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70-447: Kotor Municipality ( Montenegrin and Serbian : Opština Kotor / Општина Котор) is one of the municipalities of Montenegro . Its administrative center is Kotor . This municipality is located in the southwestern part of Montenegro , and includes 56 recognized settlements, as well as the innermost portion of the Bay of Kotor . The Kotor municipality is located on the Bay of Kotor region on

140-539: A "Montenegrin family" about whose origin there are no reliable sources. Other Montenegrin authors consider them to be a Montenegrin dynasty as well. According to Elizabeth Roberts, whether their origins were Serbian, Albanian, or both, has never been conclusively established, but they were "culturally Serbianized". According to Svetlana Tomin the Balšići probably originated from Slavicized Vlachs . In older scholarship, Karl Hopf (1832–1873) considered "unquestionably part of

210-613: A basis for the standard Serbo-Croatian language, was often used instead of the Zeta–South Raška dialect characteristic of most dialects of Montenegro. Petar Petrović Njegoš, one of the most respectable Montenegrin authors, changed many characteristics of the Zeta–South Raška dialect from the manuscript of his Gorski vijenac to those proposed by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić as a standard for the Serbian language . For example, most of

280-523: A definitive victory in Montenegro by the end of the 19th century, primarily in administrative, journalistic, and scientific styles. The literary style, which retained fundamental Montenegrin linguistic features, resisted this process the longest and mostly remained beyond the reach of the mentioned reform, entering the 20th century with preserved foundational Montenegrin language characteristics. The preservation of typical Montenegrin language features in

350-538: A language system and thus are allophones rather than phonemes. In addition, there are speakers in Montenegro who do not utter them and speakers of Serbian and Croatian outside of Montenegro (notably in Herzegovina and Bosanska Krajina) who do. In addition, introduction of those letters could pose significant technical difficulties (the Eastern European character encoding ISO/IEC 8859-2 does not contain

420-520: A large portion of Albanian territory, from Tivari to Prizren, and from Vlorë to Berat. Hence they became the chiefs of the largest feudal polity in northern Albania during the 14th century to the 15th century. The administrative and political center of Balša's feudal entity between 1355 and 1396 was the city of Shkodër, which also became the main center of a wide interregional economic network. Balšić family members founded and renovated several Eastern Orthodox monasteries and churches. Between 1368 and 1389

490-690: A number of teachers declaring a strike and parents refusing to send their children to schools. The cities affected by the strike included Nikšić , Podgorica , Berane , Pljevlja and Herceg Novi . The new letters had been used for official documents since 2009 but in February 2017, the Assembly of Montenegro removed them from the official webpage. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Montenegrin, written in

560-428: A result of Vuk Karadžić's linguistic reform, during the transitional period of the Montenegrin language (from the 1830s to World War I), significant changes occurred, and some typical Montenegrin linguistic features were officially abolished. Throughout this period, the language in Montenegro was officially referred to as Serbian , and the assimilation of the Montenegrin language toward the general štokavian Karadžić model

630-471: A standardized Montenegrin standard language separate from Serbian appeared in the 1990s during the breakup of Yugoslavia through proponents of Montenegrin independence from Serbia and Montenegro . Montenegrin became the official language of Montenegro with the ratification and proclamation of a new constitution in October 2007. The beginnings of Montenegrin literacy date back to 9th century, during

700-587: A total population of 22,601. The inhabitants included Montenegrins , numbering 11,047 (48.88%); Serbs , numbering 6,910 (30.57%); Croats , numbering 1,553 (6.87%); with the rest belonging to other ethnic groups (1,145, 5.07%) or opting undeclared (1,946, 8.61%). By language, 38.46% spoke Montenegrin , while 42.37% spoke Serbian . Major religious affiliations included Eastern Orthodoxy (78.02%) and Roman Catholicism (11.76%). Montenegrin language Montenegro's language has historically and traditionally been called either Serbian or Montenegrin. The idea of

