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80-583: Kotkapura is a historic city in Faridkot district , Punjab, India . some 15 km from Faridkot City , 50 km from Bathinda , 40 km from Moga and 30 km from Muktsar in the state of Punjab , India . It is the largest city in the Faridkot District and has a large cotton market. It takes around 15 minutes by bus from Faridkot , 4 hours by road from Chandigarh and 2 hours from Ludhiana , and 8 hours from New Delhi by train to reach

160-452: A Muslim missionary. The town of Faridkot was founded during the 13th century as Mokalhar by Raja Mokalsi, the grandson of Rai Munj, a Bhatti Chief of Bhatnair , Rajasthan . According to popular folklore, the Raja renamed Mokalhar to Faridkot after Baba Farid paid a visit to the town. It remained the capital during the reign of Mokalsi's son Jairsi and Wairsi.educational city The region was

240-523: A literacy rate of 70.6%. Scheduled Castes made up 38.92% of the population. The table below shows the sex ratio of Faridkot district through decades. The table below shows the child sex ratio of children below the age of 6 years in the rural and urban areas of Faridkot district. The table below shows the population of different religions in absolute numbers in the urban and rural areas of Faridkot district. Note:- The separation of Moga and Muktsar district from Faridkot in 1995 caused significant changes in

320-519: A population of 617,508, roughly equal to the nation of Solomon Islands or the US state of Vermont . This gives it a ranking of 519th in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 424 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,100/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.18%. Faridkot has a sex ratio of 889 females for every 1000 males, and

400-409: A 22% chance, while weeks 9–12, a 7% chance exists, followed by 6% if the exposure is during the 13th-16th weeks. Exposure during the first eight weeks of development can also lead to premature birth and fetal death. These numbers are calculated from immediate inspection of the infant after birth. Therefore, mental defects are not accounted for in the percentages because they are not evident until later in

480-458: A 30% higher risk for congenital malformations and a 50% higher risk of neonates being under-sized for their gestational age. Paternal smoking prior to conception has been linked with the increased risk of congenital abnormalities in offspring. Smoking causes DNA mutations in the germline of the father, which can be inherited by the offspring. Cigarette smoke acts as a chemical mutagen on germ cell DNA. The germ cells suffer oxidative damage, and

560-626: A Welsh community also showed an increased incidence of gastroschisis. Another study on 21 European hazardous-waste sites showed that those living within 3 km had an increased risk of giving birth to infants with birth defects and that as distance from the land increased, the risk decreased. These birth defects included neural tube defects, malformations of the cardiac septa, anomalies of arteries and veins, and chromosomal anomalies. Looking at communities that live near landfill sites brings up environmental justice. A vast majority of sites are located near poor, mostly black, communities. For example, between

640-680: A historic town) between Guru Gobind Singh and the Mughal army would have been fought at Kot Kapura. However, Nawab refused the fort to the guru. He was eventually hanged by Isa Khan Main , a Punjabi Muslim warlord. The climate of the Kotkapura is, on the whole, dry and is characterized by a very hot summer, a short rainy season, and a cold winters. Average annual rainfall is in a range of 20 to 40 mm (0.79 to 1.57 in). Summer temperatures can be as high as 45 °C (113 °F); and winter temperatures as low as 5 °C (41 °F). The weather

720-497: A host of skin ailments including rashes and boils. A 2007 epidemiological study found that the surface waters of Malwa region are contaminated with arsenic , cadmium , chromium , selenium and mercury primarily due to the discharge of untreated waste water from surrounding industries. With increasing poisoning of the soil, the region once hailed as the home to the Green revolution , now due to excessive use of chemical fertilizer,

800-417: A larger whole, with the combined cells attempting to continue to develop in a manner that satisfies the intended growth patterns of both cell masses. The two cellular masses can compete with each other, and may either duplicate or merge various structures. This results in conditions such as conjoined twins , and the resulting merged organism may die at birth when it must leave the life-sustaining environment of

