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61-658: Kol Yisrael was originally an underground Haganah radio station that broadcast from Tel Aviv . It started consistently broadcasting in December 1947 under the name Telem-Shamir-Boaz , and was renamed to Kol HaHagana ("Voice of the Haganah") in March 1948. With Israel's declaration of independence on May 14, 1948, it was transformed into the official station Kol Yisrael . Another station named Kol Yisrael operated in Haifa , and

122-513: A British withdrawal and Axis invasion of Palestine. Its members, young men and women, received specialist training in guerrilla tactics and sabotage. During 1942 the British gave assistance in the training of Palmach volunteers but in early 1943 they withdrew their support and attempted to disarm them. The Palmach, then numbering over 1,000, continued as an underground organization with its members working half of each month as kibbutz volunteers,

183-534: A large number of pistols with ammunition. The British exerted heavy pressure on the Polish government to stop these deliveries. One of the last purchases of Arazi were two airplanes and two gliders. When he fled Poland to France, around 500 rifles were abandoned in a Warsaw warehouse. Members of the Haganah were also trained in a military camp in Rembertow along with Betar members between the years 1931 and 1937; it

244-605: A single assassination operation in which a British official who had been judged to be excessively cruel to Jewish prisoners was shot dead. The Haganah also organized the Birya affair . Following the expulsion of the residents of the Jewish settlement of Birya for illegal weapons possession, thousands of Jewish youth organized by the Haganah marched to the site and rebuilt the settlement. They were expelled by British shortly afterward while showing passive resistance , but after they returned

305-643: A small group of Jewish immigrants who guarded settlements for an annual fee. It was converted to Hashomer ( Hebrew : השומר ; "The Watchman") in April 1909, which operated until the British Mandate of Palestine came into being in 1920. Hashomer was an elitist organization which never had more than 100 members. During World War I , the forerunners of the Haganah/IDF were the Zion Mule Corps and

366-502: A third time, the British backed off and allowed them to remain. In addition to its operations, the Haganah continued to secretly prepare for a war with the Arabs once the British left by building up its arms and munitions stocks. It maintained a secret arms industry, with the most significant facility being an underground bullet factory underneath Ayalon, a kibbutz that had been established specifically to cover it up. British estimates of

427-643: Is estimated that training courses at the camp were attended by around 8,000 to 10,000 participants during their existence. By 1939, the British had issued the White Paper , which severely restricted Jewish immigration to Palestine, deeply angering the Zionist leadership. David Ben-Gurion , then chairman of the Jewish Agency , set the policy for the Zionist relationship with the British: "We shall fight

488-563: Is the radio service of the Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation (IPBC) for immigrants and listeners abroad. Operating since 1950, the shortwave transmissions of Kol Israel ("Voice of Israel") on Reshet Hey ("Network E") broadcasts to the entire world. They are also the main link between Israel and the Jewish diaspora . In its early years, under the name "Kol Zion la'Gola" ('Voice of Zion to

549-719: The Aliyah Bet program, in which ships carrying illegal immigrants attempted to breach the British blockade of Palestine and land illegal immigrants on the shore (most were intercepted by the Royal Navy ), and the Palmach performed operations against the British to support the illegal immigration program. The Palmach repeatedly bombed British radar stations being used to track illegal immigrant ships, and sabotaged British ships being used to deport illegal immigrants, as well as two British landing and patrol craft. The Palmach performed

610-760: The British Mandate , leading through the Haganah to the national army of Israel, the IDF. The evolution went step by step from Bar-Giora , to Hashomer , to Haganah, to IDF. The Jewish paramilitary organizations in the New Yishuv (the Zionist enterprise in Palestine) started with the Second Aliyah (1904 to 1914). The first such organization was Bar-Giora , founded in September 1907. It consisted of

