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92-494: The Koldichevo concentration camp was built early in the summer of 1942, about 18 km from Baranovichi, in the village of Kałdyčeva, on the road to Novogrudok , in German-occupied West Belarus . A prisoner described it as "a sad collection of concrete buildings and overworked farmland, with dilapidated barns, animal stalls, and tool sheds [...] partitioned with an endless fence of barbed wire to create

184-530: A Museum was opened in his honour on September 11, 1938. As of 1931, there were 1055 residential buildings in the city, 2 catholic churches, 2 orthodox churches, 3 synagogues, and a mosque; in addition to the Belarusian one, there was a polish gymnasium. In addition, there were 2 hospitals, 7 hotels, and 2 printing houses. At the beginning of World War II , after September 17, 1939, Soviet Air Forces' bombers began dropping leaflets written in broken Polish over

276-572: A city already existed on-site in the 9th–10th centuries, which had trade links with Byzantium , the Near East , Western Europe and Scandinavia . These trade links were related to the Amber Road . Archaeologically, Novogrudok was studied in the years 1957-1977. In the first half of the 11th century, the city consisted of two undefended settlements located on the Small castle and Castle hill . In

368-591: A group of glass carved glasses, known in medieval studies under the General name " Hedwig glass ". The "Cup of Saint Jadwiga" found in Novogrudok (under this name the vessel is listed in the collection of the Hermitage Museum , this Cup was not returned to Belarus, despite requests from the Belarusian side), carved images of a lion, a Griffin and a stylized tree of life in the form of two snakes entwining

460-406: A makeshift prison." The camp was used to imprison Soviet prisoners of war, Polish and Belarusian partisans , and Jews from Gorodishche, Dziatłava , Novogrudok, Stoŭbcy , and Baranovichi. Few prisoners survived the harsh conditions of the camp. In March 1944, the surviving population of about 100 Jews, led by Shlomo Kushnir (or Kushner), drilled a hole in the wall of their barracks, cut through

552-585: A more traditional organisational doctrine like the American one; while this was ultimately offset by the Allies' superior numerical and materiel advantage, Visser argues that it allowed the German Army to resist far longer than if it had not adopted this method of organisation and doctrine. Peter Turchin reports a study by US colonel Trevor Dupuy that found that German combat efficiency was higher than both

644-961: A pit beneath a mound. Another 300 were evacuated to Germany. Some of the former policemen who served at the camp were arrested after the war and sentenced by military tribunals in Wrocław (1957) and Minsk (1962). In 1992, Sergis Hutyrczyk, a security guard who had immigrated to the United States in 1954, was identified as a guard from the camp at Koldichevo, accused of lying about his wartime activities and stripped of his U.S. citizenship. He died in 1993 while appealing his denaturalization . 53°16′51″N 26°02′56″E  /  53.2807°N 26.0488°E  / 53.2807; 26.0488 Novogrudok Novogrudok or Navahrudak ( Belarusian : Навагрудак ; Russian : Новогрудок ; Polish : Nowogródek , Lithuanian : Naugardukas ; Yiddish : נאַוואַראַדאָק , romanized :  Navaradok )

736-533: A war between Yaroslav I and Lithuanian tribes. It was also mentioned in the Hypatian Codex in 1252 as Novogorodok , meaning "new little town". Novogrudok was a major settlement in the remote western lands of the Krivichs that came under Kievan Rus' control at the end of the 10th century. However, this hypothesis has been disputed as the earliest archaeological findings date from the 11th century. In

828-734: Is a town in Grodno Region , Belarus . It serves as the administrative center of Novogrudok District . As of 2024, it has a population of 27,936. In the Middle Ages , the city was ruled by King Mindaugas ' son Vaišvilkas . During and after Mindaugas' rule, Novogrudok was part of the Kingdom of Lithuania , and later the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , which was later part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . In

920-601: The 10th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment captured the city. Many Communist Poles from the Western Rifle Division fought in the battles on the Red Army 's side. With the city's capture, the Polish Army received large warehouses of military weaponry and ammunition, while also capturing about 300 prisoners of war . The Polish-Bolshevik front stopped for several months along the line of former German trenches on

1012-776: The 1st Legions Infantry Division . Ultimately captured by the Poles in October 1920, it was confirmed as part of the Second Polish Republic by the Peace of Riga . The civil authorities, headed by the headman Joseph Yellin, began to act on November 3. The traditions of the Lithuanian Tribunal were partially revived by the Novogrudok Voivodeship court, which opened on January 11, 1921, in

