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62-721: One of the Dnieper Rapids was called after the fortress. It was constructed by Stanisław Koniecpolski to control Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Sich , to prevent Ukrainian peasants from joining forces with the Cossacks and to guard the southeastern corner of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The Poles tried to establish order in that area, and commissioned French military cartographer and engineer Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan to construct

124-485: A Catholic church with a monastery and an Orthodox church. Its garrison increased to 600, with artillery support. About two miles outside of the fortress was erected a huge guard tower. Jan Zoltowski became governor of the fortress, while Adam Koniecpolski (a nephew of Stanisław) became commandant . During the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648, Krzysztof Grodzicki commanded the fortress. It surrendered to

186-596: A disadvantage. In 1917 the city saw numerous meetings, rallies, meetings, conferences, congresses and demonstrations by political parties all over the political spectrum. Due to intense political agitation the newly formed factory committees and professional unions by autumn of 1917 mainly supported the Bolsheviks , significantly strengthening their positions. In June 1917 a Central Council ( Tsentralna Rada ) of Ukrainian parties in Kyiv declared Yekaterinoslav to be within

248-968: A parade of Ukrainian troops was held, organized by the Yekaterinoslav Ukrainian Military Council in support of the Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council , the proclamation of the Ukrainian People's Republic. In the November 1917 elections to the Russian Constituent Assembly , the Bolsheviks secured just under 18 per cent of the vote in the Governorate , compared to 46 per cent for

310-719: A resolution on renaming Yekaterinoslav to the name Dnipropetrovsk in honour of the All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets 's chairman of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee , Grigory Petrovsky . Petrovsky was present at this congress and he did "accept this honour with great gratitude." The resolution of the congress was approved by a resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet dated 20 July 1926. In

372-540: A resolution on renaming the city of Yekaterinoslav to the city of Krasnodniprovsk (and Yekaterinoslav Governorate to Krasnodniprovsk). Following this, many organizations and institutions began to name Yekaterinoslav Krasnodniprovsk in official documents, only to be reminded in the press that the renaming of settlements could only be decided by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet . In 1926 a provisional District Congress of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies adopted

434-740: A smaller number), about 30–40 smaller rapids and 60 islands and islets. The rapids almost totally obstructed the navigation of the river. After the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station was built at Zaporizhzhia in 1932, the rapids were inundated by the Dnieper Reservoir . The Dnieper rapids were part of the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle . The route

496-453: A town named Yekaterinoslav ( the glory of Catherine ), was built to the north of the present-day city at the confluence of the Samara and Kilchen rivers. The site was badly chosen – spring waters transformed the city into a bog. The surviving settlement was later renamed Novomoskovsk . The territory of modern Dnipro, despite the modern-day city's size, still has not expanded to encompass

558-683: A wave of strikes. In June 1920 Soviet authorities quelled one such protest by arresting 200 railway workers, of which 51 were sentenced to immediate execution. In 1922 the region was incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR , a constituent republic of the Soviet Union . In 1922 the Soviet government ordered that "all nationalized enterprises with names related to the Company or the Surname of

620-574: Is Ukraine 's fourth-largest city, with about one million inhabitants. It is located in the eastern part of Ukraine, 391 km (243 mi) southeast of the Ukrainian capital Kyiv on the Dnipro River , after which its name is derived. Dnipro is the administrative centre of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast . It hosts the administration of Dnipro urban hromada . Dnipro has a population of 968,502 (2022 estimate). Archeological evidence suggests

682-545: The 1920s and 1930s dozens of streets, alleys, driveways, squares and parks continued to be renamed in the city, this continued in the 1940s and in subsequent years. By 1927 the industry of Dnipropetrovsk was completely rebuilt, and according to some indicators exceeded pre-war levels. Due to agrarian overpopulation, an influx of unemployed from other settlements, a higher birth rates among other reasons, both employment and unemployment in Dnipropetrovsk rose. In

