126-549: The Kolsås Line ( Norwegian : Kolsåsbanen ) is a 12.1-kilometer (7.5 mi) line of the Oslo Metro . It branches off from the Røa Line at Smestad Station and runs through western Oslo and Bærum to Kolsås Station . It serves the neighborhoods of Ullernåsen , Øraker , Jar , Bekkestua , Haslum , Gjettum and Kolsås . It is served by Line 3 of the metro at a 15-minute headway . The section from Jar to Bekkestua
252-455: A passing loop and at Kolsås a balloon loop was built. The line caused the closing of the bus from Haslum to Bærum Hospital, and the bus from Lommedalen was rerouted to correspond with the tram at Kolsås. A mixed route scheme was introduced, where full-service trams operated all stations from the city center to Jar, while express trams would only serve boarding passengers from Athenæum to Tjernsrud . The full-services ran every 12 minutes and
378-430: A bridge, a tunnel , or a level crossing . A variant on the side platform is the spanish solution which has platforms on both sides of a single through track. Modern station platforms can be constructed from a variety of materials such as glass-reinforced polymer , pre-cast concrete or expanded polystrene , depending on the underlying substructure. Most stations have their platforms numbered consecutively from 1;
504-412: A curved platform – often a platform gap is present. Usually such platforms will have warning signs, possibly auditory, such as London Underground 's famous phrase " Mind the gap ". There may be moveable gap filler sections within the platform, extending once the train has stopped and retracting after the doors have closed. The New York City Subway employs these at 14th Street–Union Square on
630-435: A distinct dialect at the level of farm clusters. Dialects are in some cases so dissimilar as to be unintelligible to unfamiliar listeners. Many linguists note a trend toward regionalization of dialects that diminishes the differences at such local levels; there is, however, a renewed interest in preserving dialects. Norwegian nouns are inflected for number (singular/plural) and for definiteness (indefinite/definite). In
756-548: A few dialects, definite nouns are also inflected for the dative case . Norwegian nouns belong to three noun classes (genders): masculine, feminine and neuter. All feminine nouns can optionally be inflected using masculine noun class morphology in Bokmål due to its Danish heritage. In comparison, the use of all three genders (including the feminine) is mandatory in Nynorsk. All Norwegian dialects have traditionally retained all
882-669: A few of the departures were being carried out using the new MX3000 trains. With the line closing in Bærum there came a series of protests. A main political concern was the increased traffic and congestion on the highways. The tramway continued to run to Jar, and therefore an extension of this service along the Kolsås Line was called for. After small investments were made the tram to Jar was extended to Bekkestua on 20 August 2007. The unidirectional SL79 trams had to run to Avløs to turn around, although they did not operate revenue services on
1008-499: A few stations, including Cardiff Central , Haymarket , King's Cross , Stockport , and Gravesend (in the UK); and Lidcombe, Sydney (Australia), start from 0. At Bristol Temple Meads platforms 3 through to 12 are split along their length with odd numbered platforms facing north and east and even facing south and west, with a small signal halfway along the platform. Some, such as London Waterloo East , use letters instead of numbers (this
1134-531: A further extension to Bærums Verk , has been proposed. Several routes to Rykkinn have been proposed along various trajectories, normally with three stations. Some of these include routes in a tunnel. A light rail report was issued in 2004. Political indications state that the line will be prioritized after the Fornebu Line and the extension of the Furuset Line to Akershus University Hospital and that
1260-505: A guideline for platform safety specifies that for the platforms with train passing speeds between 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph) and 200 kilometres per hour (120 mph), there should be a yellow-line buffer zone of 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) and other warning signs. If trains can pass at speeds higher than 200 kilometres per hour (120 mph), the platforms should be inaccessible to passengers unless there are waiting rooms or screened areas to provide protection. The European Union has
1386-661: A low floor serves a station built for trains with a high floor, for example at the Dutch stations of the DB Regionalbahn Westfalen (see Enschede ). On the London Underground some stations are served by both District line and Piccadilly line trains, and the Piccadilly trains have lower floors. A tram stop is often in the middle of the street; usually it has as a platform a refuge area of
