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55-523: According to Shilluk belief, religion, tradition and constitution, Kodok serves as the mediating city for the Shilluk King . It is a place where ceremonies and the coronation of each new Shilluk King takes place. For over 500 years, Kodok was kept hidden and acted as a forbidden city for the Shilluk King, but as modern educations and traditions emerge, Kodok is now known to the outside world. Kodok

110-425: A conflict of allegiance between their podh leader and the leader of their Kwar . Originally, Nyikang gave each lineage a podh as its home territory. If this line still exists, it is considered the owner of the land and its members are known as dyil . The other lines living in the area from later migrations are known as wëdhdh . If the ruling dyëll family dies out, the rights go to the second-oldest lineage in

165-517: A federation. In the latter context, pödhø refers to a group of villages inhabited by several lineages which unite for mutual defense under a single leader. This federation of hamlets is the basis of Shilluk social structure. The region has over 100 pödhø . Before and during the British colonization, these lineages united against the threat of tribal wars. However, during peacetime the communities dissolved because of internal strife; many people faced

220-451: A gourd. When it was torn, a man named Kolo (Köölø, Pöölø) arose. Kolo fathered Omaro (Omaarø), who fathered Wat Mol (Wäd Möölø), who fathered Okwä. Okwa was said to have visited a riverbank and saw two beautiful young women, Nyakayo (Nyikaayø) and Ongwak, coming out of the water. They had long hair, and part of their bodies was crocodile-shaped. Okwa grabbed them, and took them by force; their screams alerted their father, Dunyel Ju'Okwa, who

275-536: A major Christian influence. In 1955, the population of Kodok was about 9,100. During the First Sudanese Civil War in 1964, during the reign of Muhammad Ahmad Mahjub , Kodok was the scene of a massacre by the military in Khartoum . Similar massacres in 1964 and 1965 also took place in other cities in southern Sudan. In the 1990s, Kodok suffered a serious famine and saw many charities brought to

330-812: A monopoly on economic resources and trade. This consolidation is primarily due to the military success of the Shilluk King Dhokoth ( c. 1670–1690). Looting continued upstream along the White Nile in Dinka territory and westward to the Nuba Mountains . In 1684, a drought destroyed the Shilluk crops. Driven by hunger, many men took up arms and went down the river to the Arabized peoples of present Sudan . These lootings were orchestrated from

385-462: A single dynasty or several Reth coexisted. If the latter, there may have been a dozen different dynasties. Between the reign of King Odak Ochollo ( c. 1600–1635) and 1861, the Shilluk tried to expand their northern border militarily. The portion of the valley of the White Nile between the villages of Muomo and Asalaya was unfavourable for agriculture; however, the northern savannah provided an abundance of game, fish and honey. To control trade on

440-606: A standoff between armed expeditionary forces led the two countries to the brink of war. The outcome in Britain's favour contributed to the stabilisation of colonial claims and the eventual end of the " Scramble for Africa ". The incident gave rise to what is known as the " Fashoda syndrome " in French foreign policy. In 1904, the development of the Anglo-French Entente Cordiale prompted the British to change

495-441: A variety of sorghum , made them a relatively prosperous agricultural people except during prolonged droughts. In 2005 Shilluk population was estimated at 1.7 million; during the nineteenth century they were estimated at 200,000, living in hundreds of villages. The kingdom was divided into two provinces: Gher (Gärø) in the north and Luak (Lwagø) in the south. These, in turn, were divided into zones. According to Shilluk legends,

550-493: Is believed to be a place where the spirit of Juok (God), the spirit of Nyikango (the founder of Shilluk Kingdom and the spiritual leader of Shilluk religion), the spirit of the deceased Shilluk kings and the spirit of the living Shilluk King come to mediate for the Kingdom of Shilluk's spiritual healing. Kodok is preserved as a quiet place for the spirit of God, where the sounds and speeches of God (Juok) can be heard and received by

605-419: Is inhabited by individuals from the same lineage. Some hamlets may consist of only one dwelling, but others may have more than fifty. The pajø is a family in its broadest sense. A traditional dwelling consists of two huts ( gol ) separated by a small space enclosed by millet stalks or coarse grass mats. The homes are built around a large common pen for goats and cows. A large hut ( lwagø ) houses livestock during

