white fur. Historians assume that the two figures were eventually combined. Anubis' female counterpart

684-415: The Middle Kingdom (c. 2055–1650 BC) he was replaced by Osiris in his role as lord of the underworld . One of his prominent roles was as a god who ushered souls into the afterlife . He attended the weighing scale during the "Weighing of the Heart", in which it was determined whether a soul would be allowed to enter the realm of the dead. Anubis is one of the most frequently depicted and mentioned gods in

722-409: The Old Kingdom ( c.  2686 BC  – c.  2181 BC ), the standard way of writing his name in hieroglyphs was composed of the sound signs inpw followed by a jackal over a ḥtp sign: A new form with the jackal on a tall stand appeared in the late Old Kingdom and became common thereafter: Anubis' name jnpw was possibly pronounced [aˈna.pʰa(w)] , based on Coptic Anoup and

760-538: The Ptolemaic period (350–30 BC), when Egypt became a Hellenistic kingdom ruled by Greek pharaohs, Anubis was merged with the Greek god Hermes , becoming Hermanubis . The two gods were considered similar because they both guided souls to the afterlife. The center of this cult was in uten-ha / Sa-ka / Cynopolis , a place whose Greek name means "city of dogs." In Book XI of The Golden Ass by Apuleius , there

798-519: The early dynastic period , he was depicted in animal form, as a black canine. Anubis's distinctive black color did not represent the animal, rather it had several symbolic meanings. It represented "the discolouration of the corpse after its treatment with natron and the smearing of the wrappings with a resinous substance during mummification." Being the color of the fertile silt of the River Nile , to Egyptians, black also symbolized fertility and

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836-400: The tombs of the dead . Priests who attended to the dead wore leopard skin in order to commemorate Anubis' victory over Set. The legend of Anubis branding the hide of Set in leopard form was used to explain how the leopard got its spots. Most ancient tombs had prayers to Anubis carved on them. By the late pharaonic era (664–332 BC), Anubis was often depicted as guiding individuals across

874-477: The Egyptian Litany of Re , Amduat and the Book of Gates . Wall paintings in the well room are more unusual showing the king in shrines in a number of different manifestations; for instance on the back of a panther or on a papyrus skiff. The objects shown in the paintings are reflected in the finds made in the tomb of Tutankhamun . Relatively little is known about the history of the tomb. Seti II

912-657: The Sacred Land," "He Who is Upon his Sacred Mountain," "Ruler of the Nine Bows," "The Dog who Swallows Millions," "Master of Secrets," "He Who is in the Place of Embalming," and "Foremost of the Divine Booth." The positions that he had were also reflected in the titles he held such as "He Who Is upon His Mountain," "Lord of the Sacred Land," "Foremost of the Westerners," and "He Who Is in the Place of Embalming." In

950-489: The baby helped by the dogs which with great difficulties lead her there, she raised him and he became her guard and ally by the name of Anubis. George Hart sees this story as an "attempt to incorporate the independent deity Anubis into the Osirian pantheon ." An Egyptian papyrus from the Roman period (30–380 AD) simply called Anubis the "son of Isis." In Nubia , Anubis was seen as the husband of his mother Nephthys. In

988-458: The god's likeness when performing rituals. His cult center was at Cynopolis in Upper Egypt but memorials were built everywhere and he was universally revered in every part of the nation. Informational notes Citations Bibliography Further reading Anput B C D F G H I K M N P Q R S T U W Anput is

1026-602: The hand of deceased persons to guide them to Osiris. The parentage of Anubis varied between myths, times and sources. In early mythology, he was portrayed as a son of Ra . In the Coffin Texts , which were written in the First Intermediate Period (c. 2181–2055 BC), Anubis is the son of either the cow goddess Hesat or the cat-headed Bastet . Another tradition depicted him as the son of Ra and Nephthys . The Greek Plutarch (c. 40–120 AD) reported

1064-428: The heart of a deceased person against ma'at , who was often represented as an ostrich feather, Anubis dictated the fate of souls. Souls heavier than a feather would be devoured by Ammit , and souls lighter than a feather would ascend to a heavenly existence. Anubis was one of the most frequently represented deities in ancient Egyptian art . He is depicted in royal tombs as early as the First Dynasty . The god