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1104-574: The Ancient Rus' state at the end of the 10th century. The ancient name of Novgorodok (Nov'gorodok, Nov'gorodok', though leaning both parts: to Novagorodka, in Novegorodtsy, "between Novym'gorodkom'", from "Novagorodka" in "Novegorodche"). In some sources, it is called Maly Novgorod . Archaeological excavations made by Gurevich F. D. in different places of the city, gave a huge number of interesting finds (Byzantine glass, jewellery, and even

1196-527: The Battle of France also suggest that the actions of either Erwin Rommel or Heinz Guderian or both of them (both had contributed to the theoretical development and early practices of what later became Blitzkrieg prior to World War II), ignoring orders of superiors who had never foreseen such spectacular successes and thus prepared much more prudent plans, were conflated into a purposeful doctrine and created

1288-773: The Normandy invasion when Allied air power devastated the French rail network north of the Loire . Panzer movements also depended on rail, since driving a tank long distances caused serious wear. Contrary to popular belief, the German Army in World War II was not a mechanised juggernaut as a whole. In 1941, between 60 and 70 percent of their forces were not motorised, relying on railroad for rapid movement and on horse-drawn transport cross country. The percentage of motorisation decreased thereafter. In 1944 approximately 85 percent of

1380-616: The Novogrudok Ghetto , Novogrudok and nearby villages during the Holocaust . However, in mid-may 1943, the last remaining ghetto prisoners began to dig a 250-metre (820 ft) underground passage outside the ghetto, and five months later, on September 26, 1943, an escape was made through it. A total of 232 people escaped through the tunnel. Some of the fleeing Jews joined the Bielski partisans , which actively fought against

1472-697: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Union of Lublin in 1569. In 1505, the Tatars tried to capture the city, but failed. Novogrudok was designated as the capital of the Nowogródek Voivodeship from 1507 until the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. On July 26, 1511, the town was granted Magdeburg rights by King Sigismund I the Old , which were reconfirmed in 1562, 1595 and 1776. It

1564-594: The Red Army to occupy Vilnius. On 8 July 1944, the Red Army reoccupied Novogrudok after almost three years of German occupation. However, after retaking Western Belorussia from the Germans, the recent allies became enemies. Thus, on August 21, 1944, in the village of Surkontakh, the commander of the Home Army's Novogrudok partisan district, Lieutenant Colonel Maciej Kalenkiewicz , nicknamed "Kotvich" (1906-1944) from

1656-703: The Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939. Thereafter, the Soviet Union annexed the area to the Byelorussian SSR . From 1941 to 1944, Novogrudok was occupied by the German Army , thereafter returning to the Soviet Union until 1991. The name comes from the Old East Slavic words "New town". It was a large settlement in the remote Western lands of the Krivichs , which came under the control of

1748-587: The Wehrmacht 's ( Heer , Kriegsmarine , Luftwaffe , and the Waffen-SS ) operations. In practice, the OKW acted in a subordinate role to Hitler's personal military staff, translating his ideas into military plans and orders, and issuing them to the three services. However, as World War II went on, the OKW found itself exercising an increasing amount of direct command authority over military units, particularly in

1840-569: The 13th century, the Kievan Rus disintegrated due to Asian nomadic incursions, which climaxed with the Mongol horde's Siege of Kiev (1240) , resulting in the sack of Kiev and leaving a regional geopolitical vacuum in which the East Slavs splintered along pre-existing tribal lines and formed several independent, competing principalities. It is known that even prior to Mindaugas' arrival, there

1932-714: The 14th century, it was an episcopal see of the Metropolitanate of Lithuania . From 1795 to 1915, the Russian Empire ruled over the lands, with brief periods of intercession, e.g. Napoleon 's Grande Armée in 1812 and the Uprisings of 1831 and 1863 . After 1915, Novogrudok was occupied by the Imperial German Army for three years in World War I , by the Second Polish Republic until

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2024-506: The Army was not motorised. The standard uniform used by the German Army consisted of a Feldgrau (field grey) tunic and trousers, worn with a Stahlhelm . Nazi propaganda had told German soldiers to wipe out what were variously called Jewish Bolshevik subhumans, the Mongol hordes, the Asiatic flood, and the red beast. While the principal perpetrators of the killings of civilians behind

