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34-733: The Kola Sámi Assembly ( Kildin Sami : Куэллнэгк нёарк Са̄мь Соббар ; Russian : Саамское собрание Кольского полуострова ) is an elected assembly established in 2010 by the Sámi people of the Kola peninsula in Russia on the model of Sámi parliaments in Nordic countries . As of 2018, it was not recognised as a political or legislative entity by the Russian federal nor local Murmansk Oblast governments under

68-490: A concrete set around defined territory with extended family. During this time, the community shared in spiritual customs and held similar ideologies on their language and community. In the Russian empire, the Kildin Sámi had no authority, rights or privileges, or liberties of autonomy and independence to control their affairs and to educate and teach their language through schools. After the 1917 Revolution which overthrew

102-724: A framework for creation of a Russian Sámi parliament, the Sami Parliament of Kola Peninsula. A suggestion to have the Russian Federation pick representatives to the new assembly was voted down by a clear majority. The Congress also chose a Council of Representatives tasked with working to establish a parliament and to otherwise represent Russian Sámi. Two years later, the 2nd Congress of the Russian Sámi convened in Murmansk on 12 December 2010, to elect members to

136-570: A third orthographic variant, used by Kert (1986), has neither of these letters. Note that the letters Ӓ , Ҋ / Ј , Һ / ʼ (apostrophe), Ӆ , Ӎ , Ӊ , Ӈ , Ҏ , Ъ , Ь , Ҍ and Ӭ do not occur in the word-initial position, either because the letters mark features of preceding consonants or the sounds they represent do not occur word initially. Therefore these letters do not normally occur in uppercase, except for all caps text. The letter Щ occurs only in Russian loanwords . The orthographic principles are more or less similar to Russian, but note

170-550: Is a rural locality (a selo ) and the administrative center of Lovozersky District in Murmansk Oblast , Russia , located on both banks of the Virma River , which is not far from Lake Lovozero , and 164 kilometers (102 mi) southeast of Murmansk , the administrative center of the oblast . Population: 2,871 ( 2010 Census ) ; 3,141 ( 2002 Census ) ; 3,638 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . It

204-546: Is important if the language is to survive the test of time. The federal Russian legislation guarantees the Sámi several legal rights giving them language sovereignty and rights to use and develop their languages. But for the practical realization of these rights the Kola Sámi community needs to hold a constant constructive dialogue with the municipal and regional authorities, which have expressed their willingness to cooperate with

238-524: Is in Revda , located 20 kilometers (12 mi) to the west. A military helicopter base is located 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) to the southeast. Several Sami festivals are held in Lovozero, which is why it is often called "the Sami capital of Russia." There is also a museum showcasing traditional Sami culture and way of life. Lovozero has a subarctic climate due to its high latitude. In spite of this,

272-425: Is no collaboration or team effort from language activists, language experts and language users and no coordinated or organized process to make learning the Kildin Sámi language a reality for more people. A language center or another initiative to carry out a more coordinated and well-planned language work could solve that problem. Below is one analysis of the consonants in Kildin Sámi as given by The Oxford Guide to

306-466: Is the second largest locality in the district after Revda . In 1574, the settlement of Loyyavrsiyt (literally, "settlement of strong people by the lake") was founded at the site of modern Lovozero. Lovozero itself is first mentioned in chronicles in 1608. The main business in Lovozero is the agricultural and reindeer husbandry cooperative Tundra . Fishing , hunting , and picking cloudberries are also important. The closest railway station

340-581: Is written using an official Cyrillic script . There is an opportunity to revitalize, reintegrate, and have Kildin Sámi be more widely spoken such as reintroducing and raising awareness and support for Kildin Sámi as an everyday language for communication—like in the Sámi community of Lovozero. Youth and adolescents are expressing more interest now to speak Kildin Sámi which can help in the languages survival. A sizable portion of political and cultural Kildin Sámi groups are pushing for policies and local measures that help to maintain and protect Sámi tradition, which

374-937: The Saami Council depends upon Sámi parliaments in the other Nordic countries accepting the Kola Sámi Assembly as a "Russian Sámi Parliament". Since Russia does not recognize the assembly, the Kola Sámi Association and Association of Sámi in Murmansk Oblast are both seated as members of the Saami Council and have representation on the Sámi Parliamentary Council. Initially, the Russian Sámi were granted observer status in 2000, but three years later they were allowed to be participating observers. In 2012, members of