880-757: A level of 5 ppm. The fetus is even more susceptible to damage from carbon monoxide intake, which can be harmful when inhaled during pregnancy, usually through first- or second-hand tobacco smoke. The concentration of carbon monoxide in the infant born to a nonsmoking mother is around 2%, and this concentration drastically increases to a range of 6%–9% if the mother smoked tobacco. Other possible sources of prenatal carbon monoxide intoxication are exhaust gas from combustion motors, use of dichloromethane (paint thinner, varnish removers) in enclosed areas, defective gas water heaters, indoor barbeques, open flames in poorly ventilated areas, and atmospheric exposure in highly polluted areas. Exposure to carbon monoxide at toxic levels during

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960-441: A mother over the age of 35 years old. Many are believed to involve multiple factors. Birth defects may be visible at birth or diagnosed by screening tests . A number of defects can be detected before birth by different prenatal tests . Treatment varies depending on the defect in question. This may include therapy , medication, surgery, or assistive technology . Birth defects affected about 96 million people as of 2015 . In

1040-496: A result of a defective development of both the dentine and the enamel of teeth . Several anticonvulsants are known to be highly teratogenic. Phenytoin , also known as diphenylhydantoin, along with carbamazepine , is responsible for the fetal hydantoin syndrome , which may typically include broad nose base, cleft lip and/or palate, microcephalia , nails and fingers hypoplasia , intrauterine growth restriction , and intellectual disability. Trimethadione taken during pregnancy

1120-757: A self-governing princely state during the British Raj period. Prior to independence, a large part of the district was under the rule of the Maharaja of Faridkot and later it became a part of the Patiala & East Punjab States Union (PEPSU ) in 1948. Before independence the Muslim population was 35% mainly from Jat , Mochi , Arain and Tarkhan castes who migrated to Pakistan and settled mainly in Okara , Kasur , Pakpattan and Bahawalnagar Districts. Faridkot

1200-782: A structural basis, organized when possible by primary organ system affected. Several terms are used to describe congenital abnormalities. (Some of these are also used to describe noncongenital conditions, and more than one term may apply in an individual condition.) A limb anomaly is called a dysmelia . These include all forms of limbs anomalies, such as amelia , ectrodactyly , phocomelia , polymelia , polydactyly , syndactyly , polysyndactyly , oligodactyly , brachydactyly , achondroplasia , congenital aplasia or hypoplasia , amniotic band syndrome , and cleidocranial dysostosis . Congenital heart defects include patent ductus arteriosus , atrial septal defect , ventricular septal defect , and tetralogy of Fallot . Congenital anomalies of

1280-521: A teratogenic agent. These exposures include medication or drug exposures, maternal infections and diseases, and environmental and occupational exposures. Paternal smoking has also been linked to an increased risk of birth defects and childhood cancer for the offspring, where the paternal germline undergoes oxidative damage due to cigarette use. Teratogen-caused birth defects are potentially preventable. Nearly 50% of pregnant women have been exposed to at least one medication during gestation. During pregnancy,

1360-410: A total of 171 villages. Faridkot District has two development blocks namely Faridkot and Kotkapura . In 2020, Faridkot has been made new police division. Earlier, Faridkot was part of Ferozepur police division. Moga and Mukatsar districts were also attached with Faridkot police division. The Faridkot district contains 2 Cities Faridkot , Kotkapura . More than 7 towns/villages are quite notable in

1440-417: A woman can also be exposed to teratogens from contaminated clothing or toxins within the seminal fluid of a partner. An additional study found that of 200 individuals referred for genetic counseling for a teratogenic exposure, 52% were exposed to more than one potential teratogen. The United States Environmental Protection Agency studied 1,065 chemical and drug substances in their ToxCast program (part of

1520-403: Is Potter syndrome due to oligohydramnios . This finding is important for future understanding of how genetics may predispose individuals for diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cancer. For multicellular organisms that develop in a womb , the physical interference or presence of other similarly developing organisms such as twins can result in the two cellular masses being integrated into

1600-499: Is thalidomide . It was developed near the end of the 1950s by Chemie Grünenthal as a sleep-inducing aid and antiemetic . Because of its ability to prevent nausea, it was prescribed for pregnant women in almost 50 countries worldwide between 1956 and 1962. Until William McBride published the study leading to its withdrawal from the market in 1961, about 8,000 to 10,000 severely malformed children were born. The most typical disorders induced by thalidomide were reductional deformities of