770-640: Is a prestige supradialect of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian. The dialect serves as a basis for the Montenegrin language. Some of the dialects are shared with the neighbouring Slavic nations, such as the Eastern Herzegovinian dialect and the Zeta–Raška dialect . The Eastern Herzegovinian dialect is spoken in the majority of Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina , as well as areas in Croatia and Serbia, with Montenegro only partially codifying

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840-512: Is established that Old Church Slavonic and Cyrillic became dominant during the Zeta period, replacing Glagolitic script . In Zeta was established a printing press by Đurađ Crnojević , starting in Obod and later moving to Cetinje . This press produced five incunabula , making Montenegro one of the four Slavic nations with incunabula in their language. During this period there was a development of

910-410: Is vividly illustrated by writings in the Montenegrin press of that time. The contemporary stage in the development of the Montenegrin literary language encompasses the period after World War II, with the improvement of the country's status, the language's standing also improved. Although Montenegro did not gain the right to name its language with its own name, during this period, institutions promoting

980-816: The Adriatic coast , surrounding the town of Kotor in southwestern Montenegro . Kotor is connected to the Adriatic Highway and the rest of the coast and inland Montenegro by the Vrmac Tunnel . The inland is reachable by detouring from the Adriatic highway in Budva or Sutomore (through the Sozina tunnel ). There is also a historic road connecting Kotor to Cetinje , which has views of the Kotor Bay. Since

1050-541: The Constitution of Montenegro , the official language of the republic since 1992 has been 'Serbian language of the ijekavian dialect'. After World War II and until 1992, the official language of Montenegro was Serbo-Croatian. Before that, in the previous Montenegrin realm, the language in use was called Serbian. Serbian was the officially used language in Socialist Republic of Montenegro until after

1120-549: The Council of Europe , had a generally positive attitude towards the draft of the constitution but did not address the language and church issues, calling them symbolic. The new constitution ratified on 19 October 2007 declared Montenegrin to be the official language of Montenegro, but also gave some recognition to Albanian , Bosnian , Croatian , and Serbian. The ruling Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro and Social Democratic Party of Montenegro stand for simply stating

1190-526: The Declaration on the Common Language , which states that in Montenegro, Croatia, Serbia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina a common polycentric standard language is used, consisting of several standard varieties, similar to the situation of languages like German , English or Spanish . The introduction of the Montenegrin language has been supported by other important academic institutions such as

1260-622: The Duklja period, with the establishment of numerous monasteries in the coastal region. While traces of Latin and Greek literacy from the Duklja period are partially preserved, there is only indirect evidence of literacy in the Slavic language. The use of Glagolitic script in Duklja was influenced by the strong center of Bulgarian literacy in Ohrid , although some argue that Slavic literature in Duklja

1330-691: The Latin alphabet : "Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i savješću i jedni prema drugima treba da postupaju u duhu bratstva." Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Montenegrin, written in Montenegrin Cyrillic alphabet: "Сва људска бића рађају се слободна и једнака у достојанству и правима. Она су обдарена разумом и савјешћу и једни према другима треба да поступају у духу братства." Article 1 of

1400-806: The Matica crnogorska , although meeting opposition from the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts . Some proponents go further. The chief proponent of Montenegrin was Zagreb -educated Vojislav Nikčević , professor at the Department of Language and Literature at the University of Montenegro and the head of the Institute for Montenegrin Language in the capital Podgorica. His dictionaries and grammars were printed by Croatian publishers since

1470-459: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood." Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87 The House of Balšić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Балшићи ; Albanian : Balsha, Balshaj ), or Balsha , were a noble family that ruled " Zeta and

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1540-456: The accusatives of place used in the Zeta–South Raška dialect were changed by Njegoš to the locatives used in the Serbian standard. Thus the stanzas "U dobro je lako dobar biti, / na muku se poznaju junaci" from the manuscript were changed to "U dobru je lako dobar biti, / na muci se poznaju junaci" in the printed version. Other works of later Montenegrin authors were also often modified to

