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64-543: Knishes are often purchased from street vendors in urban areas with a large Jewish population, sometimes at a hot dog stand , or from a butcher shop. They are still strongly associated with New York City cuisine . In most traditional versions, the filling is made entirely of mashed potato , kasha ( buckwheat groats ), or cheese . Other varieties of fillings include beef , chicken , sweet potatoes , black beans , or spinach . Knishes may be round, rectangular, or square. They may be entirely covered in dough or some of

128-676: A hawker centre . Across Asia, stalls have been set up with little to no government monitoring. Due to health concerns and other liability problems, the food culture has been seriously challenged in Indonesia , though without marked success. However, in Hong Kong, the lease versus licensed hawker restrictions have put a burden on this mobile food culture. The term Jau Gwei (literally: running from ghosts ) has been used to describe vendors often running away from local police. The costermongers of London , England were at their peak in

192-511: A pregón (announcement or street-seller's cry) is a type of song based on the hawking by street vendor of their goods ("canto de los vendedores ambulantes"). In Antigua , women, many from the Maya (including Kaqchikel people ) and Ladino ethnic groups, peddle handicrafts . Some sell textiles such a po't (blouses) and su't . The presence of street vendors in Mexico City dates to

256-446: A sports venue ; more commonly, this person is simply referred to as a stadium vendor . In the early 20th century, a street corner hawker of hot potatoes and pies could be referred to as an all-hot man . Street cries Street cries are the short lyrical calls of merchants hawking their products and services in open-air markets. The custom of hawking led many vendors to create custom melodic phrases to attract attention. At

320-657: A blanket. They are, in their most part, illegal immigrants without documents and victims of human trafficking , subject to forced labor . They work at the sidewalks of locations with an important daily traffic, such as the Once railway station , the Retiro railway station , and the Florida Street . This commerce poses an illegal competition with the regular retail shops. The shops at the Avellaneda street estimated that

384-446: A comparative analysis of various socio-anthropological studies on street vendors, recurring and interconnected figures emerge, which can be categorized into distinct types: the recognized vendor, whose role is legitimate and/or institutionally accepted; the ephemeral vendor, whose activity is sporadic and often goes unrecognized; the clandestine trader, whose work lacks legitimacy. Furthermore, they can be classified based on their mobility:

448-535: A day, and remain impoverished. Though the prevalent license-permit raj in Indian bureaucracy ended for most retailing in the 1990s, it continues in this trade. Inappropriate license ceiling in most cities, like Mumbai which has a ceiling 14,000 licenses, means more vendors hawk their goods illegally, which also makes them prone to the bribery and extortion culture under local police and municipal authorities, besides harassment, heavy fines and sudden evictions. In Kolkata,

512-540: A day. The manteros are helped by retail shops at other locations, which store their products in the night, even if not allowed to work as warehouses. The government of Buenos Aires usually attempts to eradicate the manteros with police raids , removing them from the sidewalks and seizing their products. The police also made 35 successful search and seizures at illegal warehouses in January 2014. However, despite this operation, manteros return days, even hours, after

576-637: A distinct 'genre'. A series of prints in this genre was found in the personal library of Samuel Pepys . It was a mid to late 16th century series of woodcuts, illustrating a book which Pepys had catalogued as "Cryes consisting of Several Setts thereof, Antient and Moderne: with the differ Stiles us'd therein by the Cryers." One of the earliest of publications in The Cries genre was Franz Hogenberg's series of street vendors in Cologne produced in 1589. One of

640-445: A given personal or collective situation of distress (real or perceived), whether it be social, legal, cultural, economic, or political. In many African metropolitan areas , hawkers, commonly referred to as "vendors", are seen everywhere. They sell a wide range of goods such as fish, fruits, vegetables, clothes and books. In suburban areas, they go door to door, and in more commercial areas, they usually have stands or lay their goods on

704-405: A horde of street musicians. Each trade developed its own unique type of street cry; a distinctive set of words or a unique tune. This operated as a means of identifying each type of seller and the goods sold, giving each trade its own "verbal and aural space". During the 19th century, street traders came under increasing attack from the clergy and the authorities who wanted to rid the streets of