1680-480: Is a disorder in which the fetus has an atypically small head, cerebral calcifications means certain areas of the brain have atypical calcium deposits, and meningoencephalitis is the enlargement of the brain. All three disorders cause abnormal brain function or intellectual disability. Hepatosplenomegaly is the enlargement of the liver and spleen which causes digestive problems. It can also cause some kernicterus and petechiae . Kernicterus causes yellow pigmentation of

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1760-537: Is being termed the "Other Bhopal ", and "even credit-takers of the Revolution have begun to admit they had been wrong, now that they see wastelands and lives lost to farmer suicides in this 'granary of India'". Kotkapura Junction railway station serves the city as its Railway Station. It is connected with the cities of Bathinda , Ferozepur , Fazilka and Muktsar through railway lines. Many long route trains pass through Kotkapura on its way. Kotkapura Bus Stand

1840-426: Is considered harmless for the embryo. Peterka and Novotná do, however, state that synthetic progestins used to prevent miscarriage in the past frequently caused masculinization of the outer reproductive organs of female newborns due to their androgenic activity. Diethylstilbestrol is a synthetic estrogen used from the 1940s to 1971, when the prenatal exposition has been linked to the clear-cell adenocarcinoma of

1920-424: Is currently known about how paternal smoking damages the fetus, and what window of time in which the father smokes is most harmful to offspring. A vertically transmitted infection is an infection caused by bacteria , viruses , or in rare cases, parasites transmitted directly from the mother to an embryo , fetus , or baby during pregnancy or childbirth. Congenital disorders were initially believed to be

2000-582: Is estimated at least 1% in U.S. as well in Canada. Very few studies have investigated the links between paternal alcohol use and offspring health. However, recent animal research has shown a correlation between paternal alcohol exposure and decreased offspring birth weight. Behavioral and cognitive disorders, including difficulties with learning and memory, hyperactivity, and lowered stress tolerance have been linked to paternal alcohol ingestion. The compromised stress management skills of animals whose male parent

2080-477: Is fertilized with sperm that has damaged DNA, a possibility exists that the fetus could develop abnormally. Genetic disorders are all congenital (present at birth), though they may not be expressed or recognized until later in life. Genetic disorders may be grouped into single-gene defects, multiple-gene disorders, or chromosomal defects . Single-gene defects may arise from abnormalities of both copies of an autosomal gene (a recessive disorder) or of only one of

2160-520: Is found mostly in drinking water from ground sources, is a powerful teratogen. A case-control study in rural Australia that was conducted following frequent reports of prenatal mortality and congenital malformations found that those who drank the nitrate-containing groundwater, as opposed to rain water, ran the risk of giving birth to children with central nervous system disorders, muscoskeletal defects, and cardiac defects. Chlorinated and aromatic solvents such as benzene and trichloroethylene sometimes enter

2240-461: Is generally dry but will be highly humid from mid May to end of August due to farmers irrigating the fields. There is no meteorological observatory in the district. Some rainfall occurs during the pre-monsoon months, mostly in the form of thunder-showers and in the cold season. The skies are mostly clear or lightly clouded during the whole year. Winds are generally light in the area, and are northerly to north-westerly, at times south-easterly, throughout

2320-405: Is hub for buses to the nearby cities. The Punjab Roadways (Punbus) and PRTC and other Private Companies buses connects this city to other major cities of Punjab like Amritsar , Chandigarh , Ludhiana , Jallandhar , Patiala , Bathinda among others. Cycle rickshaw and E-Rickshaws are the major form of transport within the city. State Highway 16 which connects Moga and Malout passes through

2400-435: Is known to cause abnormalities of the eye, internal ear, heart, and sometimes the teeth. More specifically, fetal exposure to rubella during weeks five to ten of development (the sixth week particularly) can cause cataracts and microphthalmia in the eyes. If the mother is infected with rubella during the ninth week, a crucial week for internal ear development, destruction of the organ of Corti can occur, causing deafness. In

2480-563: Is one of the most populous and largest markets in Punjab. KotkKapura has also been called the 'City of White Gold' due to its cotton market, which was once the largest cotton market in Asia. The city is famous for sweet called Dhodha and savoury dish named Atta Chicken. Kotkapura was famous for its ever-closed railway crossing gate on the Kotkapura–Muktsar highway. However, a flyover has saved