671-544: The Hish units. At that time, the Haganah fielded 10,000 mobilized men along with 40,000 reservists. Although the British administration did not officially recognize the Haganah, the British security forces cooperated with it by forming the Jewish Settlement Police , Jewish Supernumerary Police and Special Night Squads , which were trained and led by Colonel Orde Wingate . The battle experience gained during

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732-553: The Israeli Declaration of Independence and the start of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War on May 15, 1948, the Haganah, now the army of the new state, engaged the invading armies of the surrounding Arab states. On May 28, 1948, less than two weeks after the creation of the state of Israel on May 15, the provisional government created the Israel Defense Forces , merging the Haganah, Irgun, and Lehi, although

793-848: The Jewish Legion , both of which were part of the British Army. After the Arab riots against Jews in April 1920, the Yishuv's leadership saw the need to create a nationwide underground defense organization, and the Haganah was founded in June of the same year. The Haganah became a full-scale defense force after the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine with an organized structure, consisting of three main units—the Field Corps , Guard Corps , and

854-530: The Palestinian Civil War . Shortly after the beginning of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , Haganah was merged with other paramilitary groups and reorganized into the official military force of the State of Israel . The evolution of Jewish defense organizations in Palestine and later Israel went from small self-defense groups active during Ottoman rule, to ever larger and more sophisticated ones during

915-633: The Palmach strike force. During World War II the successor to the Jewish Legion of World War I was the Jewish Brigade , which was joined by many Haganah fighters. During the 1947–48 civil war between the Arab and Jewish communities in what was still Mandatory Palestine, a reorganized Haganah managed to defend or wrestle most of the territory it was ordered to hold or capture. At the beginning of

976-539: The Persian service is no longer on shortwave. The Persian service is still available via satellite and on the web at the IBA World website, as well as the radis.org website. As of April 1, 2008, the only shortwave broadcasts which were left were 1.5 hours of Persian aimed at Iran. The Persian Service was founded by Amnon Netzer in 1958. The Israel Radio English news may be heard on some radio stations which use

1037-591: The Prime Minister 's Office. The station inherited the facilities of the former Palestine Broadcasting Service , which had been founded as the official broadcaster of the Mandate of Palestine in 1936, and had run the Kol Yerushalayim radio station. Kol Yisrael staff was made up of both former PBS personnel and former staffers at the Haganah underground radio stations. Kol Yisrael pioneered

1098-493: The United Kingdom in the event of an Axis -led invasion of Palestine through North Africa , prompting the creation of the Palmach , their elite fighting force, in 1941. Following the end of World War II, the British refused to lift the restrictions on Jewish immigration that they had imposed with the 1939 White Paper . This resulted in Haganah leading a Jewish insurgency against the British authorities in Palestine ;

1159-778: The Upper Galilee against Syria . Some were part of a Pal-Heib unit of the Haganah. Sheik Hussein Mohammed Ali Abu Yussef of Tuba was quoted in 1948 as saying, "Is it not written in the Koran that the ties of neighbors are as dear as those of relations? Our friendship with the Jews goes back for many years. We felt we could trust them and they learned from us too". Israel Radio International Israel Radio International or Reka ( Hebrew : רשת קליטת עלייה Reshet Klitat Aliya , or רק"ע ‎ Reka )

1220-716: The World Zionist Organization in cooperation with the Jewish Agency , and aimed to foster communication between the Israeli state and the Jewish diaspora . The service broadcast readings from the Torah alongside documentary programs on life in Israel. In 1958, the international service was merged with the domestic broadcaster, with both services operating under the Kol Yisrael name. Between 1958 and 1965,

1281-535: The "Kol Yisrael" international services expanded rapidly, inaugurating new shortwave services in Afrikaans , English , French , Hungarian , Italian , Persian , Romanian , and Yiddish . Between 1960 and 1963, the service also broadcast daily programs in English, French and Swahili for African audiences and began distributing tapes for rebroadcasting across the continent. This appeal to international audiences

