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60-506: (Redirected from Kolomyja ) Kołomyja may refer to the following places: Kolomyia , Ukraine (called Kołomyja in Polish) Kołomyja, Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

120-510: A commonly-known ditty that translates as follows: inherited wooden towns and left them fortified with stone and brick (Kazimierz Wielki zastał Polskę drewnianą, a zostawił murowaną). He organized a meeting of kings in Kraków in 1364 at which he exhibited the wealth of the Polish kingdom. Casimir is the only king in Polish history to both receive and retain the title of "Great", as Bolesław I

180-679: A deputy mayor stopped them. The Ukrainians prepared lists of Jews they wanted to see punished. On 1 August the town became part of the German controlled Generalgouvernement and the anti Jewish measures increased. In October, the Germans and their Ukrainian auxiliaries arrested 3000 Jews according to the lists prepared by the Ukrainians. These Jews were taken by truck to the Szeparowce Forest where they were shot. The Great Synagogue in

240-516: A favourable Hungarian attitude, needed in disputes with the hostile Teutonic Order and the Kingdom of Bohemia . At the time Casimir was 45 years old, and so producing a son did not seem unreasonable. Casimir left no legal son, however, begetting five daughters instead. He tried to adopt his grandson, Casimir IV, Duke of Pomerania , in his last will. The child had been born to his eldest daughter, Elisabeth, Duchess of Pomerania , in 1351. This part of

300-602: A land tax paid by the lower social class. On 9 October 1334, Casimir confirmed the privileges granted to Jews in 1264 by Bolesław V the Chaste . Under penalty of death , he prohibited the kidnapping of Jewish children for the purpose of enforced Christian baptism , and he inflicted heavy punishment for the desecration of Jewish cemeteries. While Jews had lived in Poland since before his reign, Casimir allowed them to settle in Poland in great numbers and protected them as people of

360-430: A paper mill, a clothes factory on Valova St, a printing house on Mazepa St., and a canned fruit plant. Most of these companies were widely known in the former Soviet Union and abroad, as they were highly advanced in terms of equipment, skilled workers, and engineering staff. These enterprises produced many products, with people working in several shifts, and providing the village with received significant tax revenues. It

420-491: A stone-built church there. In 1405 the town's town rights were confirmed and it was granted with the Magdeburg Law , which allowed the burghers limited self-governance. This move made the development of the area faster and Kołomyja, as it was called then, attracted many settlers from many parts of Europe. Apart from the local Ukrainians and Poles , many Armenians , Jews , and Hungarians settled there. In 1411

480-608: A summer theatre in the present Trylovskoho park (formerly named Kirov park). A film store of regional importance also closed down. As a result, many people found themselves unemployed, and many town residents felt forced to move abroad to find work. Those companies that have remained from the Soviet era barely function. These include a curtain factory, a paper mill, Metalozavod , Plant PRUT (programmable electronic educational terminals),a cheese factory, "Kolomyiasilmash", Kolomyia Plant management of building materials, Kolomyia Motor Company,

540-439: A widower for two years. On 29 September 1341, Casimir married his second wife, Adelaide of Hesse . She was a daughter of Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse , and Elizabeth of Meissen. They had no children. Casimir started living separately from Adelaide soon after the marriage. Their loveless marriage lasted until 1356, when he declared himself divorced. After Casimir "divorced" Adelaide he married his mistress Christina Rokiczana ,

600-557: Is a city located on the Prut River in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast ( province ), in western Ukraine . It serves as the administrative centre of Kolomyia Raion ( district ). The city rests approximately halfway between Ivano-Frankivsk and Chernivtsi , in the centre of the historical region of Pokuttia , with which it shares much of its history. Kolomyia hosts the administration of Kolomyia urban hromada , one of

660-523: Is a sister village of Nysa in Poland, to which many of its former inhabitants had to move after the war. Since late 2015, Kolomyia has been the headquarters of the Ukrainian 10th Mountain Brigade . Until 18 July 2020, Kolomyia was incorporated as a town of oblast significance and served as the administrative center of Kolomyia Raion though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of