2116-548: The British and US armies – if a combat efficiency of 1 was assigned to the British, then the Americans had a combat efficiency of 1.1 and the Germans of 1.45. This would mean British forces would need to commit 45% more troops (or arm existing troops more heavily to the same proportion) to have an even chance of winning the battle, while the Americans would need to commit 30% more to have an even chance. The military strength of

2208-740: The CP(b) of Belarus, it became a part of the Belarusian SSR . On May 25, 1919, the Novogrudok Belarusian gymnasium was opened here. During the Polish–Soviet War , Novogrudok changed hands several times. From mid-March 1919, Polish Army detachments began to appear in Novogrudok's vicinity. On April 18, 1919, at dawn, after several hours of fighting, soldiers of the 2nd Kaunas Rifle Regiment  [ pl ] of Major Leon Zawistowski  [ pl ] and two squadrons of

2300-526: The Cup of life. According to the British Museum , the vessels of this group are among the first hundred outstanding works of the material culture of universal civilization. All currently known cups of the "Hedwig glass" series, both preserved intact and individual fragments of these cups, were stored for many centuries exclusively in the capital cities of States that were either part of the medieval state of

2392-485: The German Army focused on achieving high combat performance rather than high organisational efficiency (like the US Army). It emphasised adaptability, flexibility, and decentralised decision making. Officers and NCOs were selected based on character and trained towards decisive combat leadership. Good combat performance was rewarded. Visser argues this allowed the German Army to achieve superior combat performance compared to

2484-705: The German Army was managed through mission-based tactics ( Auftragstaktik ) rather than detailed order-based tactics, and rigid discipline. Once an operation began, whether offensive or defensive, speed of response to changing circumstances was considered more important than careful planning and co-ordination of new plans. In public opinion, the German military was and is sometimes seen as a high-tech army, since new technologies that were introduced before and during World War II influenced its development of tactical doctrine. These technologies were featured by Nazi propaganda , but were often only available in small numbers or late in

2576-536: The German military managed quick victories in the two initial years of World War II, a new style of warfare described as Blitzkrieg (lightning war) for its speed and destructive power. The Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) was Nazi Germany's Army High Command from 1936 to 1945. In theory, the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) served as the military general staff for the Reich's armed forces, co-ordinating

2668-686: The Great founded the Roman Catholic Transfiguration Church in Novogrudok, in which the wedding of the king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Jogaila with Sophia of Halshany took place. This marriage gave rise to the Jagiellonian dynasty . Their son Casimir IV Jagiellon granted town rights in 1444. After the Union of Krewo (1385), it was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Union , which became

2760-573: The Holy Roman Empire, or in the capitals of dynasties that had a kinship with the dynasties that ruled these States. In 1997, Novogrudok and Novogrudoky district were merged into a single administrative unit. The city has links with the twin cities of Elbląg , Krynica Morska and Leymen . On September 10, 2011, in honour of the 500th anniversary of the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Magdeburg law (freed from feudal duties,

2852-751: The Khubala detachment, was killed in a battle with tenfold superior units of the NKVD . During the war, more than 45,000 people were killed in the city and the surrounding area, and over 60% of housing was destroyed. After the war, on this region did the organization "the black cat", which was aimed at the struggle against the Soviet regime, so in March 1948, the United group of troops of the organization "the black cat" with several units " bulbivtsiv " (total 200 men) attacked

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2944-730: The Nazis in the region. During the German occupation , the city served as the administrative centre of Kreisgebiet Nowogrodek within the Generalbezirk Weißruthenien of Reichskommissariat Ostland . The local population was subjected to deportations for forced labour to Germany and executions. In February–March 1944, by order of the Gebietskommissar (Area Commissioner) of the Novogrudok district, SS- Obersturmbannführer Wilhelm Traub , former Lieutenant of

3036-605: The Novogrudok gymnasium in 1858. In 1837, Novogrudok had 4 unpaved and 9 paved streets and alleys. During the January Uprising , an insurgent organization led by V. Borzobogaty was formed in the city. In 1863, priest Felician Lashkevich from Novogrudok partook in this uprising. As part of anti-Catholic repression following the January Uprising , the tsarist administration closed down the gymnasium as well as Catholic churches, which were transformed into Orthodox churches. In 1896, Rabbi Yosef Yozel Horwitz founded one of

3128-480: The Novogrudok to release the arrested members of his organization. The city was the base of the MGB 's Special Department, which fought against anti-Soviet partisans . The anti-Soviet partisan movement continued until the early 1960s until it completely ceased to exist. After the war, the area remained part of the Byelorussian SSR , and most of the destroyed infrastructure was rapidly rebuilt. On 8 July 1954, following