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1342-415: The British administration for protection from these gangs, the Jewish leadership created the Haganah to protect Jewish farms and kibbutzim . The first head of the Haganah was a 28-year-old named Yosef Hecht, a veteran of the Jewish Legion . In addition to guarding Jewish communities, the role of the Haganah was to warn the residents of and repel attacks by Palestinians. In the period between 1920 and 1929,

1403-624: The British authorities who had passed on information that led to the arrest of many Irgun activists. Many Jewish youth, who had joined the Haganah in order to defend the Jewish people, were greatly demoralized by operations against their own people. The Irgun, paralyzed by the Saison, were ordered by their commander, Menachem Begin , not to retaliate in an effort to avoid a full blown civil war. Although many Irgunists objected to these orders, they obeyed Begin and refrained from fighting back. The Saison eventually ended due to perceived British betrayal of

1464-506: The British stepped back from their all-out support for Haganah. In 1943, after a long series of requests and negotiations, the British Army announced the creation of the Jewish Brigade Group . While Palestinian Jews had been permitted to enlist in the British army since 1940, this was the first time an exclusively Jewish military unit served in the war under a Jewish flag. The Jewish Brigade Group consisted of 5,000 soldiers and

1525-812: The Diaspora), Israeli broadcasts were the sole reliable and direct source of information for Jews living in the Arab countries and behind the " Iron Curtain ". However, broadcasts to Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America also emerged as an important aspect of Israel's public diplomacy around the world. Administered by the overseas broadcasting division, Israel Radio International currently transmits to listeners abroad in 14 languages: English , French , Russian , Bukharan , Georgian , Mugrabian (Judeo-Moroccan Arabic), Yiddish , Tigrinya , Ladino , Spanish , Romanian , Hungarian , Persian , Amharic and Aramaic . Apart from news and broadcasts reflecting events in

1586-654: The Haganah in 1940 on the 42-meter band. However, the station was soon renamed when the Haganah decided that the Kol Yisrael name should be reserved until independence. Besides meaning "voice of Israel", Kol Yisrael is also a wordplay which in Hebrew sounds like the phrase "all of Israel" (although spelled differently), known to many Jews as part of the Talmudic expression כל ישראל ערבים זה בזה ( kol Yisra'el arevim ze ba'ze , roughly translated "all of Israel are responsible for one another"). An internet radio station

1647-440: The Haganah lacked a strong central authority or coordination. Haganah "units" were very localized and poorly armed: they consisted mainly of Jewish farmers who took turns guarding their farms or their kibbutzim. Following the 1929 Palestine riots , the Haganah's role changed dramatically. It became a much larger organization encompassing nearly all the youth and adults in the Jewish settlements, as well as thousands of members from

1708-543: The Haganah sabotaged the Patria , an ocean liner being used by the British to deport 1,800 Jews to Mauritius, with a bomb intended to cripple the ship. However the ship sank, killing 267 people and injuring 172. In the first years of World War II , the British authorities asked Haganah for cooperation again, due to the fear of an Axis breakthrough in North Africa. After Rommel was defeated at El Alamein in 1942,

1769-570: The Haganah was conducting brigade size offensive. The brigades of the Haganah which merged into the IDF once this was created on 26 May 1948: The northern Levanoni Brigade , located in the Galilee, was split on February 22, 1948 into the 1st and 2nd Brigades. To the initial six brigades, three were added later during the war: The Palmach brigades which merged into the IDF: After the British announced they would withdraw from Palestine, and

1830-459: The Haganah's strength at this time were a paper strength of 75,000 men and women with an effective strength of 30,000. After the British army, the Haganah was considered the most powerful military force in the Middle East. Research by Amos Perlmutter estimated that the Haganah budget in 1946 was £400,000, and by October 1947 its budget had reached £3.3 million. The same source estimated that