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#17327721356251512-418: A narrower loading gauge and shorter platforms, making it necessary to provide separate platforms for them. The line continues past Gjønnes and Haslum to Avløs , which is one of the three Oslo Metro depots . After that point, it passes through the stations of Valler to Gjettum and Hauger before reaching the terminus, Kolsås Station , which, situated 17.3 kilometers (10.7 mi) from Stortinget,
1638-441: A new Norwegian language at the age of 22. He traveled around the country collecting words and examples of grammar from the dialects and comparing the dialects among the different regions. He examined the development of Icelandic , which had largely escaped the influences under which Norwegian had come. He called his work, which was published in several books from 1848 to 1873, Landsmål , meaning 'national language'. The name Landsmål
1764-501: A noun, unlike English which has a separate article, the , to indicate the same. In general, almost all nouns in Bokmål follow these patterns (like the words in the examples above): In contrast, almost all nouns in Nynorsk follow these patterns (the noun gender system is more pronounced than in Bokmål): There is in general no way to infer what grammatical gender a specific noun has, but there are some patterns of nouns where
1890-450: A proposition in 2010 to build additional housing in the vicinity of the metro stations. The next section to open was to Bjørnsletta, on 18 August 2010. It was built in a new location, replacing the old station with the same name and Lysakerelven. This was followed by an extension of Jar 1 December. At the same time the tramway services were extended from Lilleaker to Jar. Another extension took place on 15 August 2011, to Bekkestua. Tjernsrud,
2016-410: A regulation for platforms that are close to tracks with train passing speeds of 250 kilometres per hour (160 mph) or more should not be accessible to passengers unless there is a lower speed limit for trains that intend to stop at the station or there are barriers to limit access. Platforms usually have some form of warnings or measures to keep passengers away from the tracks. The simplest measure
2142-488: A shelfware tram mode which has low investment costs and optimized for street running. If the trams are to be used concurrently with the metro, they need to have a reinforced cab to better withstand a head-on collision and automatic train protection. This will make procuring shelfware impossible, while providing worse sight-lines for the motorman and increased damage in case of collisions elsewhere. The increased unit cost per tram would be about 2 to 3.5 million kroner. In addition,
2268-477: A significant safety problem as the safe distance from the platform edge increases with the speed of the passing train. A study done by the United States Department of Transportation in 1999 found that trains passing station platforms at speeds of 240 kilometres per hour (150 mph) can pose safety concerns to passengers on the platforms who are 2 metres (6.6 ft) away from the edge due to
2394-409: A similar height to that of the sidewalk, e.g. 100 mm (4 in), and sometimes has no platform. The latter requires extra care by passengers and other traffic to avoid accidents. Both types of tram stops can be seen in the tram networks of Melbourne and Toronto . Sometimes a tram stop is served by ordinary trams with rather low floors and metro -like light rail vehicles with higher floors, and
2520-771: A train can arrive is referred to as a "track" (e.g. "The train is arriving on Track 5"). In other countries, such as the UK and Ireland, platform refers specifically to the place where the train stops, which means that in such a case island platforms are allocated two separate numbers, one for each side. Some countries are in the process of switching from platform to track numbers, i.e. the Czech Republic and Poland. In locations where track numbers are used an island platform would be described as one platform with two tracks. Many stations also have numbered tracks which are used only for through traffic and do not have platform access. Some of
2646-500: A tuberculosis hospital at Ullern had been built in the immediate vicinity of the line. Concession for this route was granted on 30 April 1937, but Aker Municipality protested, because they did not want noise pollution at the hospitals. Another concern was that the magnetic field from the overhead wires could affect the instruments at the hospitals. The route was therefore moved, but this made construction more difficult due to worse geological conditions. Construction started in 1939, but
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#17327721356252772-470: A visually-contrasting color, for the full length of the platform. Ideally platforms should be straight or slightly convex , so that the guard (if any) can see the whole train when preparing to close the doors. Platforms that have great curvature have blind spots that create a safety hazard. Mirrors or closed-circuit cameras may be used in these cases to view the whole platform. Also passenger carriages are straight, so doors will not always open directly onto