3220-635: The OKW adopted was to separate the Field Army (OKH) from the Home Command ( Heimatkriegsgebiet ) and to entrust the responsibilities of training, conscription, supply, and equipment to Home Command. The German Army was mainly structured in army groups ( Heeresgruppen ) consisting of several armies that were relocated, restructured, or renamed in the course of the war. Forces of allied states, as well as units made up of non-Germans, were also assigned to German units. For Operation Barbarossa in 1941,

3312-641: The Polish army Barys Rahula formed the Belarusian Novogrudok mounted squadron to fight the partisans. In February 1944, the 65th Belarusian Schutzmannschaft Battalion was formed in Novogrudok. However, in early July 1944, Barys Rahula curtailed the activities of the squadron. During the German occupation in Novogrudok, the Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth organized, at the request of

3404-402: The Polish-Lithuanian army, and was exempt from paying taxes for a period of 4 years. In the 16th–18th centuries, Novogrudok suffered numerous fires (1578, 1599, 1613, 1652, the most severe – in 1751, when 167 houses, 4 churches, the town hall and the Governor's office burned down) and epidemics (1590, 1592, 1603, 1708). In addition, military events and cataclysms of the 17th–18th centuries caused

3496-472: The Small Castle (an ancient roundabout city). Trade relations in the 12th–13th centuries were far-reaching, as evidenced by many imports: from Kyiv came glass bracelets , non-ferrous metal jewellery, engolpions , icons , spindle whorls , faience vessels from Iran , glassware from Byzantium and Syria , from the Baltic – amber . Novogrudok was first mentioned in the Sofia First Chronicle and Novgorod Fourth Chronicle in 1044 in reference to

3588-614: The army forces were assigned to three strategic campaign groupings: Below the army group level forces included field armies – panzer groups, which later became army level formations themselves, corps, and divisions. The army used the German term Kampfgruppe , which equates to battle group in English. These provisional combat groupings ranged from corps size, such as Army Detachment Kempf , to commands composed of companies or even platoons . They were named for their commanding officers. The German operational doctrine emphasized sweeping pincer and lateral movements meant to destroy

3680-562: The army reached its projected goal of 36 divisions . During the autumn of 1937, two more corps were formed. In 1938 four additional corps were formed with the inclusion of the five divisions of the Austrian Army after the annexation of Austria by Germany in March. During the period of its expansion under Hitler, the German Army continued to develop concepts pioneered during World War I , combining ground and air units into combined arms forces. Coupled with operational and tactical methods such as encirclements and " battle of annihilation ",

3772-408: The building of the former Russian County school. During the interwar period , Novogrudok served as the seat of the Novogrudok Voivodeship until the 1939 invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union. Many new buildings were built, including the voivodeship office, district court, tax office, theatre, power plant, city bath and a narrow-gauge railway station. In 1938, a museum was created in

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3864-433: The castle was besieged by the Teutonic Order . It was again attacked by the Teutons in 1321, 1341, 1390 and finally in 1394. As the centre of the appanage Principality, Novogrudok was owned from 1329 by Prince Karijotas , and then by his son Fyodor from 1358, and from 1386 by Kaributas . At that time, Novogrudok was part of the Trakai Voivodeship , whose population was entirely ethnically Lithuanian , hence Novogrudok

3956-406: The city along with the surrounding villages in the lifetime possession of his wife Uliana . In 1415, at the Council of Orthodox bishops in Novogrudok, Gregory Tsamblak was elected Metropolitan of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Synod de facto declared autocephaly of the Orthodox Church in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and also reformed internal administration in the Church. In 1422, Vytautas

4048-418: The city had 428 wooden and 9 stone houses. At that time, mainly Jews , Belarusians , Poles , Lipka Tatars and Russians lived in the city. During the November Uprising , on July 22, 1831, Novogrudok was occupied for some time by the detachments of Y. Kashits and M. Mezheyevsky. After the liquidation of the Dominican school in 1834, the tsarist authorities opened a five-class school, which turned into

4140-404: The city's decline. During the Great Northern War in 1706, the city was occupied by Swedish Army , and later by Muscovite troops, who burned the city and blew up the castle . On 1 May 1751, there was great destruction due to a fire. On September 23, 1784, the king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Stanisław August Poniatowski arrived in the city. On his way back from Nyasvizh , he visited