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720-818: Is more commonly known as "the Brave". Casimir ensured stability and great prospects for the future of the country. He established the Corona Regni Poloniae – the Crown of the Polish Kingdom, which certified the existence of the Polish lands independently from the monarch. Prior to that, the lands were only the property of the Piast dynasty . At the Sejm in Wiślica , on 11 March 1347, Casimir introduced reforms to

780-1111: The USSR Law "On the inclusion of the Western Ukraine in the Soviet Union to the reunification of the Ukrainian SSR " (1 November 1939) at the request of the Commission of the Plenipotentiary of the People's Assembly of Western Ukraine . The decision to file motions stipulated in the Declaration "On joining of Western Ukraine in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic " was adopted by the People's Assembly of Western Ukraine in Lviv , 27 October 1939. On 14 November 1939,

840-479: The hromadas of Ukraine. The population is 60,821 (2022 estimate). The city is a notable railroad hub, as well as an industrial centre ( textiles , shoes, metallurgical plant, machine works, wood and paper industry). It is a centre of Hutsul culture. Until 1925 the town was the most populous town in the region. Before the Holocaust about half the town’s population was Jewish . The settlement of Kolomyia

900-662: The Austrians, and many Jewish homes were ransacked and destroyed. The Russian advance occupied the town in September 1914. In 1915 the Austrians retook the town. As a result of the collapse of Austria-Hungary , both the town itself and the surrounding region became disputed between renascent Poland and the West Ukrainian People's Republic . However, during the Polish-Ukrainian War of 1919, it

960-525: The Moldavian prince Stephen the Great , and it is one of the earliest known uprisings of Ukrainians against Polish oppression. Besides Kolomyia, these rebellions saw the capture of other cities of Pokuttia , and reached as far west as Lviv, but without capturing the latter. With the death of Stephen the Great of Moldavia, the neighbouring state started to experience both internal and external pressure from

1020-402: The Moldavian prince as support in his battles, which he won in the end. In 1490, due to increased oppression of Ukrainians at the hands of the Polish, a series of successful rebellions was led by modern Ukrainian hero Petro Mukha, joined by other Ukrainians, such as Cossacks and Hutsuls, in addition to Moldavians ( Romanians ). Known as Mukha's Rebellion , this series of battles was supported by

1080-914: The Polish army and doubled the size of the kingdom. He reformed the judicial system and introduced several undying codified statutes, gaining the title "the Polish Justinian ". Casimir built extensively and founded the Jagiellonian University (back then simply called the University of Krakow), the oldest Polish university and one of the oldest in the world . He also confirmed privileges and protections previously granted to Jews and encouraged them to settle in Poland in great numbers. Casimir left no legitimate sons. When he died in 1370 from an injury received while hunting, his nephew, King Louis I of Hungary , succeeded him as king of Poland in personal union with Hungary . Casimir

1140-818: The Polish judicial system and sanctioned civil and criminal codes for Great and Lesser Poland, earning the title "the Polish Justinian". In 1364, having received permission from Pope Urban V, Casimir established the University of Kraków , now the oldest university in Poland. It was regarded as a rare distinction, since it was only the second university founded in Central Europe, after the Charles University in Prague. Casimir demonstrated competence in foreign diplomacy and managed to double

1200-521: The Szeparowce Forest or sent to Belzec. Only about 200 Jews were still alive when the Red Army liberated Kolomyia from the German invaders on 28 March 1944. Other Jews who had been deported or fled to the Soviet Union survived there. After liberation, many construction workers, teachers, doctors, engineers and other skilled professionals began to arrive to restore the ruined town. They arrived from

1260-708: The Third Extraordinary Session of the Supreme Soviet of USSR decided: "Accept Western Ukraine in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , and thus reunite the great Ukrainian people in a unified Ukrainian state." In 1940 part of the local population, Jews and Christians alike, were arrested by the NKVD , and sent to the Gulag system or to various Soviet prisons that contained Poles, Jews, Ukrainians, Hungarians, and many others. In June 1941,