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744-637: The Dnieper river in Ukraine, caused by outcrops of granites , gneisses and other types of bedrock of the Ukrainian Shield . The rapids began below the present-day city of Dnipro (formerly Kodak Fortress , Yekaterinoslav), where the river turns to the south, and dropped 50 meters in 66 kilometers, ending before the present-day city of Zaporizhzhia (whose name literally means "beyond the rapids"). There were nine major rapids (some sources give

806-549: The Russian Republic [REDACTED] Ukrainian State 1918 [REDACTED]   Ukrainian People's Republic 1918–1920 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED]   Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 1920–1941 ∟ part of the Soviet Union from 1922 [REDACTED] Reichskommissariat Ukraine 1941–1944 ∟ part of German-occupied Europe [REDACTED] [REDACTED]   Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 1944–1991 ∟ part of

868-606: The Soviet Union [REDACTED] [REDACTED]   Ukraine 1991–present The first written mention of a town in the Russian Empire called Yekaterinoslav can be found in a report from Azov Governor Vasily Chertkov to Grigory Potemkin on 23 April 1776. He wrote "The provincial city called Yekaterinoslav should be the best convenience on the right side of the Dnieper River near Kaydak ..." (Which referred to New Kodak  [ uk ] ). In 1777,

930-691: The Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionaries and their allies. On 22 November 1917 the Revolutionary Council and the city Duma pledged their allegiance to the Tsentralna Rada. The Bolsheviks then left these organisations. During December, the situation in the city worsened with both sides preparing for military action. On 26 December, the Bolsheviks defied an ultimatum from the Tsentralna Rada and after three days of fighting consolidated their control of

992-525: The ' Athens of southern Russia' ), courts of law and a botanical garden, were frustrated by a renewal of the Russo-Turkish war in 1787, by bureaucratic procrastination, defective workmanship, and theft, Potemkin's death in 1791 and that of his imperial patroness five years later. In 1815 a government official described the town as "more like some Dutch [Mennonite] colony then a provincial administrative centre". The cathedral, much reduced in size,

1054-621: The Cossacks on 1 October 1648, after a 7-month siege, upon hearing the news of Polish defeat at the Battle of Pyliavtsi on 24 September 1648. Rank and file defenders were massacred or drowned in the river after they had left Kodak upon capitulation. The Cossacks sold the Kodak commander and some other officers to the Tatars as slaves. After the Treaty of Pereyaslav in 1654, Kodak fortress was manned by

1116-554: The Cossacks. Peter I of Russia razed it in accordance with the terms of the Treaty of the Pruth with the Ottoman Empire in 1711. The Soviet government attempted to destroy the remnants of fortress in order to eradicate traces of Polish influence on Ukraine by establishing a quarry on the site in the early 1930s . The quarry closed in 1994, but by then two thirds of fortress was completely destroyed. One wall remained from

1178-734: The Donbas coal deposits; and the Russian geologist Alexander Pol , who in 1866 had discovered the Krivoy Rog iron ore basin, Krivbass , during archaeological research. In 1884, a railway to supply pig iron foundries in Krivoy Rog with Donbass coal crossed the Dnieper at Yekaterinoslav. It proved a spur to further industrial development and to the creation of the new suburbs of Amur and Nyzhniodniprovsk . In 1897, Yekaterinoslav became

1240-644: The European Union. As a result of decommunization , the city was renamed Dnipro in 2016. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Dnipro rapidly developed as a logistical hub for humanitarian aid and a reception point for people fleeing the various battle fronts. The original name of a Ukrainian Cossack city on the territory of modern Dnipro was Novyi Kodak ( Ukrainian : Новий Кодак [noˈʋɪj koˈdɑk] , New Kodak). Also on

1302-718: The Paleolithic period (7—3 thousand Anno Domini ) human settlements appear near the Aptekarska brook  [ uk ] in what is now Chechelivskyi District and on Monastyrskyi Island . A Neolithic stonecrafter's house has been excavated in one of Dnipro's city parks. In the Bronze Age the area was settled by diverse tribes. Traces of Cimmerian settlements during the Bronze Age have been found near today's Taras Shevchenko Park . The area of modern Dnipro