2898-469: Is 22 minutes, and from Kolsås to Stortinget is 30 minutes. Operations are carried out by Sporveien T-banen on contract with Ruter, the public transport authority in Oslo and Akershus . The infrastructure itself is owned by Sporveien , a municipal company. Service is provided using MX3000 three- and six-car trains. In 2002 the stations along the line had an average weekday 8,568 boarding passengers. Bekkestua
3024-413: Is Bokmål will study Nynorsk as a mandatory subject throughout both elementary and high school. A 2005 poll indicates that 86.3% use primarily Bokmål as their daily written language, 5.5% use both Bokmål and Nynorsk, and 7.5% use primarily Nynorsk. Thus, 13% are frequently writing Nynorsk, though the majority speak dialects that resemble Nynorsk more closely than Bokmål. Broadly speaking, Nynorsk writing
3150-440: Is a pitch-accent language with two distinct pitch patterns, like Swedish. They are used to differentiate two-syllable words with otherwise identical pronunciation. For example, in many East Norwegian dialects, the word bønder ('farmers') is pronounced using the simpler tone 1, while bønner ('beans' or 'prayers') uses the more complex tone 2. Though spelling differences occasionally differentiate written words, in most cases
3276-411: Is a language form based on Norwegian dialects and puristic opposition to Danish. The now-abandoned official policy to merge Bokmål and Nynorsk into one common language called Samnorsk through a series of spelling reforms has created a wide spectrum of varieties of both Bokmål and Nynorsk. The unofficial form known as Riksmål is considered more conservative than Bokmål and is far closer to Danish while
3402-620: Is at Hubballi Junction in India at 1,507 metres (4,944 ft). The Appalachian Trail station or Benson station in the United States, at the other extreme, has a platform which is only long enough for a single bench. Among some United States train conductors the word "platform" has entered usage as a verb meaning "to berth at a station", as in the announcement: "The last two cars of this train will not platform at East Rockaway". The most basic form of platform consists of an area at
3528-610: Is built as a dual system with overhead wires , allowing Line 13 of the Oslo Tramway to continue from the Lilleaker Line to Bekkestua every ten minutes. The Kolsås Line was built as an extension of the Lilleaker Line. It had been built to Lilleaker in 1919. The line was extended to Avløs on 1 July 1924, and the line was extended to Kolsås on 1 January 1930. The line was initially owned by Bærumsbanen , which
3654-736: Is comparable with that of French on English after the Norman conquest . In the late Middle Ages, dialects began to develop in Scandinavia because the population was rural and little travel occurred. When the Reformation came from Germany, Martin Luther 's High German translation of the Bible was quickly translated into Swedish, Danish, and Icelandic. Norway entered a union with Denmark in 1397 and Danish, over time, replaced Middle Norwegian as
3780-503: Is markings near the edge of the platform to demarcate the distance back that passengers should remain. Often a special tiled surface is used as well as a painted line, to help blind people using a walking aid, and help in preventing wheelchairs from rolling too near the platform edge. In the US, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 regulations require a detectable warning strip 24 inches (61 cm) wide, consisting of truncated dome bumps in
3906-423: Is now considered their classic forms after a reform in 1917. Riksmål was, in 1929, officially renamed Bokmål (literally 'book language'), and Landsmål to Nynorsk (literally 'new Norwegian'). A proposition to substitute Danish-Norwegian ( dansk-norsk ) for Bokmål lost in parliament by a single vote. The name Nynorsk , the linguistic term for modern Norwegian , was chosen to contrast with Danish and emphasise
Kolsås Line - Misplaced Pages Continue
4032-401: Is one at which the track terminates, i.e. a dead-end or siding . Trains serving a bay platform must reverse in or out. A side platform is the more usual type, alongside tracks where the train arrives from one end and leaves towards the other. An island platform has through platforms on both sides; it may be indented on one or both ends, with bay platforms. To reach an island platform there may be
4158-415: Is only served by the metro. It replaced three disused stations, Tjernsrud , Ringstabek and Egne hjem . Situated 11.4 kilometers (7.1 mi) from Stortinget, Bekkestua is the terminal station for the tramway, and a major transit hub for central Bærum. Like Jar, it features two sets of different platforms. The shared rail section features both third-rail power supply and overhead wires . The trams have