1891-602: The Internet. Live broadcasts as well as archived programs are available to listeners. Haganah Haganah ( Hebrew : הַהֲגָנָה ha-Haganah , lit.   ' The Defense ' ) was the main Zionist paramilitary organization that operated for the Yishuv in the British Mandate for Palestine . It was founded in 1920 to defend the Yishuv's presence in the region, and was formally disbanded in 1948, when it became

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1952-529: The Irgun as hostages against the death sentences of three Irgun members in what became known as the Sergeants' affair . The Jewish Agency leadership feared the damage this act would do to the Jewish cause, and also believed that holding the hostages would only jeopardize the fates of the three condemned Irgun members. The attempts to free the sergeants failed, and following the executions of the three Irgun members,

2013-699: The Middle East) by members of the Lehi , the Haganah worked with the British to kidnap, interrogate, and, in some cases, deport Irgun members. This action, which lasted from November 1944 to February 1945, was called the Saison , or the Hunting Season, and was directed against the Irgun and not the Lehi. Future Jerusalem mayor Teddy Kollek was later revealed to be a Jewish Agency liaison officer working with

2074-620: The United Nations approved the partition of Palestine, the 1947-48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine broke out. The Haganah played the leading role in the Yishuv's war with the Palestinian Arabs. Initially, it concentrated on defending Jewish areas from Arab raids, but after the danger of British intervention subsided as the British withdrew, the Haganah went on the offensive and seized more territory. Following

2135-499: The Yishuv becoming more obvious to the public and increased opposition from Haganah members. The Saison officially ended when the Haganah, Irgun and the Lehi formed the Jewish Resistance Movement , in 1945. Within this new framework, the three groups agreed to operate under a joint command. They had different functions, which served to drive the British out of Palestine and create a Jewish state . The Haganah

2196-403: The activity of the underground groups in the pre-state period, recreating the everyday life of those imprisoned there. Some Bedouins had longstanding ties with nearby Jewish communities. They helped defend these communities in the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine . During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , some Bedouins of Tuba formed an alliance with the Haganah defending Jewish communities in

2257-507: The best defense is a good offense . In 1931, the more militant elements of the Haganah splintered off and formed the Irgun Tsva'i-Leumi (National Military Organization), better known as " Irgun " (or by its Hebrew acronym, pronounced "Etzel"). During the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine , the Haganah worked to protect British interests and to quell the rebellion using the Posh and then

2318-407: The call-up was extended to men and single women aged between 26 and 35. Five days later a General Mobilization order was issued for all men under 40. "From November 1947, the Haganah, (...) began to change from a territorial militia into a regular army. (...) Few of the units had been well trained by December. (...) By March–April, it fielded still under-equipped battalion and brigades. By April–May,

2379-587: The campaign included the paramilitaries' bombing of bridges, railways, and ships used to deport illegal Jewish immigrants , as well as assisting in bringing more diaspora Jews to Palestine in defiance of British policies. After the adoption of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine in 1947, Haganah came into the open as the biggest fighting force among the Palestinian Jews , successfully overcoming Arab militias during

2440-639: The cities. It also acquired foreign arms and began to develop workshops to create grenades and simple military equipment, transforming from an untrained militia to a capable underground army. Many Haganah fighters objected to the official policy of havlagah (restraint) that Jewish political leaders (who had become increasingly controlling of the Haganah) had imposed on the militia. Fighters had been instructed to only defend communities and not initiate counterattacks against Arab gangs or their communities. This policy appeared defeatist to many who believed that

2501-449: The core force integrated into the Israel Defense Forces shortly after the Israeli Declaration of Independence . Formed out of previous existing militias, Haganah's original purpose was to defend Jewish settlements against Arab attacks ; this was the case during the 1920 Nebi Musa riots , the 1921 Jaffa riots , the 1929 Palestine riots , the 1936 Jaffa riots , and the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine , among others. The paramilitary

