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33-640: In 1975, Steven Sasson developed Kodak's first prototype digital still camera, which used a Fairchild 100 x 100 pixel CCD . By 1986 Kodak had developed a sensor with 1.4 million pixels. It was used in what is believed to be the world's first Digital Single-Lens Reflex (D-SLR) camera, known as the Electro-Optic Camera, which was designed and constructed by Eastman Kodak Company under a U.S. Government contract in 1987 and 1988. A number of other improvements were made to increase image quality and usability, including improvements in sensor technology,

66-525: A CPU enabled lens; the aperture of G designated lenses cannot be controlled without an electronic camera body; non-AI lenses (manufactured prior to 1977) can cause mechanical damage to later model bodies unless they are modified to meet the AI specification; and AF-P lenses (introduced in 2016) will not focus, even manually, on cameras introduced before roughly 2013. Many manual focus lenses can be converted to allow metering with consumer Nikon bodies by adding

99-570: A Dandelion chip to the lens. Most Nikon F-mount lenses cover a minimum of the standard 36×24   mm area of 35mm format and the Nikon FX format , while DX designated lenses cover the 24×16   mm area of the Nikon DX format , and industrial F-mount lenses have varying coverage. DX lenses may produce vignetting when used on film and FX cameras. However, Nikon lenses designed for film cameras will work on Nikon digital system cameras with

132-406: A PC-E lens operates like a PC lens. The PC Micro-Nikkor 85   mm f / 2.8D lens offers only preset aperture control, actuated mechanically by pressing a plunger. In July 1962, Nikon released the first interchangeable perspective-control lens available for a single-lens reflex camera , the 35mm f / 3.5 PC-Nikkor. This was followed in 1968 by a redesigned 35mm f / 2.8 PC-Nikkor in which

165-414: A broad assignment from his supervisor at Eastman Kodak Company, Gareth A. Lloyd: to attempt to build an electronic camera using a commercially available charge-coupled device (CCD). The resulting camera invention was awarded the U.S. patent number 4,131,919. Sasson retired from Eastman Kodak Company in 2009, and began working as a consultant in an intellectual property protection role. Sasson joined

198-535: A new optical design. This was the last of the completely manual PC-Nikkors to be offered. Nikkor lenses designated AF-S, AF-I and AF-P have integrated autofocus motors, but other manufacturers included in the list do not designate it as clearly. These lenses are needed for autofocus on certain newer low-end Nikon cameras which lack an autofocus motor . Without autofocus motor are the Nikon D40 , D40X , D60 , D3xxx (most recent: D3500 ), D5xxx (most recent: D5600 ),

231-543: A process that took 23 seconds per image. His camera took images in black-and-white . As he set out on his design project, what he envisioned for the future was a camera without mechanical moving parts (although his device did have moving parts, such as the tape drive). In 1977, Kodak filed a patent application on some features of Sasson's prototype camera. Titled "electronic still camera", the patent listed Sasson and Gareth Lloyd as co-inventors. The issued patent, U.S. patent number 4,131,919. claims an arrangement that allows

264-715: A suggested retail price of $ 28,500. These models were also sold by Canon, as the Canon D2000 and D6000 respectively, and were the first digital SLRs sold under the Canon name. Kodak used the same electronics package for the DCS 600 series, which is based on the Nikon F5 . The DCS 600 range includes the Kodak DCS 620x, a high-sensitivity model with an upgraded indium tin oxide sensor and a cyan-magenta-yellow Bayer filter , which has

297-403: A then-unique top ISO setting of ISO 6400. Kodak concluded the initial DCS range with the DCS 700 series, which comprises the 2-megapixel DCS 720x, the 6-megapixel DCS 760, and the 6-megapixel DCS 760m, which has a monochrome sensor. By the time of launch, Kodak faced competition from the popular Nikon D1 and Nikon D1x, which were physically smaller and cheaper. The DCS 760's initial list price

330-401: Is a 1972 (BS) and 1973 (MS) graduate of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in electrical engineering . Steven Sasson developed a portable, battery operated, self-contained digital camera at Kodak in 1975. It weighed 8 pounds (3.6 kg) and used a Fairchild CCD image sensor having only 100 × 100 pixels (0.01 megapixels ). The images were digitally recorded onto a cassette tape ,

363-529: Is a type of interchangeable lens mount developed by Nikon for its 35mm format single-lens reflex cameras . The F-mount was first introduced on the Nikon F camera in 1959, and features a three-lug bayonet mount with a 44   mm throat and a flange to focal plane distance of 46.5   mm. The company continues, with the 2020 D6 model, to use variations of the same lens mount specification for its film and digital SLR cameras . The Nikon F-mount successor