4284-407: Is planning 5,000 single dwellings. Detailed in a 2008 report, both extensions of the metro and construction on an independent people mover system have been put forth. Travel time from Kolsås to Rykkinn is estimated at 4 minutes along a 2.6-kilometer (1.6 mi) line, largely in tunnel. An additional two additional minutes would be needed to Bærums Verk. Total travel time from Sandvika to Bærums Verk
4410-609: Is regulated by the Norwegian Academy , which determines acceptable spelling, grammar, and vocabulary. There is also an unofficial form of Nynorsk, called Høgnorsk , discarding the post-1917 reforms, and thus close to Ivar Aasen's original Landsmål. It is supported by Ivar Aasen-sambandet , but has found no widespread use. In 2010, 86.5% of the pupils in the primary and lower secondary schools in Norway receive education in Bokmål, while 13.0% receive education in Nynorsk. From
4536-754: Is rising in the first syllable and falling in the second syllable or somewhere around the syllable boundary. The pitch accents (as well as the peculiar phrase accent in the low-tone dialects) give the Norwegian language a "singing" quality that makes it easy to distinguish from other languages. Accent 1 generally occurs in words that were monosyllabic in Old Norse , and accent 2 in words that were polysyllabic. The Norwegian alphabet has 29 letters. The letters c , q , w , x and z are only used in loanwords . As loanwords are assimilated into Norwegian, their spelling might change to reflect Norwegian pronunciation and
4662-537: Is situated 5.1 kilometers (3.2 mi) from Stortinget at an elevation of 63.7 meters (209 ft). Previously there was a station at Husebybakken . The line runs parallel to Ring 3 , through four stations in Oslo: Montebello , Ullernåsen , Åsjordet and Bjørnsletta . Situated at 94.6 meters (310 ft) elevation, Ullernåsen is the highest elevated station on the line. The line largely runs along Bærumsveien from slightly before Bjørnsletta. At Øraker
4788-526: Is sometimes interpreted as 'rural language' or 'country language', but this was clearly not Aasen's intended meaning. The name of the Danish language in Norway was a topic of hot dispute throughout the 19th century. Its proponents claimed that it was a language common to Norway and Denmark, and no more Danish than Norwegian. The proponents of Landsmål thought that the Danish character of the language should not be concealed. In 1899, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson proposed
4914-597: Is the terminus of line 3 and the station furthest away from the centre of Oslo. The Kolsås Line is served by Line 3 of the metro. During regular hours, is operates at a 15-minute headway. It runs along the Røa Line from Smestad to Majorstuen and onwards in the Common Tunnel through the city center. East of the center the Line 3 continues along the Østensjø Line to Mortensrud . Travel time from Kolsås to Smestad
5040-404: Is to distinguish the platforms from numbered ones in the adjoining Waterloo main-line station for staff who work at both stations); some, such as Paris-Gare de Lyon , use letters for one group of platforms but numbers for the other. The actual meaning of the word platform depends on country and language. In many countries, the word platform refers to the physical structure, while the place where
5166-459: Is to write in dialect for informal use. When writing an SMS, Facebook update, or fridge note, many people, especially young ones, write approximations of the way they talk rather than using Bokmål or Nynorsk. There is general agreement that a wide range of differences makes it difficult to estimate the number of different Norwegian dialects. Variations in grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and pronunciation cut across geographical boundaries and can create
Kolsås Line - Misplaced Pages Continue
5292-534: Is today to a large extent the same language as Bokmål though somewhat closer to the Danish language. It is regulated by the unofficial Norwegian Academy , which translates the name as 'Standard Norwegian'. The other is Høgnorsk ('High Norwegian'), a more purist form of Nynorsk, which maintains the language in an original form as given by Ivar Aasen and rejects most of the reforms from the 20th century; this form has limited use. Nynorsk and Bokmål provide standards for how to write Norwegian, but not for how to speak
5418-496: Is widespread in western Norway, though not in major urban areas, and also in the upper parts of mountain valleys in the southern and eastern parts of Norway. Examples are Setesdal , the western part of Telemark county ( fylke ) and several municipalities in Hallingdal , Valdres , and Gudbrandsdalen . It is little used elsewhere, but 30–40 years ago, it also had strongholds in many rural parts of Trøndelag (mid-Norway) and