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2560-429: Is responsible for the fetal trimethadione syndrome , characterized by craniofacial, cardiovascular, renal, and spine malformations, along with a delay in mental and physical development. Valproate has antifolate effects, leading to neural tube closure-related defects such as spina bifida. Lower IQ and autism have recently also been reported as a result of intrauterine valproate exposure. Hormonal contraception

2640-698: Is surrounded by district Ferozepur in the North-West, Muktsar in the South-West, Bathinda in the South, and Moga in the West. The District covers an area of 1469 km . which is 2.92% of the total area of the State and accommodates a population of 552,466, which is 2.27% of the total population of the State. It has three Subdivisions/ Tehsils namely Faridkot, Kotkapura and Jaito and a Sub Tehsil namely Sadiq comprising

2720-487: The CompTox Chemicals Dashboard ) using in silico modeling and a human pluripotent stem cell -based assay to predict in vivo developmental intoxicants based on changes in cellular metabolism following chemical exposure. Findings of the study published in 2020 were that 19% of the 1065 chemicals yielded a prediction of developmental toxicity . Probably, the most well-known teratogenic drug

2800-921: The Love Canal site near Niagara Falls and the Lipari Landfill in New Jersey have shown a higher proportion of low birth-weight babies than communities farther away from landfills. A study done in California showed a positive correlation between time and quantity of dumping and low birth weights and neonatal deaths. A study in the United Kingdom showed a correlation between pregnant women living near landfill sites and an increased risk of congenital disorders, such as neural tube defects, hypospadias , epispadia , and abdominal wall defects , such as gastroschisis and exomphalos. A study conducted on

2880-512: The gastrointestinal system include numerous forms of stenosis and atresia , and perforation, such as gastroschisis . Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract include renal parenchyma, kidneys, and urinary collecting system. Defects can be bilateral or unilateral, and different defects often coexist in an individual child. A congenital metabolic disease is also referred to as an inborn error of metabolism . Most of these are single-gene defects , usually heritable. Many affect

2960-530: The 10th Guru of the Sikhs, en route from Machhiwara , after staying at Dina and after short stopovers at various other places, reached Kot Kapura and asked Nawab Kapura Brar for his fort to fight the pursuing Mughal army. Kapura was a Sikh, but did not want to earn the ire of the Mughals by helping Guru Gobind Singh openly in his war with them; otherwise, the famous last battle of Muktsar (Khidrane Di Dhaab; now

3040-541: The Faridkot area such as Jaitu, Bajakhana, Panjgarain Kalan, Deep Singh Wala, Golewala , Jhok Sarkari , Doad, Ghugiana, Sadiq, Chand Bhan, etc. Faridkot is a hub for premier educational institutions. North India's only Medical University, also named after Baba Farid is in Faridkot besides Medical - Guru Gobind Singh Medical College , Engineering and Dental Colleges . According to the 2011 census Faridkot district has

3120-594: The Patiala & East Punjab States Union (PEPSU ) in 1948. Faridkot was carved out as a separate district on 7 August 1972 out of the areas of Bathinda District (Faridkot Tehsil) and Ferozepur District (Moga and Muktsar Tehsils). However, in November 1995, the Faridkot District was trifurcated when two of its subdivisions viz Muktsar and Moga were given the status of independent districts. Faridkot district

3200-695: The United States, they occur in about 3% of newborns. They resulted in about 628,000 deaths in 2015, down from 751,000 in 1990. The types with the greatest numbers of deaths are congenital heart disease (303,000), followed by neural tube defects (65,000). Much of the language used for describing congenital conditions antedates genome mapping , and structural conditions are often considered separately from other congenital conditions. Many metabolic conditions are now known to have subtle structural expression, and structural conditions often have genetic links. Still, congenital conditions are often classified on

3280-425: The abortion did not happen, but the newborns had a fetal aminopterin syndrome consisting of growth retardation, craniosynostosis , hydrocephalus, facial dismorphities, intellectual disability, or leg deformities Drinking water is often a medium through which harmful toxins travel. Heavy metals, elements, nitrates, nitrites, and fluoride can be carried through water and cause congenital disorders. Nitrate, which