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660-537: The Anuak people and Luo Nilotic members. The Shilluk language shares many words with the Anuak language (the dha anywaa) . Most Shilluk are sedentary agriculturists. Like most Nilotic groups, cattle-raising is a large part of their economy; however, agriculture and fishing are more significant activities than usual. Both sexes engage in agricultural work. The Shilluk, along with the Dinka , have been considered some of

715-547: The Cøllø class. Since then, only descendants of Duwadh were eligible for the Kwar Reth class. Those relegated were nicknamed Ororø ("son of a crowd of young girls"). This class includes most Shilluk clans and the majority of the Shilluk people. Its members are descendants of the collateral Nyikang ( Jur clans, or dhø kalø ), the descendants of Nyikang's companions in exile ( Abögø clans, Mööyø or Kwa'julø ), or Kwa'Jängø

770-776: The Sobat River , close to where the Sobat joins the Nile. The Shilluk are the third-largest ethnic group of southern Sudan, after the Dinka and Nuer . Their language is called Dhøg Cøllø , dhøg being the Shilluk word for language and mouth. It belongs to the Luo branch of the Western Nilotic subfamily of the Nilotic languages . The Shilluk people formed today's Shilluk Kingdom in southern Sudan in 1454. Historically, it

825-625: The United Kingdom and France . The British were attempting to create a solid block of influence from southern Africa through East Africa to Egypt , which was already under British control. Meanwhile, the French were attempting to expand from West Africa along the southern border of the Sahara Desert in order to control all of the trade through the Sahel . The intersection of these lines of intended control passed through Kodok, and

880-462: The kingdom was founded in 1490. Its legendary first ruler ("Reth") was the hero known as Nyikang who claimed to be half-crocodile and possessed power over the rain. Nyikang was the son of a king, Okwa, who ruled a country located "far south near a large lake". This may be Lake Albert , where the Acholi live. After Okwa's death, Nyikang went to war with his brother Duwadh, the legitimate successor to

935-750: The Ethiopian border. From 1900, the missionaries were in low numbers and encountered territorial disputes, but in the 1920s, complaints were made by the CMS about the expansion of the Catholics on their territory. In January 1933, a Catholic Mission was established in Kodok and since 1974 has been classified under the Diocese of Malakal . From the 1930s, Kodok was also a centre of the Presbyterians , so Kodok has

990-564: The King, leaders, and elders. For the Shilluk , Kodok is a city of mediation and peace. An Egyptian military post was established at Fashoda in 1865. It was then a trading station of some importance, including a slave trade. Between 1883 and 1884 the place fell into the hands of the Mahdists . However, historically Fashoda is chiefly known for being the site of the 1898 Fashoda Incident between

1045-461: The Shilluk equivalents of "lineage" and "clan". The members of a Kwa descend from the same ancestor, the Kwar Kwa ; Kwar Okëëlø means all the descendants of Okëëlø (the name of a person). This system is also used with legendary characters. More than 100 lineages have been studied. Examples of Kwa are: The pödhø , or grouping, may refer to any grouped set, the Shilluk country, a group or

1100-612: The Shilluk language derives from the Arabic version of the Shilluk self-designation: Cøllø , or Chollo . This (and a belief by many Shilluk) suggests a common origin with the Acholi , another ethnic group living on the Ugandan - South Sudanese and Luo in Tanzania, Kenya, DRC, Chad, CAR and Ethiopia (Anuak) borders. Like most Nilotic peoples of South Sudan (such as the Nuer and Dinka),

1155-418: The Shilluk practiced subsistence semi-nomadic cattle breeding and some grain farming. Their social system was egalitarian, and the cattle herds had great symbolic value. The lifestyle of the modern Shilluk is similar, except that their herds are smaller. The Shilluk were capable of being sedentary, because the land along the White Nile was more fertile than elsewhere in the region. Their cultivation of durra ,

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1210-459: The Shilluk were defeated by the Dinka after a battle against the Anuaks . After this setback, it was decided at a council of war to enlist all princes in battle the next day. The conscripted army crossed the river to battle, except for Prince Duwadh ( Dïwäädø wäd Ocøllø ). The battle was a massacre, in which all the princes were killed. Duwadh became king, and demoted every son of the dead princes to