1610-573: The ruling coalition , Movement for Changes , the Bosniaks , and the Liberals , while the pro-Serbian parties voted against it and the Albanian minority parties abstained from voting. The Constitution was ratified and adopted on 19 October 2007, recognizing Montenegrin as the official language of Montenegro. According to a poll of 1,001 Montenegrin citizens conducted by Matica crnogorska in 2014,

1680-683: The 1950 Novi Sad Agreement , and Serbo-Croatian was introduced into the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro in 1974. Organizations promoting Montenegrin as a distinct language have appeared since 2004 when the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro regime introduced usage of the term. The new constitution, adopted on 19 October 2007, deemed Montenegrin to be the official language of Montenegro. The most recent population census conducted in Montenegro

1750-633: The Balsha owned their own ships and operated as Albanian pirates . Because of their anti-Ottoman attitude, the pirate activity of these Albanian lords was tolerated by the Republic of Venice . However, they limited Venice's operations. In the Prince-Bishopric and Principality of Montenegro , supporters of the Petrović-Njegoš dynasty claimed them to be descended from the Balšići, as well as

1820-513: The Balšić family members, and the description of the Balšas as Albanian lords stands in current scholarship, while on the other hand a number of scholars consider them of Serbian or of otherwise Slavic origin. Both Serbian and Albanian authors claim them. In medieval Serbian documents the Balšas are referred to as " Arbanas lords". The well-known Bulgarian biographer of the 15th century, Constantine

1890-733: The East Herzegovinian forms in order to follow the Serbian language literary norm. However, some characteristics of the traditional Montenegrin Zeta–South Raška dialect sometimes appeared. For example, the poem Onamo namo by Nikola I Petrović Njegoš , although it was written in the East Herzegovinian Serbian standard, contains several Zeta–South Raška forms: "Onamo namo, za brda ona" ( accusative , instead of instrumental case za brdima onim ), and "Onamo namo, da viđu (instead of vidim ) Prizren" , and so on. Most mainstream politicians and other proponents of

1960-573: The Latin alphabet due to their existence in Polish , but which must be created ad hoc using combining characters when typesetting Cyrillic. Many literary works of authors from Montenegro provide examples of the local Montenegrin vernacular. The medieval literature was mostly written in Old Church Slavonic and its recensions , but most of the 19th century works were written in some of

2030-787: The Montenegrin PEN Center in 1997 was a significant document emphasizing the autonomy of the Montenegrin language. These efforts culminated in the new Montenegrin Constitution of 2007, where the Montenegrin language gained official status for the first time. The establishment of the Council for the Standardization of the Montenegrin Language in 2008 and the adoption of the Montenegrin Spelling Book in 2009 represent significant steps in

2100-798: The Montenegrin language state that the issue is chiefly one of self-determination and the people's right to call the language what they want, rather than an attempt to artificially create a new language when there is none. The Declaration of the Montenegrin PEN Center states that the " Montenegrin language does not mean a systemically separate language, but just one of four names (Montenegrin, Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian) by which Montenegrins name their part of [the] Shtokavian system, commonly inherited with Muslims , Serbs and Croats ". Therefore, in 2017, numerous prominent writers, scientists, journalists, activists and other public figures from Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Serbia signed

2170-614: The Montenegrin language were substantively developed. Associations and organizations like the Montenegrin PEN Center, Matica crnogorska, Duklja Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Institute for Montenegrin Language and Linguistics, and the Montenegrin Society of Independent Writers played a crucial role in preserving Montenegrin values. The Declaration on the Constitutional Status of the Montenegrin Language by

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2240-541: The Ottomans and Bosnians. The origin of the eponymous founder of the Balšić family – Balša I – is obscure and several hypotheses about it have been put forward by modern scholars. The region the family ruled over was defined by highly porous borders and experienced high rates of intermarriage among the local peoples' aristocracies. Contemporary medieval sources provide evidence for the Albanian ethnic belonging of