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1320-536: The Turks. As a consequence of border skirmishes, as well as natural disasters, the town was struck by fires in 1502, 1505, 1513, and 1520. Władysław II Jagiełło , needing financial support in his battles against the Teutonic Knights , used the region as a guarantee in a loan which he obtained from Petru II of Moldavia , who thus gained control of Pokuttia in 1388. Therefore, it became the feudal property of

1380-430: The administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast to six, the town of Kolomyia was merged into Kolomyia Raion. Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census : Kolomyia is twinned with: Casimir III of Poland Casimir inherited a kingdom weakened by war and under his rule it became relatively prosperous and wealthy. He reformed

1440-411: The castle on the hill above the town to Maria, widow of Prince Iliaș of Moldavia as a dowry. In exchange, she refurbished the castle and reinforced it. In 1456 the town was granted yet another privilege. This time the king allowed the town authorities to stop all merchants passing by the town, and force them to sell their goods at the local market. This gave the town an additional boost, especially as

1500-458: The defence were slaughtered, while the rest were forced to pay high indemnities. The town was returned to Poland soon afterwards, but the city's growth lost its momentum. In 1620, another Polono-Turkish war broke out. After the Polish defeat at Țuțora , Kolomyia was yet again seized by the Turks. In 1626 the town was burned to the ground, while all of residents were enslaved in a jasyr . After

1560-534: The development of infrastructure, the town became a major railroad hub, as well as the garrison village of the 49th Hutsul Rifle Regiment . In the interbellum period, every Thursday a market took place at the main square of the town. The town had a monument to Polish poet Franciszek Karpinski , a monument to Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz , and an obelisk near the town, located in a spot where in 1485 hospodar Stephen III of Moldavia paid tribute to king Kazimierz IV Jagiellon . In 1920-30s workers' strikes took place in

1620-585: The eastern part of Ukraine and other parts of the Soviet Union. But the Jewish community was not revived. During the Cold War the town was the headquarters of the 44th Rocket Division of the Strategic Rocket Forces , which had previously been the 73rd Engineer Brigade RVGK at Kamyshin . The division was disbanded on 31 March 1990. It is now a part of Ukraine , independent since 1991. By

1680-579: The economy was ruined. In 1335, in the Treaty of Trentschin , Casimir was forced to relinquish his claims to Silesia "in perpetuity". Casimir began to rebuild the country and strengthen its defenses. During his reign, nearly 30 towns were supplied with fortification walls and some 50 castles were constructed, including castles along the Trail of the Eagle's Nests . These achievements are still celebrated today, in

1740-464: The end of that century, commerce attracted even more inhabitants from all over Galicia . There were established publishers and print houses. Moreover, a new Jesuit Catholic church was built in Kolomyia, as it was called by German authorities, along with a Lutheran church built in 1874. By 1901 the number of inhabitants grew to 34,188, approximately half of them Jews. In 1900 the Jewish population

1800-567: The fortress-town was given away for 25 years to the Vlach Hospodar Olexander as a gift for his support in the war against Hungary. In 1443, a year before his death, King Wladislaus II of Poland granted the town yet another privilege which allowed the burghers to trade salt , one of the most precious minerals of the Middle Ages . Since the castle gradually fell into disarray, in 1448 King Casimir IV of Poland gave

1860-467: The ghetto, being fit to work. Those in hiding were shot, and others sent to Belzec to be murdered. Jews from surrounding villages were brought to the ghetto and they too, with more Kolomyia Jews, were sent to Belzec. In February 1943, the last Jews, who had been kept behind as laborers were killed by clubbing and shooting. Overall, more than 70,000 Jews from Kolomyia and the area were killed in Kolomyja and