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1364-677: The UPR was brief: on 29 April 1918 intervention by the Central Powers saw the UPR replaced by the more pliant Ukrainian State or Hetmanate . On 18 May 1918 the Hetman of the Ukrainian State, Pavlo Skoropadskyi , ordered the previously nationalized enterprises returned to their former owners, and with the assistance of Austro-Hungarian troops the new authorities suppressed labor protest. On 23 December 1918, following their defeat by

1426-567: The UPR, the Whites ( Armed Forces of South Russia ), Nykyfor Hryhoriv 's peasant insurgents, Makhnovshchina (who returned twice), and the Bolsheviks, who reorganised as the Red Army, finally secured the city on 30 December 1919. The city had been extensively damaged and the population, which had stood at about 268,000 people in 1917, had dropped to under 190,000. In late May 1920 the food supply to Yekaterinoslav deteriorated, resulting in

1488-662: The Ukrainian Communist Party leader Grigory Petrovsky , it became a focus for the Stalinist commitment to the rapid development of heavy industry. After World War II , this included nuclear , arms , and space industries whose strategic importance led to Dnipropetrovsk's designation as a closed city . Following the Euromaidan events of 2014, the city politically shifted away from pro-Russian parties and figures towards those favoring closer ties with

1550-545: The Western Allies and after four days of insurgency within the city, German and Austro-Hungarian occupation forces withdrew. Four days later, Yekaterinoslav was stormed by the anarchist Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine (the Makhnovshchina ), putting to flight forces loyal to the UPR's new Directorate . Over the course of the following year, city was to change hands several more times, contested between

1612-734: The Zaporozhian sloboda (or "free settlement") of Polovytsia located on the site of today's Central Terminal and the Ozyorka farmers market. In the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) , the Zaporozhian cossacks allied with Empress Catherine II . No sooner had they assisted the Russians to victory than they faced an imperial ultimatum to disband their confederation. The liquidation of the Sich destroyed their political autonomy and saw

1674-677: The armies of Kievan Rus' and Khazars , Pechenegs , Tork people and Cumans . In the 13th century the Dnieper region was devastated during the Mongol Empire conquest of Kievan Rus' . The area of modern Dnipro city was incorporated into the Mongol's khanate Golden Horde . In the 15th century the area became part of the Kiev Voivodeship (1471–1565) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Archeological finds in today's Dnipro's urban district Samarskyi District suggest that

1736-444: The bridging of the Dnieper in 1796, commerce was slow to develop. 1832 saw the establishment of the small Zaslavsky iron-casting factory, the town's first metallurgical enterprise. Industrialisation gathered apace in the 1880s with the establishment of the first railway connections. Rail construction responded to the enterprise of two men: John Hughes , a Welsh businessman who built an iron works at Yuzovka in 1869–72, and developed

1798-510: The city, and Russian workers employed in the large suburban factories. There was a wave of anti-Semitic attacks. With the army intervening against Jewish defense groups, about 100 Jews were killed and two hundred wounded. According to local historian Andrii Portnov , 40% of the local Yekaterinoslav population was Jewish in the years leading up to World War I . Directly following the Russian February Revolution , in

1860-516: The city. On 12 February they declared Yekaterinoslav part of a Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic , but the following month, under the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk , conceded the territory to the German and Austrian -allied UPR. On 5 April 1918 the Imperial German army entered the city. Five hundred remaining Bolshevik Red Guards were publicly executed. The formal tenure of

1922-525: The city. A notable exception is the name of the surrounding province, which is listed in the territorial structure of Ukraine in the Constitution . Thus until a lengthy and complicated process of amending is carried out, it officially retains the name Dnipropetrovsk Oblast . Human settlements in current Dnipropetrovsk Oblast date from the Paleolithic era. According to archeological finds, in