1265-717: The Sobat River flowed into the White Nile, and founded the Shilluk Kingdom. Shilluk people The Shilluk ( Shilluk : Chollo ) are a major Luo Nilotic ethnic group that resides in the northeastern Upper Nile state of South Sudan on both banks of the Nile River in Malakal . Before the Second Sudanese Civil War , the Shilluk also lived in settlements on the northern bank of

1320-534: The Sultanate of Sennar declined in power. The Shilluk kings took the disappearance of Sennar from the political scene as an opportunity to strengthen their position on the northern frontier. The caravans were under the influence of the Shilluk kings, and were enriched by the shuttle service made available by the Shilluk to merchants wishing to cross the White Nile to Asalaya when travelling between Sennar and El Obeid . The Shilluk Kingdom expanded its territory up to

1375-682: The Viceroy of Egypt, Muhammad Ali , began his southern campaign to conquer the Sudan . That year, the Turkish-Egyptian troops of Ismail Pasha also put a final end to the Sultanate of Funj. Confrontation between the Ottomans and Shilluk became inevitable. Beginning in 1821, despite resistance from the Shilluk, the northern border began to recede. The first confirmed slave raid by northerners into Shilluk land occurred in 1826. From then on,

1430-650: The White Nile Odak Ochollo made an alliance with the Sultanate of Darfur , supporting it in its fight against the ethnic Funj of the Sennar Sultanate . By 1630, the Dinka south and west of the Shilluk country had invaded the southern border of the Sultanate of Sennar. The progression of the Dinka continued through the 17th and 18th centuries, towards the Gezira region. Before this changed

1485-487: The area. The lineage of the dyëll theoretically provides the podh with its leader, but authority may revert to the most-important lineage. In this case, the original lineage retains its prestige and land-ownership rights. Some groups (such as the Odong Panyikang) have adopted a rotation system of authority between the two (or three) most-important lines. Within each group ( podh ) are hamlets ( pajø ). The pac

1540-574: The confluence of the Blue and White Nile, where Khartoum was later built, and defeated numerous attempted invasions by the northern peoples. In 1786, the Funj Sultanate of Sennar began a period of decline. Sultan Adlan II was troubled by his war with the Hameg tribe established south of the town of Er Roseires , following 30 years of anarchy and looting by Sheikh Nasser Hameg . In 1820

1595-479: The confluence of the River Sobat and the White Nile with Nyakayo's home. The death of Okwa (Okwä) began a feud between Nyikang (Nyikaangø) and his brother Duwat (Dïwäädø) about monarchical succession. Duwat became king; Nyikang refused to swear allegiance, deciding to move elsewhere with his family. Names vary with versions of the myth, although Omoli Ju (Omööli Ju), Ju Nya Okwä is commonly named. When Nyikang

1650-461: The destruction of the kingdom in the early 1860s. The Shilluk king is currently not an independent political leader, but a traditional chieftain within the governments of South Sudan and Sudan . The current Shilluk king is Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet who ascended to the throne in 1993. The monarchy (the Reth) has been political and religious in nature. The monarch guaranteed social order; his health and

1705-721: The genetic material." These refugees were displaced due to the Sudanese civil wars in their country from 1955 to the present. Most Shilluk have converted to Christianity , while some still follow the traditional religion or a mixture of the two; a few have converted to Islam . The Episcopal Church of Sudan dates the event to the late 19th century, when the Church Mission Society first began to send missionaries. Colonial policies and missionary movements have divided Shilluk into Catholic and Protestant denominations. The Catholic Church historically proselytized on

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1760-408: The greatest number of wives. Although it currently has no political authority, members of this class form a rural aristocracy. Members hold one of four titles: The Ororø is a branch of the royal line which has lost its place in the line of succession. Its members are similar to the rest of the population, except for their ritual functions in connection with royalty. During the reign of King Odaagø,

1815-452: The heads of podh (clusters of villages). The Reth was no exception; the Reth of the south would send his Shilluk warriors upstream to Dinka lands. Reserving the largest share of the plunder, the Reth increased his possessions and his influence on the Shilluk country through his armed men, Bath Reth . The timing of these events remains obscure, and it is unclear whether the Reth is a figure from

1870-468: The health of the nation were intertwined. Worship is performed in rituals inspired by the national myth of Nyikang, the first Reth. The Shilluk monarchy and the beliefs of its people was studied in 1911 by Charles Seligman and in 1916 by British anthropologist James George Frazer in The Golden Bough . Seligman described the Shilluk form of government as a " sacred kingship ". The kingdom