2310-587: The Ottomans referred to Đurađ II Balšić as "ruler of Albanian Shkodra". Also the Hungarian king Sigismund , when he met him personally in 1396, called him "ruler of Albania". One contemporary archival source in Vienna Archives mentions Balša II as "ruler of Albanians" during the Battle of Kosovo 1389. The fragmental assertions that their progenitor descended from " Emperor Nemanja ", and that he held

2380-568: The Philosopher , who lived in the court of the Serbian ruler Stefan Lazarević , refers to Đurađ II Balšić and Balša III as Albanian lords. Historical sources from Ragusa document the Albanian ethnic affiliation of the Balša family, mentioning "the Albanian customs of the Balša". In the funds of the Ragusan archives the Balsha are one of the extremely present Arbanon families. Furthermore,

2450-1013: The Serb tribe". Ivan Stepanovich Yastrebov (1839–1894), Russian Consul in Shkodër and Prizren , when speaking of the Balšići, connected their name to the Roman town of Balletium ( Balec ) located near modern Shkodër which delivers from Illyrian, related to the Albanian term ballë . According to Serbian historian Ilarion Ruvarac , "The Balšić were in no way Serbs but Albanians, regardless of whether they were Albanians or Vlachs in their distant origins". Serbian historian Vladimir Ćorović (1885–1941) concluded, based on their name, that they had Roman ( Vlach ) origin. Croatian ethnologist Milan Šufflay (1879–1931) mentioned them as of "Romanian and Vlach origin". Croatian linguist Petar Skok considered them to have been of Vlach origin, and Serbian historian Milena Gecić supported his theory. Giuseppe Gelcich theorized on

2520-622: The Weak (r. 1355–1371). After the death of Uroš (1371), the family feuded with the Mrnjavčevići , who controlled Macedonia . When the last lord of the main branch of the family, Balša III died in 1421 without an heir, his possessions were passed on to his uncle, Despot Stefan the Tall . Later that year, the Republic of Venice took advantage of Balša's death and seized the towns of Bar and Ulcinj , and some of his other territories were seized by

2590-590: The Zetan (Montenegrin) redaction of Old Church Slavonic, exemplified by the Miroslavljevo Gospel from the 12th century, written in Kotor . This redaction adapted Old Church Slavonic to the local language of medieval Zeta, influencing Bosnian and Serbian redactions. Despite being erroneously labeled as Zeta-Hum redaction, it originated in Zeta and then spread to Hum. The period of written language spans from

2660-452: The ancient walls which stretch for 4.5 km (3 mi) directly above the town. Sveti Đorđe and Gospa od Škrpijela islets off the coast of Perast are also among the tourist destinations in the vicinity of Kotor. The best known settlements along the Kotor municipality are the municipal seat Kotor, Risan , Radanovići , Škaljari , Perast , Dobrota and Prčanj . The 2011 census recorded

2730-610: The area of Bojana river in the neighborhood of Shkodër are very uncertain. In a 14th-century letter, Balša II claimed descent from the Nemanjić family . In current scholarship many historians consider the Balša as being part of the local Albanian nobility . According to Malcolm , the Balšići were probably of Albanian stock who had been but culturally Serbianized to a large degree. Ćirković concluded that they are of non-Slavic origin, being referred to in medieval Serbian documents as "Albanian (arbanas) lords". Murzaku says that

2800-430: The coastal region, the influence of the Montenegrin type of Old Church Slavonic had little impact on the literature of the period, where Latin and Italian language prevailed. The written language in secular use continued to follow the development of the Montenegrin spoken language, progressively shedding Church Slavonic elements as time passed. The most significant writers during the period of written language emerged in

2870-834: The coastlands " (current-day southern Montenegro and northern Albania ), from 1362 to 1421, during and after the fall of the Serbian Empire . Balša , the founder, was a petty nobleman who held only one village during the rule of Emperor Dušan the Mighty (r. 1331–1355), and only after the death of the emperor, his three sons gained power in Lower Zeta after acquiring the lands of gospodin Žarko ( fl. 1336–1360) under unclear circumstances, and they then expanded into Upper Zeta by murdering voivode and čelnik Đuraš Ilijić (r. 1326–1362†). Nevertheless, they were acknowledged as oblastni gospodari of Zeta in edicts of Emperor Uroš