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396-467: Is an American electrical engineer and the inventor of the self-contained (portable) digital camera . He joined Kodak shortly after his graduation from engineering school and retired from Kodak in 2009. Sasson was born in Brooklyn, New York , the son of Ragnhild Tomine (Endresen) and John Vincent Sasson. His mother was Norwegian. He attended and graduated from Brooklyn Technical High School . He

429-523: Is opposite of the direction normally used by Canon . F-mount lenses also typically have aperture rings that turn clockwise to close. The aperture rings have two sets of f-stop numbers. On cameras equipped with Nikon's Aperture Direct Readout (ADR) system, a small window under the pentaprism reads the smaller scale and displays the selected f-stop in the viewfinder . Nikon has introduced many proprietary designations for F-mount Nikkor lenses, reflecting design variations and developments both in lenses and

462-637: Is the Nikon Z-mount . The Nikon F-mount is one of only two SLR lens mounts (the other being the Pentax K-mount ) which were not abandoned by their associated manufacturer upon the introduction of autofocus , but rather extended to meet new requirements related to metering , autofocus , and aperture control. The large variety of F-mount compatible lenses makes it the largest system of interchangeable flange-mount photographic lenses in history. Over 400 different Nikkor lenses are compatible with

495-497: The Nikon 1 series with FT1 adapter and the Nikon Z-mount cameras with FTZ adapter. Zeiss ZF series lenses are manual-focus designs Nikon AI-S type aperture indexing. They are manufactured by Cosina to Zeiss specifications. Four design variations are designated ZF, ZF.2, ZF-I, and ZF-IR. ZF is the original product line. ZF.2 lenses are CPU-enabled (similar to Nikon AI-P lenses) offering full metering compatibility with

528-933: The University of South Florida Institute for Advanced Discovery & Innovation in 2018, where he is a member and courtesy professor. On November 17, 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama awarded Sasson the National Medal of Technology and Innovation at a ceremony in the East Room of the White House . This is the highest honor awarded by the US government to scientists, engineers, and inventors. On September 6, 2012 The Royal Photographic Society awarded Sasson its Progress Medal and Honorary Fellowship "in recognition of any invention, research, publication or other contribution that has resulted in an important advance in

561-549: The 1.5-megapixel DCS 420, and the 6-megapixel Kodak DCS 460, which retailed for $ 28,000 on launch. In common with Kodak's later 6-megapixel models, the DCS 460 used the award-winning APS-H Kodak M6 sensor. A modified version of the DCS 420 was also sold by the Associated Press as the Associated Press NC2000. In parallel with the DCS 400 series Kodak also sold the analogous Kodak EOS DCS range, which

594-456: The CCD to be read out quickly ("in real time") into a temporary buffer of random-access memory , and then written to storage at the lower speed of the storage device. Most modern digital cameras still use such an arrangement, which was also described in an earlier MIT patent that employed a vidicon sensor rather than a CCD. His prototype was not the first camera that produced digital images, but it

627-671: The Canon-compatible DCS PRO SLR/c, which is based on a Sigma SA9 SLR. Kodak discontinued the SLR/n and SLR/c in May 2005, to concentrate on compact digital cameras and high-end medium format digital backs for Leaf , among others. Kodak continued to design and manufacture CCD image sensors, including the full-frame 18-megapixel KAF-18500, which is used in the Leica M9 digital rangefinder, until its image sensor division

660-643: The F-mount in non-photographic imaging applications. The F-mount has a significant degree of both backward and forward compatibility . Many current autofocus F-mount lenses can be used on the original Nikon F , and the earliest manual-focus F-mount lenses of the 1960s and early 1970s can, with some modification, still be used to their fullest on all professional-class Nikon cameras. Incompatibilities do exist, however, and adventurous F-mount users should consult product documentation in order to avoid problems. For example, many electronic camera bodies cannot meter without

693-484: The F-mount itself. There are also "unofficial" designations used by collectors and dealers to differentiate similar lenses. Nikon PC lenses, like other perspective control lenses , offer adjustments that duplicate certain view camera movements . The 28mm and 35mm PC lenses support shifting the lens in relation to the film or sensor plane, while Nikon's 19mm, 24mm, 45mm, and 85mm PC-E lenses also support tilting . Nikon currently offers four different PC lenses for sale:

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726-464: The first raw image format known as DCR (Digital Camera Raw), and host software to process the DCR images. The original Kodak DCS was launched in 1991, and is based on a stock Nikon F3 SLR film camera with a CCD image sensor mounted in the film gate. It uses a 1.3-megapixel Kodak KAF-1300 sensor, and a separate shoulder-mounted processing and storage unit. The DCS 200 series, introduced in 1992, condenses