1925-439: The house is the head of his family, responsible for its inhabitants and the family herd. Since the traditional remedy for an offense is payment in cattle, the head of the family (not the wrongdoer) is responsible for the offense. The Shilluk people were divided into four classes. The Kwareth ( kwa , "ancestor"; reth , "king") is the royal clan of descendants of Nyikang. This group is widely distributed, with its members having

1980-477: The independence of the Republic of Sudan . The lands of what was the Shilluk Kingdom is now part of South Sudan and the current Shilluk King is Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet who succeeded to Rethship in 1993 after the death of the previous King Reth Ayang Aney Kur in 1992. The word Kwa means "grandfather" or "ancestor". Kwaarø and Kwari have similar meanings, but imply descent: "grandchild" and "down". They are

2035-462: The kingdom was founded by Nyikang , who probably lived in the second half of the 15th century. A Nilotic people , the Shilluk managed to establish a centralized kingdom that reached its apogee in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the decline of the northern Funj Sultanate . In the 19th century, the Shilluk were affected by military assaults from the Ottoman Empire , resulting in

2090-436: The kingdom was increasingly targeted by raiders. During the reign of Reth Nyokwejø (Yör, Nyokwejø wäd Kwondïd (Nyikwëyø) kwar Okonø wäd Tugø) ( c. 1780–1820) a united force of Dinka and Nuer crossed the river Sobat , which cost the Shilluk total control of the White Nile. By 1865, the Shilluk Kingdom had lost part its political standing. The present Shilluk (Chollo) Kingdom is known by Sudanese as Pödh Cøllø (Sudan) after

2145-771: The late 1980s and the pre-ceasefire fighting in 2004. During the summer of 2010, the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), in an attempt to disarm the tribe and stop a local Shilluk rebellion, burned several villages and killed an untold number of civilians in South Sudan's Shilluk Kingdom. Over 10,000 people were displaced during the rainy season and sent fleeing into the forest, often naked, without bedding, shelter, or food. Many children died from hunger and cold. Violence started again in April 2011 with an SPLA crackdown on rebel-controlled regions. The Shilluk and Nuba were

2200-526: The north. There are also ongoing local disputes in the area between Kodok and the south of Malakal on the Nile for land rights and water distribution. Shilluk Kingdom The Shilluk Kingdom , dominated by the Shilluk people , was located along the left bank of the White Nile in what is now South Sudan and southern Sudan . Its capital and royal residence were in the town of Fashoda . According to Shilluk folk history and neighboring accounts,

2255-529: The offspring of other peoples who settled in Shilluk country (the Kwa'Jängø clan was originally a Dinka clan) and the descendants of the peoples who were settled in Shilluk country before Nyikang's arrival (the Oman clan). Were as Kwa'Mööyø are originally Nuer descendants in Shilluk (Chollo) Kingdom. The Bang Reth is the class owned by the king. It consists of two groups: the first group includes his royal wives and

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2310-454: The rainy season. During the rest of the year, the hut is a hostel for foreign guests and a town hall. By extension, gol or "kalø" or ("home") also means "family". In the latter sense, the gol is the smallest unit of Shilluk society. An unmarried man does not have his own home; unmarried individuals are attached to their father's gol . If his father has died, the single person joins the gol of his oldest living married brother. The owner of

2365-454: The region, especially Operation Lifeline Sudan . In 2004 and 2005, at the end of the Second Sudanese Civil War , many refugees returned but the security situation in 2004 was still very critical. Today the inhabitants of Kodok are mainly involved in subsistence farming and grow as a staple of their diet millet and rear cattle. From the mid-1990s they began marketing gum arabic , obtained from Acacia seyal and sold to Arab traders from

2420-457: The river; men in canoes would raid the northern Arab regions. During this time the White Nile was known as the Bahr al-Scheluk , the "river of Shilluk". King Tugø (Rädh Tugø) ( c. 1690–1710), son of Rädh Dhøköödhø, founded Fashoda as the permanent residence of the Shilluk kings and set up elaborate rituals and investiture ceremonies. The Shilluk Kingdom reached its peak in the 18th century, as