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2940-844: The country's official language to be Montenegrin, but this policy is opposed by the Socialist People's Party of Montenegro , the People's Party , the Democratic Serb Party , the Bosniak Party , and the Movement for Changes as well as by the Serb List coalition led by the Serb People's Party . A referendum was not needed, however, as a two-thirds majority of the parliament voted for the Constitution, including

3010-470: The dialect. The Zeta–Raška dialect is prevalent in mostly southern Montenegro and parts of the historical region of Raška in Serbia. It is mainly spoken by local ethnic Serbs , Montenegrins, Bosniaks and Muslims. The proponents of the separate Montenegrin language prefer using Gaj's Latin alphabet over the Serbian Cyrillic . In both scripts, the Montenegrin alphabets have two additional letters (bold), which are easier to render in digital typography in

3080-443: The dialects of Montenegro. They include the folk literature collected by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić and other authors, as well as the books of writers from Montenegro such as Petar Petrović Njegoš 's The Mountain Wreath ( Gorski vijenac ), Marko Miljanov 's The Examples of Humanity and Bravery ( Primjeri čojstva i junaštva ), etc. In the second half of the 19th century and later, the Eastern Herzegovinian dialect , which served as

3150-421: The early 2000s Kotor has seen an increase in tourists, many of them coming by cruise ship . Visitors are attracted by the natural environment of the Gulf of Kotor and by the old town of Kotor. Kotor is part of the World Heritage Site dubbed the Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor . The municipality is home to numerous sights, such as the Cathedral of Saint Tryphon in the old town (built in 1166), and

3220-537: The family had an Albanian origin. Madgearu mentions the Balšić as a noble Albanian family, however he states that their Albanian origin is unclear, due to the debate over the family's origin. Bartl mentions the Balšić as a noble family of probably Serbian origin. Elsie mentions them as of "probably Slavic origin". Gelichi considers them Serbian-Montenegrin. Winnifrith states that they were Slavs who fought other Albanians. Brendan Osswald has described them as Serbian, as does Iordachi. Bojka Djukanovic describes them as

3290-470: The family name was included in a list of early Albanian surnames in Romania. The oldest mention of any member of the family can be traced to a 1304 letter which Helen of Anjou sent to Ragusa through her trustee Matija Balšić. The earliest mention of the family itself can be traced to a charter of Serbian emperor Stefan Uroš V dated 29 September 1360, which is also the earliest known mention of its founder Balša. According to scholar Thomas Fleming, Balša

3360-548: The government's webpage. In 2004, the government of Montenegro changed the school curriculum so that the name of the mandatory classes teaching the language was changed from "Serbian language" to "Mother tongue (Serbian, Montenegrin, Croatian, Bosnian)". This change was made, according to the government, in order to better reflect the diversity of languages spoken among citizens in the republic and to protect human rights of non-Serb citizens in Montenegro who declare themselves as speakers of other languages. This decision resulted in

3430-467: The holders of Lower and Upper Zeta, respectively. Balša dies the same year, and his sons, the Balšić brothers , continue in ruling the province spanning Podgorica , Budva , Bar and Shkodër . The Balšići managed to elevate themselves from petty nobility to provincial lords. They created their own state or state-like entity, comprising Zeta, and the cities of Shkodër, Drisht, Tivar, Ulqin, and Budva. Subsequently they managed to expand their rule over

3500-410: The introduction of graphemes ś and ź. Đuro Špadijer, in his Serbian Grammar (intended for 3rd and 4th grades in Montenegrin elementary schools), introduced some characteristics considered by Vuk's model as dialectal and provincial. However, from the school year 1863/64, Montenegro began the continuous implementation of Karadžić's linguistic reform in Cetinje schools. This reform would ultimately achieve