4232-402: The city's population were crafts and trade. Often, there is evidence of local jewelry craft – there were foundries and jewelry workshops that formed a whole block on the small castle . Bone-cutting, wood and stone processing were also common. Graffiti with old Russian letters was found on fragments of frescoed plaster from building No.12 ("house of the boyar" or "powalush") of the 12th century on

4324-413: The city, announcing the imminent liberation "from the yoke of the lords" and other oppressors. On 18 September 1939 Novogrudok was occupied by the Red Army and, on 14 November 1939, incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR . Many residents of the city and region were repressed and exiled to other regions of the USSR, and the region was subjected to severe Sovietization . In the administrative division of

4416-527: The city, the Novogrudok Castle 's ruins, the tribunal and the city archive. The 6th Lithuanian Infantry Regiment was stationed in the town in 1790. During the War in Defense of the Constitution , in early June 1792, Novogrudok was attacked by the 33,000-strong Tsarist army led by Mikhail Krechetnikov . In mid-June 1792, after the defeat in the battle of Mir , Lithuanian troops under Duke Louis of Württemberg 's command retreated through Novogrudok to Grodno . Tatars from General Józef Bielak 's Corps were among

4508-425: The city. In 1907-1909, a provincial branch of the Polish society "Enlightenment" worked in the city, which supported Polish education. It had a thriving Jewish community. In 1900, its population was 5,015. During the First World War , the city was under German occupation from 22 September 1915 to 27 December 1918. On September 22, 1915, Novogrudok was occupied by the German 10th Army . The Russian-German front

4600-402: The city: Stanisław Wojciechowski (May 25–27, 1924) and Ignacy Mościcki (September 1929 and the end of June 1931). In the 1920s and 1930s, more than 10 titles of periodicals were published in the city. In October 1922, the first Belarusian-language newspaper "Nasha Batskayshchyna" was published in Novogrudok. In 1924-1931, a mound was built on the small castle in honour of Adam Mickiewicz , and

4692-416: The concentrated "fast formations" was no longer possible to defend against the expected Allied invasion of France, because they could no longer move quickly enough to reach the threatened locations due to the expected interdiction of all routes by Allied fighter-bombers. He therefore suggested scattering these units across the front just behind the infantry. His commanders and peers, who were less experienced in

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4784-433: The disestablishment of the Baranavichy Region, the raion , along with Novogrudok, became part of the Grodno Region , where it still is, now in Belarus. During the archaeological excavations at the Small Castle in Novogrudok in the period from 1955 to 1962, conducted by the Leningrad Department of the Institute of Archaeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences , an artefact was found, called "glass carved glass", belonging to

4876-399: The effect of Allied air power, disagreed vehemently with his suggestion, arguing that this would violate the prime principle of concentration of force. The infantry remained foot soldiers throughout the war, and artillery remained primarily horse-drawn. The motorized formations received much attention in the world press in the opening years of the war, and were cited as the main reason for

4968-409: The electrical fence surrounding the camp, and escaped into the moonless night. Twenty-four prisoners were recaptured, including Kushnir, who committed suicide. Many of the rest joined up with the Bielski partisans in the Naliboki forest . On June 29, 1944, with Soviet troops approaching as part of Operation Bagration , the Koldichevo camp was liquidated. 2,000 of the remaining prisoners were shot in

5060-418: The end later added the letter "k" turned [ouk], so the chronicle "Novgorodou" transformed into "Novgorodouk" and was later simplified to "Novogrudok". Locals use the older name " Navаgradak ", especially the older people. The place of stress is recorded in the publication of the "Tribunal for the inhabitants of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania'" (Vilna, 1586), where it is marked in print "in Novа́gorodku". At

5152-446: The enemy forces as quickly as possible. This approach, referred to as Blitzkrieg , was an operational doctrine instrumental in the success of the offensives in Poland and France. Blitzkrieg has been considered by many historians as having its roots in precepts developed by Fuller, Liddel-Hart, and Hans von Seeckt , and even having ancient prototypes practised by Alexander the Great , Genghis Khan , and Napoleon . Recent studies of

5244-493: The first archetype of Blitzkrieg , which then gained a fearsome reputation that dominated the Allied leaders' minds. Thus 'Blitzkrieg' was recognised after the fact, and while it became adopted by the Wehrmacht , it never became the official doctrine nor got used to its full potential because only a small part of the Wehrmacht was trained for it and key leaders at the highest levels either focused on only certain aspects or even did not understand it. Max Visser argues that