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2562-496: The country, the channel transmits documentaries on Judaism , the history of the Israeli people, Israeli culture and discussions on immigration and absorption. As of the summer of 2007, the only Israel Radio International / Reshet Hey produced programming, is Persian. The rest of Israel Radio International, is a relay of the domestic REKA network. For example, the English news broadcasts on REKA and Israel Radio International are now identical. As of June 30, 2013, due to budget cuts,

2623-551: The ensuing 1948–49 full-scale conventional war against regular Arab armies, the Haganah was reorganized to become the core of the new Israel Defense Forces. After the 1920 Nebi Musa riots and 1921 Jaffa riots by Palestinians , the Jewish leadership in Palestine believed that the British, to whom the League of Nations had given a mandate over Palestine in 1920, had no desire to confront local Arab groups that frequently attacked Palestinian Jews. Believing that they could not rely on

2684-462: The membership of the Haganah was 7% of the Jewish population in Palestine. In July 1947, eager to maintain order with the visit of UNSCOP to Palestine and under heavy pressure from the British authorities to resume collaboration, the Jewish Agency reluctantly came into brief conflict with the Irgun and Lehi, and ordered the Haganah to put a stop to the operations of the other two groups for

2745-561: The other two groups continued to operate independently in Jerusalem and abroad for some time after. The reorganization led to several conflicts between Ben-Gurion and the Haganah leadership, including what was known as The Generals' Revolt and the dismantling of the Palmach. Famous members of the Haganah included Yitzhak Rabin , Ariel Sharon , Rehavam Ze'evi , Dov Hoz , Moshe Dayan , Yigal Allon and Dr. Ruth Westheimer . The Museum of Underground Prisoners in Jerusalem commemorates

2806-484: The responsibility on the ground as chief of Operations. Palmach, commanded by Yigal Allon , was divided into 3 elite brigades, numbered 10–12, and constituted the mobile force of Haganah. Ben-Gurion's attempts to retain personal control over the newly formed IDF culminated with The Generals' Revolt . On 19 November 1947, obligatory conscription was instituted for all men and women aged between 17 and 25. By end of March 21,000 people had been conscripted. On 30 March

2867-498: The rest of the month spent training. It was never large – by 1947 it amounted to merely five battalions (about 2,000 men) – but its members had not only received physical and military training, but also acquired leadership skills that would subsequently enable them to take up command positions in Israel's army. In 1944, after the assassination of Lord Moyne (the British Minister of State for

2928-646: The technical quality of the international services was often poor beyond Israel's immediate neighbors in the Middle East. In 1965, the Israel Broadcasting Authority , an independent public entity, was created and took over responsibility for Kol Yisrael from the Prime Minister's Office. In 1973, the IBA adopted the name Shidurei Yisrael ("Israel Broadcasting") for the service's domestic radio and television services. The name Kol Yisrael

2989-412: The time being. As Palmach members refused to participate, a unit of about 200 men from regular Haganah units was mobilized, and foiled several operations against the British, including a potentially devastating attack on the British military headquarters at Citrus House in Tel Aviv, in which a Haganah member was killed by an Irgun bomb. The Haganah also joined the search for two British sergeants abducted by

3050-561: The training was useful in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War . During the interwar period, as part of its policy of supporting a Jewish state in Palestine in order to facilitate mass Jewish emigration from its territory, the Second Polish Republic provided military training and weapons to Zionist paramilitary groups, including Haganah. Envoys from Haganah headed by Yehuda Arazi received dozens of shipments with military supplies, including 2750 Mauser rifles, 225 RKM machine guns, 10,000 hand grenades, two million bullets for rifles and machine guns, and

3111-479: The two sergeants were killed and hanged in a eucalyptus grove. However, the campaign soon disintegrated into a series of retaliatory abductions and beatings of each other's members by the Haganah and Irgun, and eventually petered out. The campaign was dubbed the "Little Season" by the Irgun. After "having gotten the Jews of Palestine and of elsewhere to do everything that they could, personally and financially, to help Yishuv ," Ben-Gurion's second greatest achievement