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3360-858: The age of 5 years, in Fridkot, as of year 2020. The table below shows the district nutrition profile of Fridkot of women between the ages of 15 to 49 years, as of year 2020. The table below shows the current use of family planning methods by currently married women between the age of 15 and 49 years, in Faridkot district. The table below shows the number of road accidents and people affected in Gurdaspur district by year. Congenital disorder Birth defects may result from genetic or chromosomal disorders , exposure to certain medications or chemicals, or certain infections during pregnancy . Risk factors include folate deficiency , drinking alcohol or smoking during pregnancy, poorly controlled diabetes , and

3440-404: The child's life, precise incidence of birth defects due to rubella are not entirely known. The timing of the mother's infection during fetal development determines the risk and type of birth defect. As the embryo develops, the risk of abnormalities decreases. If exposed to the rubella virus during the first four weeks, the risk of malformations is 47%. Exposure during weeks five through eight creates

3520-431: The child's life. If they were to be included, these numbers would be much higher. Other infectious agents include cytomegalovirus , the herpes simplex virus , hyperthermia , toxoplasmosis , and syphilis . Maternal exposure to cytomegalovirus can cause microcephaly , cerebral calcifications, blindness, chorioretinitis (which can cause blindness), hepatosplenomegaly , and meningoencephalitis in fetuses. Microcephaly

3600-486: The city. Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport in Amritsar and Bathinda domestic airport are the nearest, about 90 km away. City has major schools with boards Punjab School Education Board and Central Board of Secondary Education . Few schools also offers Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) education. Major Schools includes DAV Public School and Dasmesh Public School which are some of

3680-495: The city. It is a central city on route to Ganganagar, Ludhiana, Bathinda, Firozpur, etc. KotkKapura takes its name from its founder, Nawab Kapur Singh, and the word 'Kot', meaning a small fort – literally the 'Fort of Kapura'. The city is known for its "Dhodha Sweet" and "Atta Chicken" both of which are exported outside India. Kotkapura, like many other small cities in India, is undergoing modernization. Shastri Market or Maheshwari Street established by Bansi Dhar Maheshwari (1875-1935)

3760-468: The development of the foetal nervous system. Studies with mice have found that food deprivation of the male mouse prior to conception leads to the offspring displaying significantly lower blood glucose levels. External physical shocks or constraints due to growth in a restricted space may result in unintended deformation or separation of cellular structures resulting in an abnormal final shape or damaged structures unable to function as expected. An example

3840-413: The dust containing lead, leading to lead exposure in the fetus. When lead pipes are used for drinking water and cooking water, this water is ingested, along with the lead, exposing the fetus to this toxin. This issue is more prevalent in poorer communities because more well-off families are able to afford to have their homes repainted and pipes renovated. Endometriosis can impact a woman's fetus , causing

3920-465: The early 1920s and 1978, about 25% of Houston's population was black. However, over 80% of landfills and incinerators during this time were located in these black communities. Another issue regarding environmental justice is lead poisoning . A fetus exposed to lead during the pregnancy can result in learning difficulties and slowed growth. Some paints (before 1978) and pipes contain lead. Therefore, pregnant women who live in homes with lead paint inhale

4000-552: The effects can be seen in altered mRNA production, infertility issues, and side effects in the embryonic and fetal stages of development. This oxidative damage may result in epigenetic or genetic modifications of the father's germline. Fetal lymphocytes have been damaged as a result of a father's smoking habits prior to conception. Correlations between paternal smoking and the increased risk of offspring developing childhood cancers (including acute leukemia , brain tumors , and lymphoma ) before age five have been established. Little

4080-403: The embryonic stage, such as hand and foot malformations, hip dysplasia , hip subluxation, agenesis of a limb, and inferior maxillary atresia with glossoptosis . Also, carbon monoxide exposure between days 35 and 40 of embryonic development can lead to an increased risk of the child developing a cleft palate. Exposure to carbon monoxide or polluted ozone exposure can also lead to cardiac defects of