5336-483: The following infantry, as the infantry were considered a prerequisite for protecting the fast formations' flanks and rear and enabling supply columns carrying fuel, petrol, and ammunition to reach them. In defensive operations the infantry formations were deployed across the front to hold the main defense line and the mobile formations were concentrated in a small number of locations from where they launched focused counterattacks against enemy forces which had broken through

5428-454: The former home of Adam Mickiewicz. The first voivode of Novogrudok (1921-1924) was Władysław Raczkiewicz , later (1939-1947) President of Poland in exile. On May 13, 1922, Adam Mickiewicz's eldest son, Wladyslaw, came to Novogrudok to stay, and on October 30, 1922, the chief of state , Marshal Józef Piłsudski , came here. In the following years, the former power station was converted into a city theatre. Several other Polish presidents visited

5520-408: The infantry defense belt. In autumn 1942, at El Alamein , a lack of fuel compelled the German commander, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, to scatter his armoured units across the front in battalion-sized concentrations to reduce travel distances to each sector, rather than hold them concentrated in one location. In 1944 Rommel argued that in the face of overwhelming Allied air power the tactic of employing

5612-445: The last to leave the city. Earlier, they heroically defended the crossing of the Neman river against the Russian soldiers in the Battle of Stolbtsy . At the 18th century's end, there were 6 monasteries , 5 Catholic churches, 3 Orthodox churches, a synagogue , and a Tatar mosque in Novogrudok. In 1795, as a result of the third Partition of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , it was annexed by Imperial Russia . Administratively, it

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5704-453: The men marched on foot or rode bicycles . At the height of motorisation only 20 per cent of all units were fully motorised. The small German contingent fighting in North Africa was fully motorised (relying on horses in the desert was near to impossible because of the need to carry large quantities of water and fodder), but the much larger force invading the Soviet Union in June 1941 numbered only some 150,000 trucks and some 625,000 horses (water

5796-409: The most famous Jewish higher educational religious institutions in Novogrudok, the Novardok Yeshiva , which was one of the largest and most important yeshivas in pre-war Europe and a powerful force in the Musar movement . In 1905, the first gas street lamps appeared in Novogrudok. In 1910, there were 76 stone and 1074 wooden buildings in the city, and in 1914 there were 6 educational institutions in

5888-409: The name Abwehr was changed to the Overseas Department/Office in Defence of the Armed Forces High Command ( Amt Ausland/Abwehr im Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ). Germany used a system of military districts (German: Wehrkreis ) in order to relieve field commanders of as much administrative work as possible and to provide a regular flow of trained recruits and supplies to the field forces. The method

5980-418: The new territories, the city was briefly the centre of Navahrudak Region until it moved to Baranavichy , and region itself was renamed to Baranavichy Region and to the Novogrudok Raion (15 January 1940). On 22 June 1941, the city was subjected to German bombing, the former Starostvo, formerly the Radziwill Palace, and shopping malls were destroyed as Germany invaded the Soviet Union . On 4 July, Novogrudok

6072-473: The number they had at the beginning of the campaign, to mechanical wear and tear and combat damage. Most of these were lost during the retreat in the face of the Soviet counteroffensive from December 1941 to February 1942. Another substantial loss was incurred during the defeat of the German 6th Army at Stalingrad in the winter of 1942–1943. These losses in men and materiel led to motorised troops making up no more than 10% of total Heer forces at some points of

6164-420: The parents of Polish children, underground teaching in the Polish language and history. On 1 August 1943, the underground school ceased to exist after 11 nuns, the Martyrs of Nowogródek , including the main organizer of the school, were shot by the German occupiers on August 1, 1943. In the summer of 1944, units of the Home Army's Novogrudok partisan district partook in Operation Ostra Brama , fighting alongside

6256-410: The path of the mobile formations, mopping-up, widening the corridor manufactured by the breakthrough attack and solidifying the ring surrounding the enemy formations left behind, and then gradually destroying them in concentric attacks. One of the most significant problems bedeviling German offensives and initially alarming senior commanders was the gap created between the fast-moving "fast formations" and

6348-429: The power of voivodes, gave the right to create a magistrate-a self-government body, its seal and coat of arms – the image of the Archangel Michael) in the centre of the city as a memory of the history and former greatness of the ancient city, a memorial sign was installed. German Army (1935%E2%80%931945) The German Army ( German : Heer , German: [heːɐ̯] ; lit.   ' army ' )