3570-459: The late 15th to the 18th century. During this time, written language represents the written realization of the local spoken language. In new socio-historical circumstances in Montenegro, there was a gradual shift towards the reintegration of the Montenegrin language with a popular basis. However, Old Church Slavonic continued to be used in the Orthodox Church for a long time. In this phase, Old Church Slavonic books and Cyrillic script dominated. Yet, in

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3640-417: The late Baroque period - Andrija Zmajević in the coastal part Bay of Kotor and Danilo Petrović Njegoš in the continental part Cetinje . Both wrote in the Montenegrin vernacular. From the second half of the 18th century, strengthened by the state and church organization, conditions were created for the establishment of the uncodified Montenegrin literary language as a means of common communication across

3710-400: The letter З, for example, and the corresponding letters were not proposed for Cyrillic). Prime minister Milo Đukanović declared his open support for the formalization of the Montenegrin language by declaring himself as a speaker of Montenegrin in an October 2004 interview with Belgrade daily Politika . Official Montenegrin government communiqués are given in English and Montenegrin on

3780-585: The linguistic demographics were: According to an early 2017 poll, 42.6% of Montenegro's citizens have opted for Serbian as the name of their native language, while 37.9% for Montenegrin. A declaration of Montenegrin as their native language is not confined to ethnic Montenegrins. According to the 2011 census, a proportion of other ethnic groups in Montenegro have also claimed Montenegrin to be their native language. Most openly, Matica Muslimanska called on Muslims living in Montenegro to name their native language as Montenegrin. Montenegrins speak Shtokavian , which

3850-582: The literary style in the first two decades of the 20th century, were assimilated into the common "Serbo-Croatian" linguistic template in the new socio-historical framework. Although Belić's Orthography from 1923 formally allowed the use of ijekavian , he emphasized in that edition and subsequent ones that jekavian jotization is a dialectal phenomenon. Consequently, Montenegrins were obligated to use atypical non-jotized forms such as "djed" (grandfather), "cjedilo" (strainer), "tjerati" (to drive), "sjesti" (to sit), and so on. In subsequent editions, Belić abolished

3920-413: The literary style is evident in the works of three representative figures from that period: Petar II Petrović Njegoš , Stefan Mitrov Ljubiša , and Marko Miljanov Popović . The most significant changes in the Montenegrin literary language occurred during the phase marked by the influence of Serbian linguist Aleksandar Belić , between the two World Wars. Montenegrin linguistic peculiarities, preserved in

3990-525: The major Montenegrin publishing houses such as Obod in Cetinje opted for the official nomenclature specified in the Constitution (Serbian until 1974, Serbo-Croatian to 1992, Serbian until 2007). Nikčević advocates amending the Latin alphabet with three letters Ś, Ź, and З and corresponding Cyrillic letters С́, З́ and Ѕ (representing IPA [ ɕ ] , [ ʑ ] and [ dz ] respectively). Opponents acknowledge that these sounds can be heard by many Montenegrin speakers, however, they do not form

4060-500: The normative status of the so-called longer endings of pronominal-adjective declension (-ijem, -ijeh) and codified only the short endings. This led Vuk's language model to be gradually abandoned by his followers. Despite the formal acknowledgment of ijekavian in literary language, the interwar period in Montenegro was marked by an increasing use of ekavian . The introduction of ekavian was implemented through education, as textbooks and teaching staff predominantly followed ekavian norms. This

4130-420: The origin in his La Zedda e la dinastia dei Balšidi: studi storici documentati (1899) . The theory, which was later adopted by Čedomilj Mijatović , argued that they were descendants of the Frankish nobleman Bertrand III of Baux , a companion of Charles d'Anjou . It is regarded as highly improbable. German linguist Gustav Weigand (1860–1930) supported a mixed Albanian – Aromanian origin after he noted that

4200-435: The period of the uncodified Montenegrin literary language, three styles can be observed: literary, business, and scientific, all formed in the process of spontaneous Montenegrin linguistic standardization. Montenegrin literature, both linguistically and thematically, originated from everyday life. In the period in question, the highest achievement of such literary language is seen in the letters of Petar I Petrović-Njegoš . As