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768-656: A huckster. Mayhew estimated the number of licensed pedlars in 1861 as 14,038 in England, 2,561 in Scotland, and 624 in Wales. Hawkers have been known since antiquity and possibly earlier. Claire Holleran has examined literary, legal and pictorial sources to provide evidence for the presence of hawkers in antiquity, especially ancient Rome. Her findings indicate that the Romans had no specific term for hawkers – rather they went by

832-458: A peak in 18th and 19th century London and Paris. These works were primarily folios consisting of a series of etchings, engravings or lithographs with minimal notation, depicting the exuberance of street life in which street vendors were prominently featured and often romanticised images of street vendors. Nevertheless, these representations have proved to be a valuable source for social historians. Certain scholars have described this tradition as

896-511: A problem. Many vendors operate illegally. In order to avoid overwhelming tourists or shoppers, ambulantes are known to establish territories and limit their numbers. Thieves stealing their goods can be a problem. The street vendors in Argentina are known as manteros , after the Spanish word for blanket, manta . They sell varied products in an informal way, in most cases placing them over

960-655: A profit. In Peru , water cannon were used against the ambulantes in Arequipa, Peru . Many of the ambulantes come from rural areas to sell their goods including prickly pear cactus , bordados (embroideries) and polleras (embroidered skirts). In large cities across North America , hawkers are commonly known as street vendors , who sell snack items, such as deep-fried bananas, cotton candy, fried noodles, beverages like bubble tea, and ice cream, along with non-edible items, such as jewelry, clothes, books, and paintings. Hawkers are also found selling various items to fans at

1024-590: A stuffed item. In Ukraine, the knysz evolved into a filled yeasted bun, and today is usually sweet rather than savoury; the Russian cousin to the Jewish knish is the pirozhok (пирожки́). The traditional food spread to neighbour countries, migration from which helped spread the food further. Knishes began to be baked (rather than fried) around the same time that the potato was popularized in Eastern Europe, and

1088-421: A temporary pitch in a public place. Similarly, hawkers tend to be associated with the sale of non-perishable items such as brushes and cookware while costermongers are exclusively associated with the sale of fresh produce. When accompanied by a demonstration or detailed explanation of the product, the hawker is sometimes referred to as a demonstrator or pitchman . Social commentator Henry Mayhew wrote, "Among

1152-473: A term also used in Italy. In Argentina they are known as manteros . In Brazil, they are also known as "camelôs". Some ambulantes set up in a fixed location while others are mobile. Some ambulantes sell their goods door-to-door . Puestos are market stalls or stands. Street vendors face various regulations and fees. There are sometimes disputes between established merchants and ambulantes. Bribes are also

1216-448: A time when a large proportion of the population were illiterate, the cries of street vendors and town criers provided the public with important messages, whether those messages were commercial in nature or of more general public interest. Street Cries were part of the aural fabric of street life from antiquity. Street cries have been known since antiquity and possibly earlier. During the 18th and 19th century, as urban populations grew,

1280-427: A variety of labels including: ambulator (a person who walks around); circitor (to go around); circulator (a broad term which included itinerant entertainers) and institor (a business manager). She found that hawkers and street vendors were an important part of the distribution system. The vendors mainly sold everyday food at low prices and clustered around temples, theatres, bathhouses and forums where to take advantage of

1344-678: The Bengal Hawkers Association and the Calcutta Hawkers' Men Union . In September, 2012, long-awaited Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act was introduced in the Lok Sabha (Lower of Indian Parliament) aimed at providing social security and livelihood rights, and regulated the prevalent license system. The Bill was passed in the Lok Sabha on 6 September 2013 and by

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1408-678: The Rajya Sabha (upper house) on 19 February 2014. The bill received the assent of the President of India on 4 March 2014. Only three states have implemented the bill as of April 2017. The bill handed governance over public space and vendors over to municipalities. Although, one of the main purposes of the Street Vendors Act was to allow the vendors to have a voice in governance, the bill made conditions more difficult for vendors as they have become more heavily scrutinized. In