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1920-412: The history of Galicia can be read in the article Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria . However, as it provided very little profit, Kolomyia was sold to the castellan of Bełz , Ewaryst Kuropatnicki , who became the town's owner. The magnate financed a new Our Lady's Church, but he lacked the financial means to accelerate the town`s growth. Prosperity returned to the town in the mid-19th century, when it

1980-465: The king . About 70 percent of the world's European Jews, or Ashkenazi , can trace their ancestry to Poland due to Casimir's reforms. Casimir's legendary Jewish mistress Esterka remains unconfirmed by direct historical evidence. Casimir III was married four times: On 30 April or 16 October 1325, Casimir married Aldona of Lithuania , daughter of Grand Duke Gediminas of Lithuania and Jewna . They had: Aldona died on 26 May 1339. Casimir remained

2040-623: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kołomyja&oldid=932948466 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Kolomyia Kolomyia , formerly known as Kolomea ( Ukrainian : Коломия , pronounced [koloˈmɪjɐ] ; Polish : Kołomyja ; German : Kolomea ; Romanian : Colomeea ; Yiddish : קאָלאָמיי ‎ , romanized :  Kolomey ),

2100-595: The next 15 years, until Petru Rareș's death. The following year, hetman Jan Tarnowski recaptured the town and defeated the Moldavians in the Battle of Obertyn . This victory secured the city's existence for the following years, but the Ottoman power grew and Poland's southern border remained insecure. In 1589, the Turks crossed the border and seized Kolomyia almost immediately. All the burghers who had taken part in

2160-583: The northern shores of the Black Sea . This became a direct threat to Moldavia. In search of allies, its ruler Stephen the Great came to Kolomyia and paid homage to the Polish king, thus becoming a vassal of the Polish Crown . For the ceremony, both monarchs came with roughly 20,000 knights, which was probably the biggest festivity ever held in the town. After the festivity most knights returned home, apart from 3,000 under Jan Karnkowski, who were given to

2220-479: The other for Orthodox . In 1388 the king Władysław Jagiełło was forced by the war with the Teutonic Order to pawn the area of Pokuttia to the hospodar of Moldavia , Petru II . Although the town remained under Polish sovereignty, the income of the customs offices in the area was given to the Moldavians, after which time the debt was repaid. In 1412 the king erected a Dominican order monastery and

2280-468: The princes of Moldavia , but remained within the Kingdom of Poland . After the Battle of the Cosmin Forest , in 1498, Pokuttia was conquered by Stephen the Great , annexed and retained by Moldavia until the Battle of Obertyn in 1531, when it was recaptured by Poland's hetman Jan Tarnowski , who defeated Stephen's son Petru Rareș . Minor Polish-Moldavian clashes for Pokuttia continued for

2340-528: The region was one of three salt-producing areas in Poland (the other two being Wieliczka and Bochnia ), both not far from Kraków . The area was relatively peaceful for the next century. However, the vacuum after the decline of the Golden Horde started to be filled by yet another power in the area: the Ottoman Empire . In 1485 Sultan Beyazid II captured Belgorod and Kilia , two ports on

2400-743: The size of his kingdom. He neutralized relations with potential enemies to the west and north, and began to expand his territory eastward. He conquered the Ruthenian kingdom of Halych and Volodymyr (a territory in the modern-day Ukraine ), known in Polish history as Red Ruthenia and Volhynia. By extending the borders far south-east, the Polish kingdom gained access to the lucrative Black Sea trade. In 1355, in Buda , Casimir designated his nephew Louis I of Hungary as his successor should he produce no male heir, just as his father had with Charles I of Hungary to gain help against Bohemia. In exchange Casimir gained

2460-492: The testament was invalidated by Louis I of Hungary, however, who had traveled to Kraków quickly after Casimir died (in 1370) and bribed the nobles with future privileges. Casimir III also had a son-in-law, Louis VI of Bavaria, Margrave and Prince-elector of Brandenburg , who was considered a possible successor, but he was deemed ineligible as his wife, Casimir's daughter Cunigunde, had died in 1357 without issue. Thus King Louis I of Hungary became successor in Poland. Louis