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4160-583: The first two trimesters of pregnancy can lead to intrauterine growth restriction, leading to a baby who has stunted growth and is born smaller than 90% of other babies at the same gestational age. The effect of chronic exposure to carbon monoxide can depend on the stage of pregnancy in which the mother is exposed. Exposure during the embryonic stage can have neurological consequences, such as telencephalic dysgenesis, behavioral difficulties during infancy, and reduction of cerebellum volume. Also, possible skeletal defects could result from exposure to carbon monoxide during

4240-431: The heart, the ductus arteriosus can remain after birth, leading to hypertension. Rubella can also lead to atrial and ventricular septal defects in the heart. If exposed to rubella in the second trimester, the fetus can develop central nervous system malformations. However, because infections of rubella may remain undetected, misdiagnosed, or unrecognized in the mother, and/or some abnormalities are not evident until later in

4320-417: The liver and lungs, if the embryo is exposed. For example, a lack of folic acid , a B vitamin, in the diet of a mother can cause cellular neural tube deformities that result in spina bifida. Congenital disorders such as a neural tube deformity can be prevented by 72% if the mother consumes 4 mg of folic acid before the conception and after twelve weeks of pregnancy. Folic acid, or vitamin B 9 , aids

4400-437: The liver stores lipophilic vitamins, including retinol. Isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic-acid; brand name Roaccutane), vitamin A analog, which is often used to treat severe acne , is such a strong teratogen that just a single dose taken by a pregnant woman (even transdermally ) may result in serious birth defects. Because of this effect, most countries have systems in place to ensure that it is not given to pregnant women and that

4480-737: The local water supply. This led many people in the area to develop what became known as the " Minamata disease ". Because methylmercury is a teratogen, the mercury poisoning of those residing by the bay resulted in neurological defects in the offspring. Infants exposed to mercury poisoning in utero showed predispositions to cerebral palsy , ataxia , inhibited psychomotor development, and intellectual disability. Landfill sites have been shown to have adverse effects on fetal development. Extensive research has shown that landfills have several negative effects on babies born to mothers living near landfill sites: low birth weight, birth defects, spontaneous abortion, and fetal and infant mortality. Studies done around

4560-489: The long bones of the extremities. Phocomelia , otherwise a rare deformity, therefore helped to recognise the teratogenic effect of the new drug. Among other malformations caused by thalidomide were those of ears, eyes, brain, kidney, heart, and digestive and respiratory tracts; 40% of the prenatally affected children died soon after birth. As thalidomide is used today as a treatment for multiple myeloma and leprosy , several births of affected children were described in spite of

4640-589: The most common symptom in infants is an inflammatory response that develops during the first three weeks of life. Hyperthermia causes anencephaly , which is when part of the brain and skull are absent in the infant. Mother exposure to toxoplasmosis can cause cerebral calcification, hydrocephalus (causes mental disabilities), and intellectual disability in infants. Other birth abnormalities have been reported as well, such as chorioretinitis, microphthalmus, and ocular defects. Syphilis causes congenital deafness, intellectual disability, and diffuse fibrosis in organs, such as

4720-514: The nervous system include neural tube defects such as spina bifida , encephalocele , and anencephaly . Other congenital anomalies of the nervous system include the Arnold–Chiari malformation , the Dandy–Walker malformation , hydrocephalus , microencephaly , megalencephaly , lissencephaly , polymicrogyria , holoprosencephaly , and agenesis of the corpus callosum . Congenital anomalies of

4800-635: The offspring displaying ventricular septal defects at birth. Substances whose toxicity can cause congenital disorders are called teratogens , and include certain pharmaceutical and recreational drugs in pregnancy , as well as many environmental toxins in pregnancy . A review published in 2010 identified six main teratogenic mechanisms associated with medication use: folate antagonism , neural crest cell disruption, endocrine disruption , oxidative stress , vascular disruption, and specific receptor- or enzyme-mediated teratogenesis. An estimated 10% of all birth defects are caused by prenatal exposure to

4880-414: The oldest schools in the city offering CBSE education. City also has separate Government schools for boys (Dr Hari Singh Sewak Sen. Sec. School) and girls (Dr. Chanda Singh Marwah Govt. Sr. Sec. School), which provide sports facilities as well as education. Colleges in the city offers education ranging from Nursing to Commerce and from Arts to Engineering. Malwa College of Nursing is a reputed college in