1472-468: The Street Cries genre and in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the images of Cries were being used on cigarette cards and other advertising cards. For example, John Players' cigarettes produced two series of advertising cards entitled Cries of London in 1913 (1st series) and 1916 (2nd series). Grenadier cigarettes also produced a two sets entitled Street Cries , one in 1902 and another in

1536-466: The 17th century. It has been suggested that street cries may have been one of the earliest forms of popular music. The 19th century folk song, Molly Malone , is an example of a tune based on street cries that has survived into the modern era. The lyrics show the fish vendor, Molly Malone, chanting "cockles and mussels, alive, alive, oh". The tune may have been based on an earlier 17th or 18th century song. The 1920s popular song, Yes! We Have No Bananas

1600-473: The 17th century. In London, street vendors began to fill the streets in the decades following the Great Fire when a major rebuilding programme led to the removal of London's main produce market, Stocks Market , in 1773. The displacement of the open market prompted large numbers of street vendors and itinerant traders to fill the gap in food distribution by providing inexpensive produce in small quantities to

1664-644: The 19th century. Organised, yet semi-obvious, they were ubiquitous, and their street cries could be heard everywhere. The soft drinks company, R. White's Lemonade , began in 1845 with Robert and Mary White selling their drinks around south London in a wheelbarrow . Muffin men, a type of hawker who would travel door to door selling English muffins as a snack bread, also became common in 19th century London. Street vendors in Latin America are known in local Spanish and Portuguese variously as vendedores ambulantes ("mobile vendors") or simply ambulantes ,

1728-471: The 20th century, New York City and state politicians portrayed themselves eating knishes to show solidarity with Jewish working-class people. The trend declined after suburbanization and the policies of Ed Koch and Rudy Giuliani that restricted the sale of knishes from food carts. Street vendor A hawker is a vendor of merchandise that can be easily transported; the term is roughly synonymous with costermonger or peddler . In most places where

1792-592: The English painter, who had been born in Covent Garden and was well acquainted with London's street life, exhibited a series of artworks, also entitled Cries of London , between 1792 and 1795. Augustus Edwin Mulready , made his reputation by painting scenes of Victorian life which included street sellers, urchins and flower sellers. By the 18th century, card sets were being decorated with coloured woodcuts in

1856-483: The Global South, the practice of street vending has, in recent decades, extended its reach to even the most developed nations, taking on various forms. While not strictly confined to the informal economy, since street entrepreneurs can theoretically position themselves along a continuum ranging from entirely formal to entirely illegal, contemporary societies are unmistakably trending towards the informal extreme. From

1920-498: The Instruction of Good Children , (1795). As the number of street vendors burgeoned in the early 19th century, many similar titles appeared, with many titles targeting specific audiences such as children or country folk. Some of these titles include: The New Cries of London; with characteristic engravings (1804); The Cries of London; embellished with twelve engravings , The Cries of Famous London Town: as they are exhibited in

1984-469: The Minds of Old and Young was published (1760). and followed by Cries of London (1775) and The Cries of London, as they are daily exhibited in the streets: with an epigram in verse, adapted to each. Embellished with sixty-two elegant cuts (1775); a highly popular publication with a new edition published in 1791 and in its tenth edition by 1806. Other 18th century titles included: The Cries of London: for

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2048-468: The capital city of Dhaka, street vendors such as small tea stalls, and popular food stalls (fuchka, chotpoti) along the public spaces (university campuses, bus terminals, market places) have a significant role to cater to the urban population. Street vendors are a source of food security, especially to the poorer section of the urban population. Street vending is significant portion of Dhaka's informal economy, an employment opportunity for better livelihoods of

2112-552: The cries of the city were far from annoying, rather they were an essential form of transmitting important information prior to the modern period of mass communications. The term, Street Cries, is written with a capital "C" to distinguish the vendors' melodic sounds from the general noise of the street. Street Cries began to disappear from the mid-20th century as permanent markets supplanted the informal and itinerant street trade. The Street Cries of major cities such as London and Paris became such an iconic feature of street life that