5544-634: The British Isles , France ( Normandy ), North America, and Kievan Rus . In all of these places except Iceland and the Faroes, Old Norse speakers went extinct or were absorbed into the local population. Around 1030, Christianity came to Scandinavia , bringing with it an influx of Latin borrowings and the Roman alphabet . These new words were related to church practices and ceremonies, although many other loanwords related to general culture also entered
5670-613: The Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Age . Today there are two official forms of written Norwegian, Bokmål (Riksmål) and Nynorsk (Landsmål), each with its own variants. Bokmål developed from the Dano-Norwegian language that replaced Middle Norwegian as the elite language after the union of Denmark–Norway in the 16th and 17th centuries and then evolved in Norway, while Nynorsk
5796-545: The Indo-European language family spoken mainly in Norway , where it is an official language. Along with Swedish and Danish , Norwegian forms a dialect continuum of more or less mutually intelligible local and regional varieties; some Norwegian and Swedish dialects , in particular, are very close. These Scandinavian languages, together with Faroese and Icelandic as well as some extinct languages , constitute
5922-733: The Singapore MRT and the Hong Kong MTR , and stations on the Jubilee Line Extension in London. Platforms should be sloped upwards slightly towards the platform edge to prevent wheeled objects such as trolleys, prams and wheelchairs from rolling away and into the path of the train. Many platforms have a cavity underneath an overhanging edge so that people who may fall off the platform can seek shelter from incoming trains. In high-speed rail , passing trains are
6048-458: The Østensjø Line . In 1936, it was decided that Bærumsbanen would take over operation of this line, by operating the trams from the Kolsås Line through the city center to connect with the Østensjø Line. Operations started on 4 January 1937, and the 25-kilometer (16 mi) service was marketed as the Østensjø–Bærum Line. Although Bærumsbanen took over Akersbanerne's three Class A trams, up to three units from Ekebergbanen were also leased. Since
6174-574: The 1959 standard. Therefore, a small minority of Nynorsk enthusiasts use a more conservative standard called Høgnorsk . The Samnorsk policy had little influence after 1960, and was officially abandoned in 2002. While the sound systems of Norwegian and Swedish are similar, considerable variation exists among the dialects. The retroflex consonants only appear in East Norwegian dialects as a result of sandhi , combining / ɾ / with / d / , / l / , / n / , / s / , and / t / . The realization of
6300-481: The 1960s, ridership remained stable at about four million passengers per year. From 1971, Bærumsbanen was liquidated and ownership and all aspects of operation of the line was transferred to Oslo Sporveier. Holmenkolbanen started taking delivery of the T1300 series of combined metro and tram multiple units in 1978. This caused Oslo Sporveier to put HKB 500 units into service on the Kolsås Line. The use of T1300 stock on
6426-475: The 20th century, being used by large newspapers, encyclopedias, and a significant proportion of the population of the capital Oslo, surrounding areas, and other urban areas, as well as much of the literary tradition. Since the reforms of 1981 and 2003 (effective in 2005), the official Bokmål can be adapted to be almost identical with modern Riksmål. The differences between written Riksmål and Bokmål are comparable to American and British English differences . Riksmål
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#17327721356256552-501: The Dano-Norwegian koiné , known as "cultivated everyday speech." A small adjustment in this direction was implemented in the first official reform of the Danish language in Norway in 1862 and more extensively after his death in two official reforms in 1907 and 1917. Meanwhile, a nationalistic movement strove for the development of a new written Norwegian. Ivar Aasen , a botanist and self-taught linguist, began his work to create
6678-467: The Holmenkollen Line was tested on the Kolsås Line in 1995, but the lower voltage made operations impossible. At Gjønnesjordet the current was measured at 311 volt. The current on the line was increased to 680 volt from 4 August 1995 and to 750 volt from 3 March 1999. The latter was done after the trams had been rebuilt to handle the increased voltage and the change took effect on
6804-526: The Kolsås Line required several upgrades: the platforms height was raised and the power supply was improved with new rectifiers at Ringstabekk and Kolsås. With the second delivery of T1300 stock in 1980 and 1981, the new units were put into service on the Kolsås Line. The T6 series of fifteen units were built with a driver's cab at both ends, so single-car trains could be operated in the evenings. This resulted in Class D being taken out of use in 1982. The conductor