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1984-458: The community—members of whom had had the unpopular task of collecting government taxes and recruiting young men for the army — from communal violence. In 1883, three days of rioting destroyed Jewish business, and persuaded many to temporarily leave the city. There was a return of anti–Semitic incitement among the Christian public in 1904, but attacks on community were, at that time, suppressed on

2046-626: The course of her celebrated Crimean journey , the Empress laid the foundation stone of the Transfiguration Cathedral in the presence of Austrian Emperor Joseph II , Polish king Stanisław August Poniatowski , and the French and English ambassadors. Potemkin's grandiose plans for a third Russian imperial capital alongside Moscow and Saint Petersburg included a viceregal palace, a university (Potemkin envisioned Yekaterinoslav as

2108-405: The direction of the river flow as shown in the picture on the right): Names given in transcription from the Ukrainian language. Correspondence of some of the names from different historical sources is seen in the table below: 3. Lochans’kyj porih 48°11′00″N 35°11′20″E  /  48.18333°N 35.18889°E  / 48.18333; 35.18889 Dnipro Dnipro

2170-471: The entire German mercenary garrison (numbering 200 men, 15 Germans on duty outside the fortress survived) and demolished the fortress. Legend has it that Jean Marion was covered with gunpowder, put on a pole and set on fire, and that the subsequent explosion threw him into the Dnieper. The Poles hired the German engineer Friedrich Getkant and rebuilt Kodak, three times larger, in 1639. The fortress contained

2232-604: The fort. The building cost around 100,000 Polish złotys . The annual maintenance of 8,000 registered Cossacks also cost about 100,000 Polish zlotys. The dragoon garrison was commanded by the French officer Jean de Marion . Shortly after construction was completed in July 1635, in the Sulyma uprising , the Cossack forces of Ivan Sulyma captured the fortress in a surprise attack on the night of 11/12 August 1635. The Cossacks killed

2294-421: The fortifications. As of 2015 the site consists only of ruins, but has become a popular tourist attraction. 48°23′00″N 35°08′20″E  /  48.38333°N 35.13889°E  / 48.38333; 35.13889 Dnieper Rapids The Dnieper rapids ( Ukrainian : Дніпрові пороги , romanized :  Dniprovi porohy ) also known as cataracts of the Dnieper were the historical rapids on

2356-534: The fortress a settlement emerged that became a town in Kodak Palanka  [ uk ; pl ] (province) of the Zaporizhian Sich called New Kodak  [ uk ] . Cossacks often hid the true number of the population to reduce taxation and other obligations, but according to documentary evidence, it can be assumed that the population of New Kodak was at least 3,000 people. The fortress

2418-538: The idea of a town emerging in the 17th century from Cossack settlements, an approach aimed at promoting the city's Ukrainian identity. They cited the chronicler of the Zaporozhian Cossacks , Dmytro Yavornytsky , whose History of the City of Ekaterinoslav completed in 1940 was authorised for publication only in 1989, the era of Glasnost . While into the late nineteenth century the principal business of

2480-613: The important river crossing was a trading settlement from at least 1524. In 1635, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth built the Kodak Fortress above the Dnieper Rapids at Kodaky on the south-eastern outskirts of modern Dnipro near the current Kaidatsky Bridge , only to have it destroyed within months by the Cossacks of Ivan Sulyma . Rebuilt in 1645, it was captured by Zaporozhian Sich in 1648. Around

2542-486: The incorporation of their lands into the new governates of Novorossiya . In 1784, Catherine ordered the foundation of new city, commonly referred to at the time as Katerynoslav. In 2001 the seal of Kodak Palanka became the central element of Dnipro's coat of arms  [ uk ] and Dnipro's official flag  [ uk ] . [REDACTED]   Russian Empire 1776–1917 [REDACTED]   Ukrainian People's Republic 1917–1918 ∟ autonomous part of

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2604-424: The late twenties, the authorities had to contend with growing labour unrest. "Do not strangle us, our children are dying of hunger, we have been placed in worse conditions than under the old regime" read one protest. The city figured prominently in Stalin 's Five-Year Plans for industrialisation. In 1932, Dnipropetrovsk's regional metallurgical plants produced 20 per cent of the entire cast iron and 25 per cent of