4270-423: The standardization and affirmation of the Montenegrin language. In January 2008, the government of Montenegro formed the Board (Council) for Standardization of the Montenegrin Language, which aims to standardize the Montenegrin language according to international norms. Proceeding documents will, after verification, become a part of the educational programme in Montenegrin schools. The first Montenegrin standard

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4340-490: The technical committee ISO 639 in July 2008, with complete paperwork forwarded to Washington in September 2015. After a long procedure, the request was finally approved on Friday, December 8, 2017, and ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 code [cnr] was assigned to the Montenegrin language, effective December 21, 2017. The language remains an ongoing issue in Montenegro. In the census of 1991, the vast majority of Montenegrin citizens, 510,320 or 82.97%, declared themselves speakers of

4410-437: The territory under the jurisdiction of the state and church. Even before the birth of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić , Ivan-Antun Nenadić from Perast advocated for the phonetic orthographic principle, emphasizing that writing should reflect how people speak and pronounce. This rule was applied early in Montenegrin literature, making it unsurprising that Vuk Karadžić's linguistic reforms were later accepted without significant issues. In

4480-486: The then-official language: Serbo-Croatian . The earlier 1981 population census had also recorded a Serbo-Croatian-speaking majority. However, in the first Communist censuses, the vast majority of the population declared Serbian to be their native language. Such had also been the case with the first recorded population census in Montenegro, in 1909, when approximately 95% of the population of the Principality of Montenegro claimed Serbian as their native language. According to

4550-485: Was a "fairly obscure" magnate from the area surrounding Bar and Budva . Writing in 1601, Mavro Orbini describes him as a petty nobleman that held only one village in the area of Lake Skadar during the rule of Emperor Dušan the Mighty (r. 1331-1355). Only after the death of the emperor, Balša and his three sons gained power in Lower Zeta after acquiring the lands of gospodin Žarko (fl. 1336-1360) and by murdering voivode and čelnik Đuraš Ilijić (r. 1326-1362†),

4620-448: Was in 2011. According to it, 36.97% of the population (229,251) declared that their native language was Montenegrin, and 42.88% (265,895) declared it to be Serbian. Mijat Šuković , a prominent Montenegrin lawyer, wrote a draft version of the constitution which passed the parliament's constitutional committee. Šuković suggested that Montenegrin be declared the official language of Montenegro . The Venice Commission , an advisory body of

4690-405: Was not a part of their work. The Council has criticized this act, saying it comes from "a small group" and that it contains an abundance of "methodological, conceptual and linguistic errors". On 21 June 2010, the Council for General Education adopted the first Montenegrin Grammar . The first written request for the assignment of an international code was submitted by the Montenegrin authorities to

4760-456: Was officially proposed in July 2009. In addition to the letters prescribed by the Serbo-Croatian standard, the proposal introduced two additional letters, ⟨ś⟩ and ⟨ź⟩ , to replace the digraphs ⟨sj⟩ and ⟨zj⟩ . The Ministry of Education has accepted neither of the two drafts of the Council for the Standardization of the Montenegrin language, but instead adopted an alternate third one which

4830-584: Was primarily implemented through textbooks and external teaching staff that wholeheartedly followed the principles of Vuk Karadžić's linguistic reform. Vuk's principle of introducing the vernacular into literature encountered little opposition in Montenegro, as it was already present there before Vuk. However, the complete acceptance of all aspects of this reform did not proceed smoothly, leading to divisions among Montenegrin cultural figures. In lengthy debates, Jovan Pavlović (a consistent follower of Vuk) and Lazar Tomanović stood out, with Tomanović advocating for

4900-410: Was written in Latin script. Literary activity flourished around Lake Skadar during this period, with the Monastery of Prečista Krajinska as a significant center. The Zeta period begins with the fall of Duklja to Serbian rule and extends through the rule of the Balšić and Crnojević families. While there is no consensus on the dating of Glagolitic and Cyrillic scripts in present-day Montenegro, it

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