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2520-505: The time of independence the vast majority of industrial enterprises of Kolomyia had closed or had been eliminated: Plant "Kolomyiasilmash", "Zahotzerno", plant "Elektroosnastka", factory "17 September", a shoe factory, a woodworking factory, plant KRP (complete switchgears),the printing house on Valova St.,a brush manufacturer, a weaving factory and many others. Also shut down were movie theatres; there had been four: Irchan movie theatre, Kirov movie theatre, movie theatre "Yunist" (Youth), and

2580-401: The town was bombed by Nazi Germany airforce. This caused many Jews and young people to flee east. Briefly, the town was occupied by Hungary, a German ally. During their occupation, the Ukrainian townspeople launched a pogrom against Jews, beating, robbing, and humiliating them. Several hundred were forced to remove Lenin's statue from the town square. Ukrainians were preparing to shoot many when

2640-691: The town was burned. The next month, 2000 more were taken to the same forest by the Germans and their Ukrainian allies and shot and in December another 1200 suffered the same fate. More Aktions followed in January though March 1942 so that the Jewish population of the town, which had been 30,000 before June was now only 17,000. At this point, the Germans established a ghetto forcing Jews to move there within 24 hours. In April 5000 Jews were rounded up and sent to Belzec , where they were immediately murdered. In September 1942, more than 1000 Jews were selected to stay in

2700-595: The town was occupied by the Red Army . As a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , the occupied town became a part of the Soviet Union as a region of the Ukrainian SSR . The accession of the Western Ukraine to the Soviet Union (Reunion of Western Ukraine and USSR ) – the adoption of the Soviet Union in Western Ukraine with the adoption of an Extraordinary Session V of the Supreme Soviet of

2760-549: The village, possibly organized by the Communist Party of Western Ukraine that was established in Kolomyia in 1923. In 1921 a music school was established in Kolomyia. After the outbreak of World War II with the Invasion of Poland of 1939, the town was thought of as one of the centres of Polish defence of the so-called Romanian Bridgehead . However, the Soviet invasion from the east made these plans obsolete, and

2820-546: The war the area yet again returned to Poland. With the town in ruins, the starosta of Kamieniec Podolski fortress financed its reconstruction – slightly further away from the Prut River . The town was rebuilt, but never regained its power and remained one of many similar-scaled centres in the area. During the Khmelnytskyi Uprising in 1648–54, the Kolomyia county became a centre of a peasant unrest (Pokuttia Uprising) led by Semen Vysochan. The rebels' centre

2880-845: The widow of Miklusz Rokiczani, a wealthy merchant. Her own origins are unknown. Following the death of her first husband she had entered the court of Bohemia in Prague as a lady-in-waiting . Casimir brought her with him from Prague and convinced the abbot of the Benedictine abbey of Tyniec to marry them. The marriage was held in a secret ceremony but soon became known. Queen Adelaide renounced it as bigamous and returned to Hesse. Casimir continued living with Christine despite complaints by Pope Innocent VI on behalf of Queen Adelaide. This marriage lasted until 1363–64 when Casimir again declared himself divorced. They had no children. In about 1365, Casimir married his fourth wife Hedwig of Żagań . She

2940-711: Was seized without a fight by the Romanian Land Forces under General Iacob Zadik , and handed over to Polish authorities. According to the Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia , it was taken over by the Polish bourgeoisie and land owners. During the Polish-Bolshevik 1919 war in Ukraine, a Polish division under General Zeligowski tore through Bessarabia and Bukovina and stopped in Kolomyia during its winter march to Poland. Kolomyia

3000-492: Was 16,568, again nearly 50% of the town's population. The Jewish community had a Great Synagogue, and about 30 other synagogues. In 1910 Jews were prohibited from selling alcoholic beverages. In 1911 they were prohibited from salt and wine occupations. After the outbreak of World War I , the town saw fierce battles between the forces of the Russian Empire and Austria-Hungary . Jews were abused for supposedly supporting