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408-446: The 13th–14th centuries. During the 15th and 16th centuries, Russians started heavily occupying and building their own communities in northern Karelia and increased exposure between the Kildin Sámi and Russians naturally blossomed as a result. In the 19th century, Kola Sámi were organized and advocated for themselves through "tight-knit familial communities" where they worked in pastures, lived by fishing, and survived through hunting all in

442-622: The Kola Sámi Assembly and other Russian Sámi associations visited the Sámi Parliament of Norway in Kárášjohka to learn more about its structure and operations as part of a competency building tour. Kildin Sami language The Sámi languages closest to Kildin are Ter Sámi and Akkala Sámi , in Soviet tradition sometimes considered to be dialects of Kildin Sámi. From a strictly geographical point of view, only Kildin and Ter, spoken on

476-653: The Peninsula, could be regarded as Kola Sámi. It is the largest of the Eastern Sámi languages by number of speakers. Its future, however, appears to be not as bright as that of Skolt Sámi or Inari Sámi because the language is used actively by only very few people today. Originally, Kildin Sámi was spoken in clustered areas of the mainland and coastal parts of the Kola Peninsula. Nowadays, Kildin Sámi speakers can be found in rural and urban areas, including

510-418: The Sámi in the development of the Sámi language and culture. A majority of children remain ignorant of their traditional languages, customs and beliefs, and have had no formal or informal teaching which may give them a base of knowledge from which to work from. Antiquated materials, ineffective or inaccessible resources, and old teaching methods are often used to teach the language; there is no efforts towards

544-604: The Uralic Languages : The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages gives the following inventory of monophthongs: Rimma Kuruch 's dictionary presents a slightly different set of monophthongs: Kildin Sámi has been written in an extended version of Cyrillic since the 1980s. The alphabet has three variants with some minor differences among certain letters, mostly in Ҋ vs. Ј and ʼ (apostrophe) vs. Һ . The Sammallahti/Khvorostukhina dictionary (1991) uses Ҋ and ʼ (apostrophe); Antonova et al. (1985) uses Ј and Һ ;

578-467: The administrative center of the oblast. The area of Lovozero has the highest concentration of speakers. Other Kildin Sámi speakers are scattered throughout the villages and small towns of the Peninsula: Revda , Kola , Loparskaya , Teriberka , but can also be found in larger more sizable towns of Murmansk Oblast such as Olenegorsk and Apatity . Lovozero is known as the main place where

612-540: The arrest of those who resisted collectivization, including many who lived in the Kola tundras. As Russia entered World War II, Kildin Sámi youth were drafted and impressed to serve in the Red Army, which lessened hardships and prejudices they faced for a temporary period. Although the repression ended after the death of Stalin in 1953, Russification policies continued and the work with the Sámi languages started again only in

646-646: The beginning of the 1980s when new teaching materials and dictionaries were published. As social and cultural emphasis has been put on the writing and speaking of the various languages that constitute Russia, Kildin Sámi has now become a critically endangered language. Russian is prominently spoken in Kildin Sámi communities so much so that the original language is hardly ever heard of or only spoken privately amongst those who still know how to do so within an insular community. The few Kildin Sámi who speak and understand their language proficiently can also speak various dialectical tongues that constitute ethnic Russia. Because

680-400: The climate is a lot less severe than other Russian climates further east. Even so, it is colder than areas to the west that are a lot milder due to a greater Gulf Stream influence, with mean temperatures of below −13 °C (9 °F) in the two coldest months. In summer, temperatures can briefly spike to 30 °C (86 °F) or above due to southerly winds over the vast landmass, although

714-424: The following special features. Similar to Russian, palatalization of a consonant in Kildin Sámi is marked by the letter Ь or one of the vowel letters Е , Ё , И , Ю , and Я following the consonant. Palatalized Д, Т, Н, however, are marked by ҍ or one of the vowel letters Ӓ and Ӭ . The consonant letter Н before Ь or one of the vowel letters Е , Ё , И , Ю , and Я does not represent palatalization but

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748-414: The language has eroded so rapidly over the centuries, it is more widely spoken amongst or between older elders who were taught and educated between themselves and thus retained the spoken language and hardly spoken by children. In Lovozero, Kilden Sámi was taught as an elective subject for first through fourth graders as of 2017 ; however, beginning in the 2014–15 school year, Kilden Sámi language instruction

782-689: The language is still spoken by 700–800 ethnic Sámi amongst a total village population of approximately 3,000. However, today the Saami are but a minority in Lovozero: the large majority of the population consists of Russians and Izhma Komi . The language has only about 100 active and perhaps 600 passive speakers. As a result of relocation, migration, and forced movement of the group, the community has really fragmented and become divided over other areas in Murmansk Region, thus leading to an inability for