2176-591: The cries used by street vendors: Literary references and images of hawkers and peddlers during the medieval period are relatively rare. Hawkers, hucksters and peddlers occupied a different social position to merchants and were regarded as marginal in society. However, English narratives from the 12th and 13th centuries suggest that hardworking hawkers could advance to positions as packmen and ultimately wealthy wholesalers or merchants. The number of street vendors working in European cities increased markedly from

2240-400: The day, according to the activity of the street vendors. One of the first cries of dawn is that of the public baths and steam rooms while the cries of the pastry sellers occur at day’s end. One of the earliest British works inspired by street cries is a ballad, allegedly written by an English monk, John Lydgate , in 1409. Known as London Lyckpeny , it refers to many street cries, including

2304-403: The difficulty locating evidence of street cries due to their ephemeral nature. Nevertheless, she has examined literary, legal and pictorial sources to provide insights into the presence of hawkers and their cries in antiquity, especially ancient Rome and Pompeii. Collectively these sources suggest that street vendors and their cries were part of street life. She found numerous written references to

2368-585: The distinctive cries of street vendors. As early as the 13th century, musicians included street cries into their compositions. A tune known as On Parole/ a Paris/ Frese Nouvelle , dating to the 13th century features a Parisian vendor's cry, 'Frèse nouvele! Muere france!' ('Fresh strawberries! Wild blackberries!'). From around 1600 English composers wrote tunes in which the text and probably the music incorporated street vendors' cries: Weelkes , Gibbons and Deering composed tunes that consisted almost entirely of street vendors' cries. Such tunes became very popular in

2432-1013: The dough wrapper gradually became more like pastry than bread. The first knish bakery in America was founded in New York City in 1910. Generally recognized as a food made popular in New York City by Jewish immigrants in the early 20th century, the United States underwent a knish renaissance in the 2000s driven by knish specialty establishments such as Knishes and Dishes in Philadelphia, the Knish Shop in Baltimore, Maryland, Buffalo and Bergen in Washington, DC, or My Mother's Knish, in Westlake Village, California. In

2496-510: The filling may peek out of the top. Sizes range from those that can be eaten in a single bite hors d'oeuvre to sandwich -sized. Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants who arrived sometime around 1900 brought knishes to the United States. Knish (קניש) is a Yiddish word of Slavic origin, related to the Ukrainian knysh (книш) and Polish knysz . The ancestor of the knish was a medieval fried vegetable patty or fritter called knysz ; eventually it became

2560-512: The first English publications of the genre was John Overton's The Common Cryes of London published in 1667. This was followed by a French publication, Etudes Prises Dans let Bas Peuple, Ou Les Cris de Paris (1737) (roughly translated as Studies Taken of the Lower People, Or The Cries of Paris ); a title which became highly popular. There followed a plethora of similar publications across Europe: The Cries of London Calculated to Entertain

2624-648: The ground. In the afternoon, many of them sell commercial goods in the more crowded parts of the cities, and at night, they sell juices, tea and snacks. The prices are lower than in shops and so attract people on low incomes. According to the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation , there are 10 million street vendors in India , with Mumbai accounting for 250,000, Delhi has 200,000, Kolkata , more than 150,000, and Ahmedabad, 100,000. Most of them are immigrants or laid-off workers, work for an average 10–12 hours

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2688-409: The larger urban centres in search of work. As the city population increased, the number of street vendors also increased. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, the streets of London filled with street vendors, stimulating intense competition between them. To stand out amid the crowd, street vendors began to develop distinctive, melodic cries. Around the same time, these criers or street vendors filled

2752-433: The medieval period are relatively rare. Hawkers, hucksters and peddlers occupied a different social position to merchants and were regarded as marginal in society. However, English narratives from the 12th and 13th centuries suggest that hardworking hawkers could advance to positions as packmen and ultimately wealthy wholesalers or merchants. Traditionally deeply rooted in the social and economic fabric of many countries in