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3172-416: The use of FM transmission. In the early years, stations were operated in Jerusalem , Tel Aviv, and Haifa. The PBS had had its transmitter in Ramallah , but this transmitter was lost to Kol Yisrael due to Ramallah being in the Arab sector. In March 1950, international broadcasting began under the name Kol Zion La Golah ("The Voice of Zion to the Diaspora.") The broadcasts were produced at Kol Yisrael by

3233-507: The war against Hitler as if there were no White Paper, and we shall fight the White Paper as if there were no war." In reaction to the White Paper, the Haganah built up the Palmach as the Haganah's elite strike force and organized illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine. Approximately 100,000 Jews were brought to Palestine in over one hundred ships during the final decade of what became known as Aliyah Bet . The Haganah also organized demonstrations against British immigration quotas. In 1940

3294-399: Was closely tied to Israel's Periphery doctrine , which sought to align Israel with states on the fringes of the Middle East to avoid 'encirclement' by the Arab states and counteract international support for Palestinian nationalism . Programs on the international services ranged from news and commentary programs to competitions, documentaries and readings from the Bible and Quran . However,

3355-414: Was his having successfully transformed Haganah from being a clandestine paramilitary organization into a true army. Ben-Gurion appointed Israel Galili to the position of head of the High Command counsel of Haganah and divided Haganah into 6 infantry brigades, numbered 1 to 6, allotting a precise theatre of operation to each one. Yaakov Dori was named Chief of Staff, but it was Yigael Yadin who assumed

3416-407: Was initially deployed with the 8th Army in North Africa and later in Italy in September 1944. The brigade was disbanded in 1946. All in all, some 30,000 Palestinian Jews served in the British army during the war. On May 14, 1941, the Haganah created the Palmach (an acronym for Plugot Mahatz  – strike companies), an elite commando section, in preparation against the possibility of

3477-493: Was launched in 2014 and operated through 2015 under the name of " Voice of Israel ". This station is not connected to the official Kol Yisrael run by Israel Radio International . Current Kol Yisrael channels include: There are also educational stations broadcasting via low-power transmitters from colleges and universities across Israel under the collective banner of Tachana Chinuchit . All of Kol Israel ' s stations are available worldwide through streaming audio over

3538-477: Was less active in the Jewish Rebellion than the other two groups, but the Palmach did carry out anti-British operations, including a raid on the Atlit detainee camp that released 208 illegal immigrants, the Night of the Trains , the Night of the Bridges , and attacks on Palestine Police bases. The Haganah withdrew on 1 July 1946, but "remained permanently unco-operative" with the British authorities. It continued to organize illegal Jewish immigration as part of

3599-429: Was renamed Kol Tzva HaHagana ("Voice of the Defense Force"). The first Kol Yisrael transmission was a live broadcast from Tel Aviv of David Ben-Gurion reading of the declaration of independence. It was operated by a department of the Ministry of the Interior responsible for domestic and international broadcasts. Responsibility for the service was later transferred to the Office of Posts and Telegraphs and then to

3660-462: Was revived for the domestic and international radio service in 1979. Kol Yisrael' s shortwave services have gradually been discontinued over time. The last remaining shortwave service, the Persian programme for Iran, ceased transmissions on June 30, 2013. However, Israel continues to broadcast international services in fourteen languages under the label of Israel Radio International . A previous station named Kol Yisrael had briefly been operated by

3721-491: Was under the control of the Jewish Agency , the official governmental body in charge of Palestine's Jewish community during the British era. Until the end of World War II , Haganah's activities were moderate, in accordance with the strategic policy of havlagah ( lit.   ' self-restraint ' ), which caused the breakaway of the more radical paramilitaries: Irgun and Lehi . Haganah militants received clandestine military support from Poland and sought cooperation with

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