816-431: The letters Ҋ / Ј , Ӆ , Ӎ , Ӊ , and Ҏ . The velar nasal is written as Ӈ . According to Kuruch, Kildin Sámi nouns are classified into several declensions. In Kildin Sámi negation is formed by a syntagma , which consists of a finite negative auxiliary and a finite main verb in a special form called connegative (negative form of the main verb). The negative auxiliary gets inflected by person, number and mood, while

850-662: The main verb is marked for tense. This is the inflectional paradigm of the negative auxiliary: Negative clause in present tense: Mun I emm I.not tʹēdʹ know koalʹe if Evvan Ivan li is puadtma. come. Mun emm tʹēdʹ koalʹe Evvan li puadtma. I I.not know if Ivan is come. "I don't know if/whether Ivan has come." Negative clause in present tense: Sōnn s/he ejj s/he.not tʹēdtma knew. CN koalʹe if Lovozero (rural locality) Lovozero ( Russian : Лово́зеро ; Kildin Sami : Луяввьр ; Skolt Sami : Luujäuʹrr ; Northern Sami : Lujávri ; Finnish : Luujärvi )

884-479: The new Kola Sámi Assembly. The aims of the assembly are to represent the Sámi people and to work towards a recognised Russian Sámi Parliament. According to one commentator, however, "in the ... Assembly, the Kola Sámi have achieved their most unifying and representative structure to date;" the extent to which the Murmansk regional authorities are prepared to work with this body remains unclear. During preparation for

918-430: The palatal nasal /ɲ/ . Long vowels are marked with a macron ⟨¯⟩ over the vowel letter (and above the diaeresis in the cases of Ё). The letter Һ occurs before the letters П , Т , К , Ц and Ч , and marks (historical) preaspiration . The actual pronunciation, however, varies between true preaspiration [ʰ] and the fricative sounds [h] , [ç] , or [x] . Voiceless sonorants are represented by

952-645: The planned 3rd Congress of the Russian Sámi in 2014, Russian authorities worked to establish a new gathering, the Congress of the Indigenous People of the Northern Kola – Sámi, with the goal of sidelining the Kola Sámi Assembly in favor of a new organization more aligned with local governmental officials. On O.S. 25 January 1868 ( N.S. 6 February 1868), the Kola Sobbar (Кóладаг сóббарь)

986-551: The pretext of "combatting separatism"; it remains a purely representative organ with unclear relations with the government, because establishing new legislative organs requires amendments to Russian federal and regional legislation . On 14 December 2008, the 1st Congress of the Russian Sámi was held with the participation of the Kola Sámi Association and the Association of Sámi in Murmansk Oblast to establish

1020-530: The revival and sustenance of their language, traditions, customs, and beliefs. The Kildin Sámi (Kola Sámi) first came into contact and had more subsequent meetings with the Russians in the 12th century, when Pomor traders from the republic of Novgorod landed on the southern shores of the Kola Peninsula. Russians themselves inhabited and set up shelters in the Kola and the Ter Coast as it was known then during

1054-454: The transmission of the language to future generations nor is there an active effort to preserve written language for scholarly use or to build opportunities to learn Kildin Sámi at higher levels. Although authorities and some government officials express a desire and willingness to resuscitate and revitalize the language, the community is not using that to their advantage, either because they do not know how to do so or whom to reach out to. There

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1088-687: The tsarist regime of Nicholas II and led to the rise of the Bolsheviks, party systems, and emphasis towards a village-centered, peasant-centered, society, the Soviet state implemented laws or statutes that encouraged the development and protection of Sámi language and Sámi culture . During the 1930s, with an orientation toward Russian nationalism (" Russification ") and Russian identity that came about more dramatically with Joseph Stalin's rise to power and his oppressive tactics, Kola Sámi languages and culture came under intense pressure. His oppressive agricultural, economic, and cultural policies also led to

1122-466: Was established as the first elected body to represent Russian Sámi. Although there is no direct lineage between the Kola Sobbar and the Kola Sámi Assembly, it is cited as an example of a prior Russian Sámi elected assembly. By coincidence, the Kola Sobbar met on the same day as what would later be declared the annual Sámi National Day across Sápmi . Full participation for the Kola Sámi Assembly in

1156-400: Was folded into a broader class on Sámi history, culture, and folklore. The reasons for the loss and decline in speakership is as follows: a lack of education, dispersion of the Sámi, no generational transmission of traditional Sámi trades and ways of life, and not ever needing to speak or not regularly speaking the language have both caused speakership to take a hit over the years. Kildin Sámi

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