3060-404: Was a daughter of Henry V of Iron , Duke of Żagań and Anna of Mazovia. They had three children: As Adelheid was still alive (and possibly Christina as well), the marriage to Hedwig was also considered bigamous. Because of this, the legitimacy of his three young daughters was disputed. Casimir managed to have Anna and Kunigunde legitimated by Pope Urban V on 5 December 1369. Jadwiga the younger

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3120-399: Was a town of Otynia . With the help of incoming Cossack forces, Vysochan managed to overtake the important local fortress of Pniv (today – a village of Nadvirna Raion ) and eventually managed to take under its control most of cities and villages in the region providing great support for the advancing Cossack forces of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi . Soon however with advancing Polish troops, Vysochan

3180-477: Was annexed to Poland by King Casimir III following the Galicia–Volhynia Wars , along with the rest of the Kingdom of Rus' . Sometime in the 1340s, another fortress was erected there. In a short time the settlement became one of the most notable centres of commerce in the area. Because of that, the population rose rapidly. Prior to 1353 there were two parishes in the settlement, one for Catholics and

3240-524: Was born on 30 April 1310 in Kowal , Kuyavia , the third son of Ladislaus the Short and Jadwiga of Kalisz . He had two brothers who died in infancy and three sisters: Kunegunda, Elżbieta, and Jadwiga. When Casimir attained the throne in 1333, his position was in danger, as his neighbours did not recognise his title and instead called him "king of Kraków ". The kingdom was depopulated and exhausted by war, and

3300-612: Was first mentioned by the Hypatian Chronicle in 1240 and the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle in 1241 a time of the Mongol invasion of Rus' . Initially part of Kievan Rus' , it later belonged to one of its successor states , the principality of Halych-Volhynia . On the order of Boroldai , the town fortress was burnt down in 1259. Since the mid-13th century it was known for its salt mining industry. In 1340 it

3360-487: Was forced to retreat to the eastern Podillya where he continued to fight under commands of Ivan Bohun and Ivan Sirko . In the 17th century the town`s outskirts saw another peasant rebellion led by Oleksa Dovbush . The rebels were known as opryshky . As a result of the first of Partitions of Poland (Treaty of St. Petersburg dated 5 July 1772), Kolomyia was attributed to the Habsburg monarchy . More details about

3420-412: Was known for siding with the weak when the law did not protect them from nobles and clergymen. He reportedly even supported a peasant whose house had been demolished by his own mistress, after she had ordered it to be pulled down because it disturbed her enjoyment of the beautiful landscape. His popularity with the peasants helped to rebuild the country, as part of the reconstruction program was funded by

3480-404: Was linked to the world through the Lemberg - Czernowitz railroad. In 1848 in Kolomyia was built a public library which was one of the first in eastern Galicia. In 1861 there was opened a gymnasium where studied among others Petro Kozlaniuk, Vasyl Stefanyk , Marko Cheremshyna . By 1882 the town had almost 24,000 inhabitants, including roughly 12,000 Jews, 6,000 Ruthenians, and 4,000 Poles. Until

3540-515: Was proclaimed king upon Casimir's death in 1370, though Casimir's sister Elisabeth (Louis's mother) held much of the real power until her death in 1380. Casimir was facetiously named "the Peasants' King". He introduced the codes of law of Greater and Lesser Poland as an attempt to end the overwhelming superiority of the nobility. During his reign all three major classes — the nobility, priesthood, and bourgeoisie — were more or less counterbalanced, allowing Casimir to strengthen his monarchic position. He

3600-514: Was then temporarily occupied by the Romanians and the border was near the town (shtetl) Otynia between Stanislav and Kolomyia. After the Polish-Soviet War it remained in Poland as a capital of a powiat within the Stanisławów Voivodship . By 1931 the number of inhabitants grew to over 41,000. The ethnic mixture was composed of Jews, Poles, Ukrainians (including Hutsuls), Germans, Armenians, and Hungarians, as well as of descendants of Valachians and other nationalities of former Austria-Hungary . With

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