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4960-785: The onset of the action research project, it was expected that heavy metal / chemistry toxicity might be implicated as reasons why these children were so badly affected. Surprisingly, high levels of uranium were found in 88% of the samples, and in the case of one child, the levels were more than 60 times the maximum safe limit. A study, carried out amongst mentally retarded children in the Malwa region of Punjab, revealed 87% of children below 12 years and 82% beyond that age having uranium levels high enough to cause diseases, also uranium levels in samples of three kids from Kotkapura and Faridkot were 62, 44 and 27 times higher than normal. An investigation carried out The Observer newspaper, in 2009, revealed

5040-792: The patient is aware of how important it is to prevent pregnancy during and at least one month after treatment. Medical guidelines also suggest that pregnant women should limit vitamin A intake to about 700 μg /day, as it has teratogenic potential when consumed in excess. Vitamin A and similar substances can induce spontaneous abortions, premature births, defects of eyes ( microphthalmia ), ears, thymus, face deformities, and neurological ( hydrocephalus , microcephalia ) and cardiovascular defects, as well as intellectual disability . Tetracycline , an antibiotic , should never be prescribed to women of reproductive age or to children, because of its negative impact on bone mineralization and teeth mineralization . The "tetracycline teeth" have brown or grey colour as

5120-405: The population numbers after that year. Languages of Faridkot district (2011) At the time of the 2011 census, 91.79% of the population spoke Punjabi and 6.91% Hindi as their first language. The number of registered doctors in the Faridkot district were 1,345 and 2,997 registered nurses, as of year 2018. The table below shows the data from the district nutrition profile of children below

5200-581: The possible that cause of contamination of soil and ground water in Malwa region of Punjab, to be the fly ash from coal burnt at thermal power plants, which contains high levels of uranium and ash as the region has state's two biggest coal-fired power stations . Unscientific farming practices, that emerged after the introduction of Green Revolution , are also alleged to be a reason for growing incidence of not just cancer but also, high rates of spontaneous abortions, reproductive ailments, genetic deformities, anaemia , diarrhoea , vomiting, fluorosis and

5280-689: The result of only hereditary factors. However, in the early 1940s, Australian pediatric ophthalmologist Norman Gregg began recognizing a pattern in which the infants arriving at his surgery were developing congenital cataracts at a higher rate than those who developed it from hereditary factors. On October 15, 1941, Gregg delivered a paper that explained his findings-68 out of the 78 children with congenital cataracts had been exposed in utero to rubella due to an outbreak in Australian army camps. These findings confirmed, to Gregg, that, in fact, environmental causes for congenital disorders could exist. Rubella

5360-520: The skin, brain damage, and deafness. Petechaie is when the capillaries bleed resulting in red/purple spots on the skin. However, cytomegalovirus is often fatal in the embryo. The Zika virus can also be transmitted from the pregnant mother to her baby and cause microcephaly. The herpes simplex virus can cause microcephaly , microphthalmus (abnormally small eyeballs), retinal dysplasia, hepatosplenomegaly , and intellectual disability. Both microphthalmus and retinal dysplasia can cause blindness. However,

5440-519: The state offering degrees in Nursing and acquires its name from Malwa region in Punjab. Faridkot district Faridkot district is a district lying in the South-Western part of Punjab , India with Faridkot city as the district headquarters. The district is named after its headquarters, Faridkot city , which in turn is named in the honor of Baba Farid , who was a Sufi saint and

5520-455: The strictly required use of contraception among female patients treated by it. Vitamin A is the sole vitamin that is embryotoxic even in a therapeutic dose, for example in multivitamins , because its metabolite, retinoic acid , plays an important role as a signal molecule in the development of several tissues and organs. Its natural precursor, β-carotene , is considered safe, whereas the consumption of animal liver can lead to malformation, as

5600-494: The structure of body parts, but some simply affect the function. Other well-defined genetic conditions may affect the production of hormones, receptors, structural proteins, and ion channels. The mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can cause a continuum of various permanent birth defects: craniofacial abnormalities, brain damage, intellectual disability, heart disease, kidney abnormality, skeletal anomalies, ocular abnormalities. The prevalence of children affected