2816-462: The mid-1700s where he produced his most famous work, the series, The Cryes of London . William Hogarth's "The Enraged Musician" depicts a musician driven to despair by the cries of street vendors. The Flemish engraver and printmaker, Anthony Cardon , spent time in England in the 1790s where he produced a series of engravings of London's street sellers, known as the Cries of London . Francis Wheatley ,

2880-405: The more ancient of the trades, then carried on in England, is that of the hawker or pedlar", and he notes, "the hawker dealt, in the old times, more in textile fabrics than in anything else." In several passages of his work, Mayhew categorises hawkers, hucksters , and peddlers as a single group of itinerant salesman, and claims that he is unable to say what distinction was drawn between a hawker and

2944-514: The often quoted "Strawpery ripe, and cherrys in the ryse". The ballad, is a satire that recounts the tale of a country person visiting London to seek legal remedies after having been defrauded. However, he finds that he cannot afford justice, and is soon relieved of his money through his dealings with street sellers, retailers, tavern-keepers and others. A lyckpeny (or lickpenny ) is an archaic term for anything that soaks up money. Lydgate's ballad prompted generations of composers to write songs about

3008-414: The optimal commercial opportunities. Their street cries were part of the fabric of street life yet were largely viewed as an unwelcome disturbance. In Roman society, hawkers experienced the same disdain that Romans held for retail generally; hawkers were low in social status, with privileged groups often referring to them in pejorative terms. Literary references and images of hawkers and peddlers during

3072-443: The pre-Hispanic era and the government has struggled to control it, with the most recent clearing of downtown streets of vendors occurring in 2007. Still, there is a persistent presence of many thousands illegally. In 2003 it was estimated that there were 199,328 street vendors in Mexico City. In Oaxaca, Mexico there are many tortilla vendors. In Oaxaca the term regatones (hagglers) is used for those who buy goods to resell for

3136-674: The presence of manteros would make them lose 200 million pesos in the Christmas and holiday season . According to the Confederación Argentina de la Mediana Empresa (CAME), as of December 2013 there were 463 manteros working in Once, 16.8% of the total in Buenos Aires. The daily sales of manteros are worth 300 million pesos in Buenos Aires, and 52 million in Once. A single mantero may earn between 2,000 and 3,500 in

3200-494: The profession was a cognisable and non-bailable offense. Over the years the street vendors have organized themselves into trade unions and associations, and numerous NGO 's have started working for them. In fact, The National Association of Street Vendors of India (NASVI) based in Delhi, is a federation of 715 street vendor organizations, trade unions and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Kolkata has two such unions, namely

3264-528: The raids. Still, the government attempts to weaken the organizations that back the manteros with constant raids. The manteros reacts to the raids with common demonstrations. Camelô is a Brazilian Portuguese name given to street vendors in major Brazilian cities . Law enforcement often enters into conflict – sometimes physical – with camelôs, for selling low-quality products (often imported from Asia ), making improper use of public space (blocking sidewalks and pedestrian traffic), and for not paying

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3328-479: The same taxes that licensed retailers pay. Their presence is considered to be a result of the alarming rise in unemployment , although their lifestyle might be better referred to as "subemployment." Many people who work as camelôs sell their products knowing that they are of low quality, and charge high prices nonetheless. The word is borrowed from the French camelot , meaning "merchant of low-quality goods", and

3392-442: The stationary vendor, conducting business in a fixed location; the semi-stationary vendor, operating in makeshift structures; and the mobile vendor, conducting business by moving to different locations. According to M. Meneghetti, informal street vending in global society often represents a complex and highly flexible form of agency that allows for the adaptation and functional development of the social actor practicing it in relation to

3456-415: The street cries of major urban centers became one of the distinctive features of city life. Street cries became popular subject matter for poets, musicians, artists and writers of the period. Many of these street cries were catalogued in large collections or incorporated into larger musical works, preserving them from oblivion. Street vendors and their cries were known in antiquity. Claire Holleran has noted

3520-564: The streets of other European cities including Paris, Bologna and Cologne. The 19th century social commentator Henry Mayhew describes a Saturday night in the New Cut , a street in Lambeth , south of the river; Lit by a host of lights … the Cut was packed from wall to wall… The hubbub was deafening, the traders all crying their wares with the full force of their lungs against the background din of