2666-412: The majority being women, were serfs bought at an auction for 16,000 roubles. Conditions, as Potemkin himself was forced to admit, were harsh, with many of the workers dying from malnutrition and exhaustion. From 1797 to 1802, while serving under the Emperor Paul I as the administrative centre of a centre of the Novorossiya Governorate , the settlement was officially known as Novorossiysk. Despite

2728-410: The night of 3 March O.S (16 March N.S ) to 4 March 1917 a provisional government was organised in Yekaterinoslav headed by the (since 1913) chairman of the provincial land administration Konstantin von Hesberg  [ uk ] . Also on 4 March a Council of Workers' Deputies was formed. On 6 March the prime minister of the Russian Provisional Government Georgy Lvov removed the governor and

2790-434: The old owners must be renamed in memory of revolutionary events , in memory of the international , all-Russian or local leaders of the proletarian revolution ." In 1922 and 1923 the factories were renamed, as well as dozens of streets, alleys, driveways, squares and parks. In 1923 the city council adopted a resolution to organize a competition to rename the city itself. In 1924 a Provincial Congress of Soviets adopted

2852-523: The order of a liberal governor. In the widespread social unrest that followed the 1905 defeat in the Russo-Japanese War , the political life of the city was dominated by the revolutionary opposition (including the Jewish Workers Socialist Party and the Bund ) and by the insurrectionary spirit of the nascent labor movement. The local czarist authorities were able to ride out the wave political protests and strikes, in part by playing on division between Jewish workers who predominated as clerks and artisans in

2914-458: The site of the present city was settled by Cossack communities from at least 1524. Yekaterinoslav ("glory of Catherine") was established by decree of the Russian Empress Catherine the Great in 1787 as the administrative center of Novorossiya . From the end of the 19th century, the town attracted foreign capital and an international, multi-ethnic workforce exploiting Kryvbas iron ore and Donbas coal. Renamed Dnipropetrovsk in 1926 after

2976-490: The steel manufactured in the Ukrainian SSR. By the end of the thirties the Dnipropetrovsk region became the most urbanised of Soviet Ukraine with more than 2,273,000 people living in the region and over half a million in the city proper. Dnipropetrovsk became an important cultural and educational centre with ten colleges and a State University. The surrounding countryside was devastated by the policy of forced collectivisation and grain seizures. Peasants had died en masse during

3038-442: The territory of (Chertkov's) Yekaterinoslav of 1776. On 22 January 1784 Russian Empress Catherine the Great signed an Imperial Ukase directing that "the gubernatorial city under name of Yekaterinoslav be moved to the right bank of the Dnieper river near Kodak". The new city would serve Grigory Potemkin as a Viceregal seat for the combined Novorossiya and Azov Governorates . On 20 May [ O.S. 9 May] 1787, in

3100-439: The territory of Modern Dnipro, the Russian Empire founded Yekaterinoslav ( the glory of Catherine ). This name was first mentioned in a report to Azov Governor Vasily Chertkov to Grigory Potemkin on 23 April 1776. He wrote "The provincial city called Yekaterinoslav should be the best convenience on the right side of the Dnieper River near Kaydak ..." (Which referred to New Kodak  [ uk ] ). The construction

3162-430: The territory of the autonomous Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR). On 13 August 1917 the first democratic Yekaterinoslav 120 seats city Duma election took place. The Bolsheviks gained 24 seats and the Mensheviks 16, with pro-Ukrainian parties picking up 6 seats. Vasyl Osipov  [ uk ] was elected Mayor of the city. Osipov was Mayor until the dissolution of the city Duma in May 1918. On 10 November 1917

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3224-455: The third city in the Russian Empire to have electric trams. The Yekaterinoslav Higher Mining School , today's Dnipro Polytechnic , was founded in 1899. Within twenty years the population had more than tripled, reaching 157,000 in 1904. The immigrants flowing into the city were mainly ethnic or cultural Russians and Jews , with the Ukrainian population remaining rural in this stage of the Industrial Revolution . From 1792 Yekaterinoslav