5680-834: The total population and are the largest religious community followed by Sikhs which contribute 47% to the total population. Literacy Rate of the city is around 77%. The table below shows the population of different religious groups in Kot Kapura city, as of 2011 census. A South African Board Certified Candidate Clinical Metal Toxicologist, Carin Smit, visiting Faridkot city in Punjab, India , instrumental in having hair and urine samples taken (2008/9) of 149/53 children respectively, who affected with birth abnormalities including physical deformities, neurological and mental disorders. These samples were shipped to Microtrace Mineral Lab, Germany. At

5760-459: The town from this notorious landmark. Bhallan Brar, founder of the Faridkot principality, was an ardent follower of Guru Har Gobind , the 6th Sikh Guru. He helped Guru Har Gobind Ji in the Battle of Mehraj, but died issueless in 1643. He was succeeded by his nephew, Kapura , who founded the town of Kot Kapura in 1661. Nawab Kapura was the chaudhry of eighty-four villages. Guru Gobind Singh ,

5840-414: The vagina . Following studies showed elevated risks for other tumors and congenital malformations of the sex organs for both sexes. All cytostatics are strong teratogens; abortion is usually recommended when pregnancy is discovered during or before chemotherapy. Aminopterin , a cytostatic drug with anti folate effect, was used during the 1950s and 1960s to induce therapeutic abortions . In some cases,

5920-540: The ventrical septal, pulmonary artery, and heart valves. The effects of carbon monoxide exposure are decreased later in fetal development during the fetal stage, but they may still lead to anoxic encephalopathy . Industrial pollution can also lead to congenital defects. Over a period of 37 years, the Chisso Corporation, a petrochemical and plastics company, contaminated the waters of Minamata Bay with an estimated 27 tons of methylmercury , contaminating

6000-506: The water supply due to oversights in waste disposal. A case-control study on the area found that by 1986, leukemia was occurring in the children of Woburn, Massachusetts, at a rate that was four times the expected rate of incidence. Further investigation revealed a connection between the high occurrence of leukemia and an error in water distribution that delivered water to the town with significant contamination with manufacturing waste containing trichloroethylene. As an endocrine disruptor , DDT

6080-463: The womb and must attempt to sustain its biological processes independently. Genetic causes of birth defects include inheritance of abnormal genes from the mother or the father, as well as new mutations in one of the germ cells that gave rise to the fetus. Male germ cells mutate at a much faster rate than female germ cells, and as the father ages, the DNA of the germ cells mutates quickly. If an egg

6160-456: The year. But, during the summer and monsoon seasons winds from directions between north-east and south-east blow on many days. The climate is mainly dry, characterized by a very hot summer, a short rainy season and a bracing winter. The city is home to about 92 thousand people out of which 53% are Male and 47% are female. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in the city with some people speaking Hindi and its dialects. Hindus contribute 52% of

6240-472: Was carved out as a separate district on 7 August 1972 out of the areas of erstwhile Bathinda District(Faridkot Tehsil) and Ferozepur District(Moga and Muktsar Tehsils). Further, in November 1995 the Faridkot District was trifurcated when two of its subdivisions viz. Muktsar and Moga were given the status of independent districts. Prior to independence large part of the district was under the princely rule of Sikh Maharaja of Faridkot and later it became part of

6320-419: Was exposed to alcohol are similar to the exaggerated responses to stress that children with fetal alcohol syndrome display because of maternal alcohol use. These birth defects and behavioral disorders were found in cases of both long- and short-term paternal alcohol ingestion. In the same animal study, paternal alcohol exposure was correlated with a significant difference in organ size and the increased risk of

6400-799: Was shown to induce miscarriages , interfere with the development of the female reproductive system , cause the congenital hypothyroidism , and suspectably childhood obesity . Fluoride, when transmitted through water at high levels, can also act as a teratogen. Two reports on fluoride exposure from China, which were controlled to account for the education level of parents, found that children born to parents who were exposed to 4.12 ppm fluoride grew to have IQs that were, on average, seven points lower than their counterparts whose parents consumed water that contained 0.91 ppm fluoride. In studies conducted on rats, higher fluoride in drinking water led to increased acetylcholinesterase levels, which can alter prenatal brain development. The most significant effects were noted at

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