3584-566: The streets of the metropolis: with twenty humorous prints of the most eccentric characters ; The Cries of London: shewing how to get a penny for a rainy day , (1820) Lord Thomas Busby's The Cries of London: drawn from life; with descriptive letter-press, in verse and prose (1823); James Bishop's The Cries of London: for the information of little country folks; embellished with sixteen neatly-coloured engravings , (1847); The London Cries in London Street: embellished with pretty cuts, for

3648-478: The subject stimulated the interest of poets, writers, musicians and artists. One of the earliest literary works entirely devoted to the subject of street cries is Les Crieries de Paris (Street Cries of Paris), a poem by Guillame de Villeneuve published in 1265, consisting of some 130 cries harmoniously inserted into octosyllables. The narrator recounts the cries heard while wandering Paris streets, beginning at dawn and continuing until late evening. The cries punctuate

3712-944: The term marreteiro is also sometimes used. The difference between camelôs and so-called "ambulantes" is that camelôs have fixed "storefronts" on a particular sidewalk, whereas "ambulantes" sell their wares throughout an area. In the English-speaking Caribbean, hawkers are commonly referred to as haggler s or informal commercial importers. They sell items in small roadside stands, public transit hubs, or other places where consumers would want items such as snacks, cigarettes, phone cards, or other less expensive items. Higglers often break larger items into small individual consumable portions for re-sale and use. Buying these items from more traditional vendors, farmers, or merchants for re-sale via their informal network in communities. In Cuban music and Latin American music ,

3776-621: The term is used, a hawker sells inexpensive goods, handicrafts , or food items. Whether stationary or mobile, hawkers often advertise by loud street cries or chants, and conduct banter with customers, to attract attention and enhance sales. A hawker is a type of street vendor; "a person who travels from place-to-place selling goods." Synonyms include huckster , peddler , chapman or in Britain, costermonger . However, hawkers are distinguished from other types of street vendors in that they are mobile. In contrast, peddlers, for example, may take up

3840-520: The unruly and unregulated street trade. Initiatives to eradicate street trading had occurred intermittently in the past; various attempts to curtail street-based trading had been known during the reigns of Elizabeth I (1558–1603) and Charles I (1625–1649). These constant attacks contributed to a sense of group identity amongst vendors and inculcated an air of open defiance. Street traders composed their own broadsides in which they asserted their own political identity in songs. Historians have argued that

3904-612: The urban poor. Balut is a popular dish sold by hawkers in the Philippines , Laos , Cambodia , and Vietnam . Another common food you will see in Southeast Asia is taho , which is soft tofu served with syrup. In both China and Hong Kong , hawkers' inventories often include fish ball , beef ball , butzaigo , roasted chestnuts , and stinky tofu . In Singapore and Malaysia, these stands have become so successful that many have chosen to set up shop more permanently in

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3968-577: The use of good little boys and girls, and a copy of verses (1833). and Charles Hindley's A History of the Cries of London: Ancient and Modern , (1881). The "Cries of London" was also a recurring theme in European painting. In the mid 1700s, the English water-colourist, Paul Sandby created a series entitled London Cries depicting English shopkeepers, stall-holders and itinerant street vendors. The Dutch engraver, Marcellus Laroon began working in London in

4032-407: The working classes, who for their part, worked long hours in arduous occupations leaving them no time to attend markets situated away from the city centre. This led to a large increase in the informal and unregulated trade carried out by street vendors. The number of street vendors increased again in the early 18th century, following the industrial revolution, as many dislocated workers gravitated to

4096-533: Was inspired by the sales patter of a fruit vendor in Long Island. The tune, "El Manisero" (translated as the " Peanut Vendor "), inspired by a Cuban peanut vendor's cries, was a popular hit in the 1930s and 1940s and was largely responsible for popularising Latin music and the rhumba with American audiences. In art, a tradition of representing ‘street cries’ developed in Europe from the 15th century and reached

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