3286-480: The town remained the processing of agricultural raw materials, there was an early state-sponsored effort to promote manufacture. In 1794 the government supported two factories: a textile factory that was transferred from the town of Dubrovny Mogilev Governorate and a silk-stockings factory that was brought from the village of Kupavna near Moscow. In 1797 the textile factory employed 819 permanent workers, 378 of whom were women and 115 children. The silk stocking workers,

3348-432: The vice-governor of Yekaterinoslav Governorate , temporarily handing these powers to Hesberg. On 9 March a Yekaterinoslav Council of Workers and Soldiers deputies was formed. On 16 May the Council of Workers' Deputies and the Council of Workers and Soldiers merged, to become named the Revolutionary Council in November 1917. All these power structures existed in duality, with Hesberg's provisional government often being at

3410-478: Was completed in 1835. Scholarship concerning the foundation of the city has been subject to political considerations and dispute. In 1976, to have the bicentenary of the city coincide with the 70th anniversary of the birth of Soviet party leader, and regional native son, Leonid Brezhnev , the date of the city's foundation was moved back from the visit Russian Empress Catherine II in 1787, to 1776. Following Ukrainian independence, local historians began to promote

3472-412: Was garrisoned by Cossacks until the Sich, allied with the Ottoman Empire and their Tartar vassals , drove out the encroaching Tsardom of Russia . Under the terms of the Russian withdrawal—the Treaty of the Pruth in 1711—the Kodak fortress was demolished. In the mid-1730s, the fortress and Russians returned, living in an uneasy cohabitation with local cossacks. From mid-century they co-existed with

3534-400: Was nicknamed the Rocket City during the Cold War . The 2015 law on decommunization required the city to be renamed. On 29 December 2015 the city council officially changed the reference of the city naming from referring to Petrovsky to being in honor of Saint Peter , thus making the name consistent with the law without actually changing the name itself. On 3 February 2016 a draft law

3596-465: Was officially transferred to the right bank in a decree of Empress of Russia Catherine II of 23 January 1784. In the 17th century the city was also known as Polovytsia . In 1918, the Central Council of Ukraine of the Ukrainian People's Republic proposed to change the name of the city to Sicheslav ; however, this was never finalised. In 1926 the city was renamed after communist leader Grigory Petrovsky . In some Anglophone media Dnipro

3658-427: Was part of the Scythian empire from approximately the 1st century BC until the 3rd century BC. During the Migration Period (300–800) nomadic tribes of the Huns , Avars , Bulgarians , and Magyars passed through the lands of the Dnieper region, they came into contact with local agricultural East Slavs . The area of modern Dnipro was part of the Kievan Rus' (882–1240). The region witnessed fighting between

3720-491: Was probably established in the late eighth and early ninth centuries and gained significant importance from the tenth until the first third of the eleventh century. On the Dnieper the travelers had to portage their ships round seven rapids, where they had to be on guard for Pecheneg nomads. The rapids was mentioned in Emperor Constantine VII 's work De Administrando Imperio and in The Tale of Igor's Campaign . In Ukrainian tradition, there were 9 major rapids (given in

3782-408: Was registered in the Verkhovna Rada (the Ukrainian parliament) to change the name of the city to Dnipro . On 19 May 2016 the Ukrainian parliament passed a bill to officially rename the city (to Dnipro ). The resolution was approved by 247 out of the 344 MPs, with 16 opposing the measure. Following the renaming of the city the reference to Petrovsky has been removed from institutions named after

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3844-464: Was within the Pale of Settlement , the former Polish-Lithuanian territories in which Catherine and her successors enforced no limitation on the movement and residency of their Jewish subjects. Within less than a century, a largely Yiddish -speaking Jewish community of 40,000 constituted more than a third of the city's population, and contributed a considerable share of its business capital and industrial workforce. Such apparent strength did not protect

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