6440-432: The rivers Servech and Uschi. On the morning of July 19, 1920, the Red Army again occupied Novogrudok. After crushing defeats in the Battle of Warsaw and later of the Niemen River , on October 1, 1920, Polish troops again occupied the city. These were detachments of the 1st and 5th Legions' Infantry Regiments , the 16th Infantry Regiment , and 3 batteries of the 1st Legionary Artillery Regiment. Most of them belonged to

6532-425: The ruins of a house with painted walls from the inside, which had suspended lanterns in which oil was lit) this, as well as the conclusion of the archaeologist that the city appeared on this site no later than the 9th century, allows Novogrudok to claim the role of historical chronicle Novgorod. In favour of this version of localization is the fact that in the earliest annals of Novgorod called "Novgorodou", and [ou] in

6624-690: The second half of the 11th century, fortifications were built around the settlement on the Castle hill , thus forming the Novogrudok detinets . On the Small Castle to the West of the detinets formed a settlement, which in the 12th century was also fortified and turned into a roundabout city. On the territory of the detinets, wooden ground buildings with wood burning stoves made out of adobe and plank floors were studied. The most important activities of

6716-607: The son and successor of Mindaugas, took monastic vows in Lavrashev Monastery near Novgorodok and founded an Orthodox convent there. The enmity between Mindaugas and his relatives, who were refuged in Volhynia , led to a great war with the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia , which made several major campaigns against the city. These campaigns forced Mindaugas to ally with the Livonian Order . In 1253, Mindaugas

6808-614: The success of the German invasions of Poland (September 1939), Denmark and Norway (1940), Belgium , France , and the Netherlands (May 1940), Yugoslavia (April 1941), and the initial stages of Operation Barbarossa , the invasion of the Soviet Union (June 1941). However, their motorised and tank formations accounted for only 20% of the Heer' s capacity at their peak strength. The army's lack of trucks and fuel to run them severely limited infantry movement, especially during and after

6900-439: The time of entry into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , the traditional Belarusian pronunciation Navа́gradak , transformed into the modern name Novogrudok , from Polish Nowogródek . Some historians believe that the chronicle versions of the name of the city – Novogorod , Novgorodok , Novy Gorodok , Novogorodok-Litovsky , etc. indicate that, perhaps, there was an old city center of the district – Radogoshcha. Novogrudok

6992-569: The townspeople of Novogrudok the privilege of 2 fairs a year for 2 weeks on the Catholic holidays Epiphany and Pentecost . In the 16th century, Novogrudok was also one of the Reformation 's centers. In September 1655, it was captured by Prince A. Trubetskoy's soldiers in the war between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . In 1661, the city was recaptured by

7084-405: The war, as overall supplies of raw materials and armaments became low. For example, lacking sufficient motor vehicles to equip more than a small portion of their army, the Germans chose to concentrate the available vehicles in a small number of divisions which were to be fully motorised. The other divisions continued to rely on horses for towing artillery, other heavy equipment, and supply wagons, and

7176-403: The war. In offensive operations the infantry formations were used to attack more or less simultaneously across a large portion of the front so as to pin the enemy forces ahead of them and draw attention to themselves, while the mobile formations were concentrated to attack only narrow sectors of the front, breaking through to the enemy rear and surrounding him. Some infantry formations followed in

7268-585: The west. This meant that by 1942, the authority of the Army High Command (OKH) was limited to the Eastern Front . The Abwehr was the army intelligence organisation from 1921 to 1944. The term Abwehr (German for "defence", here referring to counterintelligence ) had been created just after World War I as an ostensible concession to Allied demands that Germany's intelligence activities be for defensive purposes only. After 4 February 1938,

7360-405: Was Black Rus' , whose center was Novogrudok. Encyclopædia Britannica mentions only the following Lithuanian capitals: Kernavė , Trakai and Vilnius , excluding Novogrudok from the list. During the 16th century, three centuries after the events, Maciej Stryjkowski was the first, in his chronicle, to propose the theory that Novogrudok was the capital of the 13th-century state. Vaišvilkas ,

7452-427: Was a Catholic church in Novogrudok. Maciej Stryjkowski , asserts that Ringold's father, Algimunt, ruled in Novogrudok over all Rus' and Lithuania, starting from Vilija River up to Starodub , Chernigov , Turau and Karachaev , as well as all of Podlasie with its adjacent castles, Brest , Mielnik , Drohiczyn , etc., holding them in peaceful tenure. Mindaugas son Vaišvilkas ruled Novogrudok. Novogrudok