759-457: The four PC-E Nikkors (2008 and 2016), and the 85mm PC-Nikkor (1999). The 45   mm and 85   mm "Micro" lenses offer close focus (0.5 magnification) for macrophotography . The PC- E lenses (the "E" designates an electromagnetic diaphragm) offer automatic aperture control with all DSLRs with CMOS image sensor except the Nikon D90 . With earlier DSLRs and all "analog" film camera models,

792-449: The full range of AF Nikon SLR cameras. ZF-I lenses add mechanical locks for focus and aperture, and additional environmental sealing, for industrial applications. ZF-IR lenses are adapted to infrared imaging, with coatings that transmit wavelengths up to 1100 nm, and focus scales marked for infrared. CP.2 lenses are a series of Zeiss "CompactPrime" cinema lenses which present F-mount as one of three mounting options. The lenses cover

825-403: The limitations noted above. F-mount lenses lock by turning counter-clockwise (when looking at the front of lens) and unlock clockwise. Nearly all F-mount lenses have zoom and focus controls that rotate in the clockwise direction (as viewed from behind the camera) to increase focal length and focus distance respectively. This convention is also used in Pentax K-mount and Sony A-mount lenses but

858-600: The scientific or technological development of photography or imaging in the widest sense." Leica Camera AG honored Sasson by presenting to him one of its cameras at the Photokina 2010 trade show event. Sasson was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2011, and later elected as a Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors in 2018. Nikon F mount The Nikon F-mount

891-477: The shifting portion of the lens was further from the camera's body, in order to clear the new "Photomic" meters. The last optical redesign of this 35mm lens was released in 1980. The 35mm PC-Nikkor did not meet the need of photographers for a wider-angle lens, so in July 1975 Nikon released the 28mm f / 4 PC-Nikkor. In February 1981 Nikon released an improved version of this lens, the 28mm f / 3.5 PC-Nikkor, with

924-462: The storage unit into a module which is mounted onto the base and back of a stock Nikon 8008 SLR film camera. It was the first digital camera to use the Bayer color filter pattern . The module contains a built-in 80 megabyte hard drive and is powered with AA batteries. It was followed by the upgraded DCS 400 series of 1994, which replaces the hard drive with a PCMCIA card slot. The DCS 400 series includes

957-600: The system. The F-mount is also popular in scientific and industrial applications, most notably machine vision . The F-mount has been in production for over 60 years, the only SLR lens mount with such longevity. In addition to Nikon's own range of " Nikkor " lenses, brands of F-mount photographic lenses include Zeiss , Voigtländer , Schneider , Angénieux , Samyang , Sigma , Tokina , Tamron , Hartblei , Kiev-Arsenal , Lensbaby , and Vivitar . F-mount cameras include current models from Nikon , Fujifilm , Sinar , JVC , Kenko and Horseman. Numerous other manufacturers employ

990-473: Was $ 8,000. Kodak final generation of DCS cameras was launched with the Kodak DCS Pro 14n, a 14-megapixel full-frame digital SLR , in 2002, and continued with the upgraded DCS PRO SLR/n in 2004. These two cameras are based on a Nikon F80 body, and are considerably more compact than previous Kodaks. They use sensors designed by Belgian imaging company FillFactory. The DCS PRO SLR/n was also accompanied by

1023-563: Was based on the Canon EOS-1N SLR. With the exception of the original DCS 100, these early models do not include LCD preview screens. Kodak's subsequent models integrate the digital module with the camera body more thoroughly, and include LCD preview screens and removable batteries. The DCS 500 series of 1998 is also based on the Canon EOS-1N, and comprises the 2-megapixel DCS 520 and the 6-megapixel DCS 560, which initially had

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1056-405: Was sold to Platinum Equity in 2012. This image sensor company operated under the name Truesense and was later acquired by ON Semiconductor in 2014. On Semiconductor began closing the former Kodak CCD manufacturing facility in 2019. All models based on Nikon body and use Nikon's F mount . All models use Canon 's EF lens mount . Steven Sasson Steven J. Sasson (born July 4, 1950)

1089-588: Was the first hand-held digital camera. Earlier examples of digital cameras included the Multi Spectral Scanner on Landsat 1, which took digital photographs of Yosemite before it was launched in 1972, as well as cameras used for astronomical photography, experimental devices by Michael Francis Tompsett et al. , and the commercial product and hobbyist camera called the Cromemco Cyclops . His work on digital cameras began in 1975 with

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