2475-428: The strategic balance, the Shilluk and Funj united against the Dinka and checked them militarily. This era marked the beginning of Shilluk economic ties to other groups (Funj, Arabs, European merchants and Mahdists ). After 1650 the Shilluk population (despite its diversity) appeared to gain a sense of national unity, accompanied by a strengthening of royal authority. The Reth and a more-centralized government established

2530-756: The tallest people in the world. In an investigation between 1953 and 1954, D. F. Robers reported that Dinka Ruweng males were, on average, 181.3 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) tall, while Shilluk males averaged 182.6 cm (6 ft 0 in). General characteristics among the Nilotic people include long legs, narrow bodies, and short trunks, adaptations to South Sudan's hot climate. However, in 1995, male Shilluk refugees in southwestern Ethiopia were, on average, 172.6 cm (5 ft 8 in) tall. The study suggests that Nilotic people "may attain greater height if privileged with favorable environmental conditions during early childhood and adolescence, allowing full expression of

2585-585: The throne. Facing defeat, Nyikang left his homeland with his retinue and migrated northeast to Wau (near the Bahr el Ghazal , "river of gazelles" in Arabic). Here (known by the Shilluk as the Pothe Thuro ) Nyikang married the daughter of Dimo, the local magician. After a conflict with Dimo Nyikang migrated north (crossing the Bahr el Ghazal) to Acietagwok (a Shilluk village about 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of

2640-477: The town's name to Kodok (Kothok) in the hope of obliterating the memory of the incident. The Evangelical Church Mission Society (CMS) was assigned in 1898 by the British colonial administration to Kodok awarded to the missionary, after they had been denied the location of Khartoum. The Catholic Verona Fathers were also given the area west of the Nile and the Presbyterian Church (USA) the east to

2695-411: The village of Tonga) around 1550. Nyikang then traveled to Nyilual, an uninhabited region west of the present town of Malakal . In the end, legends claim that Nyikang vanished in a whirlwind in the middle of a battle. During the 17th century, to ensure a surplus of resources the Shilluk raided and looted neighbouring populations north and south along the White Nile. The looting was usually conducted by

2750-554: The western bank of the Nile. It ran mission stations at Lul, Detwoc , Tonga , and Yoynyang . In contrast, the American Inland Mission ran a mission station at Doleib Hill , located south of Malakal on the eastern side of the Nile but situated on the Sobat River . The Shilluk were a minority in the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) for most of the Second Sudanese Civil War , their number peaking in

2805-445: The widows of dead kings, and the second includes serfs (descendants of slaves captured in raids, or volunteers under the protection of the king because of a violent crime). The Shilluk, like other Nilotic peoples, do not give great importance to cosmology. The Shilluk focus on a figure who lived so long ago his life is shrouded in myth: King Nyikang. His origins were considered divine. A white cow named Dean Aduk (Dhyang Adugø) bore

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2860-403: Was a patriarchal monarchy led by a reth from the divine lineage of the culture hero Nyikang , who is believed to affect the nation's health. Their society was once somewhat hierarchical, with castes of royals, nobles, commoners, and enslaved people. Today, the Shilluk government is a democracy, with an elected headman voted in by a council of hamlet heads. The Shilluk are closely related to

2915-433: Was leaving, Duwat asked him to look behind him as he threw a long, sharp stick towards his half-brother. With this gesture, Duwat signified that the migrants could never return. However, Nyikang took the stick and used it to plant crops. After many days of travel, the migrant group arrived in a land ruled by Dim (Dïmø), a sorcerer. Nyikang married, and his wife bore him a son named Dak (Daagø). The fugitives settled near where

2970-486: Was located along a strip of land along the western and eastern bank of the White Nile and Sobat River , from Lake No to about 12° north latitude . The Shilluk people are closely related to the more numerous South Sudanese ethnic groups, the Nuer and Dinka (their neighbors to the south and east, respectively). Their language is related to that of the Anuak people near the rivers Baro and Pibor . The English name for

3025-426: Was nearby. Dunyel's was a man on his right side, but a crocodile on his left. After some discussion, Dunyel agreed to give his two daughters to Okwa (Okwä) at a high bride price . Nyakayo (Nyikaayø) Nyikang bore several children; Nyikang was considered by some his eldest son, but according to others he was his youngest son. Another tradition says that Nyikang's twin brother was Duwat (Dïwäädɔ). A popular belief connects

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