7544-609: Was a royal city . In 1568, there were 10 churches in the city. From 1581 to 1775, the city hosted some of the Lithuanian Tribunal 's sessions. On March 18, 1595, King Sigismund III Vasa granted the city a coat of arms depicting Saint Michael the Archangel . After the Union of Brest of 1595-1596, the Department of the Orthodox Metropolitanate became a Uniate one. In 1597, Sigismund III Vasa gave

7636-503: Was abundant and for many months of the year horses could forage, reducing the burden on the supply chain). However, the production of new motor vehicles by Germany, even with the exploitation of the industries of occupied countries, could not keep up with the heavy loss of motor vehicles during the winter of 1941–1942. From June 1941 to the end of February 1942 German forces in the Soviet Union lost some 75,000 trucks, approximately half

7728-519: Was crowned king of Lithuania on behalf of the Pope . Vaišvilkas made peace on behalf of his father with the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia and handed over Novogrudok and all Lithuanian cities to Roman Danylovich . After breaking the peace in 1258, Vaišvilkas again became a duke in Novogrudok, and then passed it along with the entire country to Shvarn . The Golden Horde Tatars repeatedly attacked Novogrudok in 1255, 1274, and finally in 1279. In 1314,

7820-657: Was declared part of the Belarusian People's Republic . On December 27, 1918, the German army's cavalry left Novogrudok. In the evening, the Bolsheviks entered the city, greeted with an ovation by the Jewish and Russian population. Soon, some Polish activists were arrested, and in March 1919, the Bolsheviks executed some of them in the castle ruins. On January 1, 1919, following the resolution and Congress of

7912-502: Was established in Baltic Yotvingian lands. Eastern Slavs, specifically Dregoviches and Volhynians , were the first settlers who established Novogrudok at the end of the 10th century. According to archaeological research conducted in Novogrudok in the 1960s, the settlements arose on modern Novogrudok's territory at the end of the 10th century, and the fortifications by the mid-11th century. Research also suggests that

8004-616: Was now only 20 km East of the city, along the Servechi river. The Germans built a power plant, a network of narrow-gauge railways, and telephone lines. The creation of polish and belarusian schools was also allowed in the city. Mickiewicz's house was occupied by General of Infantry Reinhard von Scheffer-Boyadel , the XVII Reserve Corps ' commander. Due to the front's proximity, Marshal Paul von Hindenburg came to Novogrudok. During German rule, on March 25, 1918, Novogrudok

8096-702: Was occupied by the Wehrmacht . Then, the Red Army was surrounded in the Novogrudok Cauldron . Nevertheless, during the German occupation, there was active resistance to the Nazis. In mid-December 1943, the Polish resistance separated the Novogrudok district of the Home Army from the Bialystok district. The headquarters of the Home Army's district was in Lida . The Nazis killed more than 10,000 Jews in

8188-478: Was one of Mindaugas' residences . Some identify Novogrudok as Lithuania 's first capital, later the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , however, this is refuted by the fact that Voruta is the only contemporary mention of a possible early Lithuanian capital ruled by Mindaugas . Voruta's most likely location has been identified as Šeimyniškėliai mound . The Great Russian Encyclopedia states that Mindaugas' state had no permanent capitals, but his early residence

8280-554: Was part of Lithuania Proper . Since 1392, Novogrudok was one of the centres of the Grand Ducal demesne of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , where the stone Novogrudok Castle was built. The Novogrudok Castle's firmness allowed the existence of a Castellan and a Koniuszy . At the end of the 14th and start of the 15th century, Vytautas settled the Lipka Tatars in Novogrudok and its surroundings. In 1428, he recorded

8372-812: Was part of the Slonim Governorate since 1796, and the Lithuania Governorate since 1801. It was transferred to the Minsk Governorate in 1843. The city is one of two possible birthplaces of the world-renowned poet Adam Mickiewicz . Mickiewicz was baptized in the local Transfiguration Church and spent his childhood in the city. During the Napoleonic Wars , the Polish 20th Infantry Regiment and 19th Uhlan Regiment were formed from local residents after Novogrudok's occupation by Napoleon 's Grande Armée in 1812. In 1817,

8464-507: Was the land forces component of the Wehrmacht , the regular armed forces of Nazi Germany , from 1935 until it effectively ceased to exist in 1945 and then was formally dissolved in August 1946. During World War II , a total of about 13.6 million volunteers and conscripts served in the German Army. Only 17 months after Adolf Hitler announced the German rearmament programme in 1935,

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