1102-453: The heavens and Cerberus and Hades in the underworld. In his dialogues, Plato often has Socrates utter oaths "by the dog" ( Greek : kai me ton kuna ), "by the dog of Egypt", and "by the dog, the god of the Egyptians", both for emphasis and to appeal to Anubis as an arbiter of truth in the underworld. As jmy-wt (Imiut or the Imiut fetish ) "He who is in the place of embalming ", Anubis

1140-452: The possibility of rebirth in the afterlife. In the Middle Kingdom , Anubis was often portrayed as a man with the head of a jackal. The African jackal was the species depicted and the template of numerous Ancient Egyptian deities, including Anubis. An extremely rare depiction of him in fully human form was found in a chapel of Ramesses II in Abydos . Anubis is often depicted wearing

1178-464: The presence of Osiris, who by then had long replaced Anubis as ruler of the underworld. One of the roles of Anubis was as the "Guardian of the Scales." The critical scene depicting the weighing of the heart, in the Book of the Dead , shows Anubis performing a measurement that determined whether the person was worthy of entering the realm of the dead (the underworld , known as Duat ). By weighing

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1216-599: The threshold from the world of the living to the afterlife . Though a similar role was sometimes performed by the cow-headed Hathor , Anubis was more commonly chosen to fulfill that function. Greek writers from the Roman period of Egyptian history designated that role as that of " psychopomp ", a Greek term meaning "guide of souls" that they used to refer to their own god Hermes , who also played that role in Greek religion . Funerary art from that period represents Anubis guiding either men or women dressed in Greek clothes into

1254-475: The westerners" and was also the name of a different canine funerary god , alluded to his protecting function because the dead were usually buried on the west bank of the Nile. He took other names in connection with his funerary role, such as tpy-ḏw.f (Tepy-djuef) "He who is upon his mountain" (i.e. keeping guard over tombs from above) and nb-t3-ḏsr (Neb-ta-djeser) "Lord of the sacred land", which designates him as

1292-524: Was associated with mummification . He was also called ḫnty zḥ-nṯr "He who presides over the god's booth", in which "booth" could refer either to the place where embalming was carried out or the pharaoh's burial chamber. In the Osiris myth , Anubis helped Isis to embalm Osiris. Indeed, when the Osiris myth emerged, it was said that after Osiris had been killed by Set, Osiris's organs were given to Anubis as

1330-495: Was buried there, but he may have originally been buried with his wife Twosret in her tomb in KV14 and subsequently moved to the hastily finished KV15 tomb, perhaps by the later pharaoh Setnakhte , who took over KV14 for his own tomb. Seti's name appears to have been carved, erased and then re-carved. Amenmesse or possibly Siptah may have been responsible for the erasure, while Twosret may have had Seti's name restored. Seti's mummy

1368-472: Was extremely popular with Egyptians and those of other cultures. The Greeks linked him to their god Hermes, the god who guided the dead to the afterlife. The pairing was later known as Hermanubis . Anubis was heavily worshipped because, despite modern beliefs, he gave the people hope. People marveled in the guarantee that their body would be respected at death, their soul would be protected and justly judged. Anubis had male priests who sported wood masks with

1406-503: Was later moved to the mummy cache in tomb KV35 ; only the lid of his sarcophagus remains in KV15. KV15 is known to have been opened in antiquity, as there are 59 examples of Greek and Latin graffiti on the walls. Richard Pococke investigated it as early as 1738, but it was not until the arrival of Howard Carter in 1903–04 that the tomb was properly cleared. After Carter began to excavate the nearby tomb of Tutankhamun ( KV62 ) in 1922, KV15

1444-607: Was used by his assistants Alfred Lucas and Arthur Mace as a makeshift laboratory for the cleaning and restoration of KV62's artifacts before their transport to the Cairo Museum . The tomb is open to tourists with improved flooring, handrails and lighting. Anubis Anubis ( / ə ˈ nj uː b ɪ s / ; Ancient Greek : Ἄνουβις ), also known as Inpu , Inpw , Jnpw , or Anpu in Ancient Egyptian ( Coptic : ⲁⲛⲟⲩⲡ , romanized:  Anoup ),

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