6930-444: The Lilleaker Line meets the Kolsås Line, after which point the lines share tracks. The line crosses the municipal border across the river Lysakerelven . The now closed station of Lysakerelven , 8.4 kilometers (5.2 mi) from Stortinget, was situated on the Bærum side of the municipal border between Oslo and Bærum. At Jar there are two sets of platforms, one for the metro and one for the trams. The continues past Ringstabekk , which
7056-455: The Ministry of Culture, official spelling, grammar, and vocabulary for the Norwegian language. The board's work has been subject to considerable controversy throughout the years. Both Nynorsk and Bokmål have a great variety of optional forms. The Bokmål that uses the forms that are close to Riksmål is called moderate or conservative , depending on one's viewpoint, while the Bokmål that uses
7182-479: The North Germanic languages. Faroese and Icelandic are not mutually intelligible with Norwegian in their spoken form because continental Scandinavian has diverged from them. While the two Germanic languages with the greatest numbers of speakers, English and German, have close similarities with Norwegian, neither is mutually intelligible with it. Norwegian is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of
7308-544: The Røa Line upgraded to metro standard. At the same time, the Lillaker Line tram was extended from Jar to Kolsås. The upgrade involved the line receiving automatic train control with cab signaling, third-rail power supply and longer platforms. Until 20 August, Line 14 only operated between Kolsås and Montebello . After the Røa Line reopened, the third rail had been laid to Montebello, and the trains had to switch power supply and signaling system there. The Kolsås Line
7434-536: The Skøyen Line in Oslo. This caused the company to order three trams and trailers, this time from Skabo Jernbanevognfabrikk . At the time it cost NOK 0.15 to take the tram within the city limits of Oslo, and NOK 1 from the city to Bekkestua. Passengers carried out a strike in 1924; this resulted is slightly cheaper tickets, but at the same time the trams and stations were equipped with advertisements. The initial plans called for an expansion from Haslum to Kolsås. It
7560-505: The aerodynamic effects created by pressure and induced airflow with speeds of 64 kilometres per hour (40 mph) to 95 kilometres per hour (59 mph) depending on the train body aerodynamic designs. Additionally, the airflow can cause debris to be blown out to the waiting passengers. If the passengers stand closer at 1 metre (3.3 ft), the risk increases with airflow that can reach speeds of 79 kilometres per hour (49 mph) to 116 kilometres per hour (72 mph). In United Kingdom,
7686-461: The areas around Nadderud and Presterud received working-class populations. The construction of the settlements were often organized by trade unions. Local investors applied in 1897 to establish a tramway that would run parallel to the Drammen Line from Oslo to Sandvika —which at the time was steam -hauled, narrow gauge and single tracked and suffered from low regularity. The application
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#17327721356257812-561: The birth of the line, plans had existed to connect to the Common Tunnel of the Holmenkollen Line. The tunnel would allow the trams to operate straight to the city center at Nationaltheatret , giving faster travel times and removing the heavy Class A trams from the city streets. A plan for the route from Jar to Sørbyhaugen on the Røa Line had been made in 1919, but by the 1930s, the Norwegian Radium Hospital and
7938-400: The company either turn its trams at Skøyen or allow the municipality to purchase the company cheap. Bærumsbanen was bought by Oslo Sporveier on 1 October 1934 and turned into a subsidiary. The two companies had a common executive management, but retained separate operations. At the same time, Aker Municipality's tram company Akersbanerne was left operating a single line east of the city center,
8064-568: The county that they had severely underestimated the conversion costs, which by 2009 were estimated at 2.5 billion krone. In addition to a general increase in construction costs, a major calculation error had been carried out based on estimates for a light rail, rather than a rapid transit. At the time of closing the estimates called for completion in 2011. An audit in 2010 concluded that the planning had been based on lack of reviews and risk management, with best-case estimates being used instead of properly risk-adjusted ones. Bærum Municipal Council rejected
8190-644: The eighth grade onwards, pupils are required to learn both. Out of the 431 municipalities in Norway, 161 have declared that they wish to communicate with the central authorities in Bokmål, 116 (representing 12% of the population) in Nynorsk, while 156 are neutral. Of 4,549 state publications in 2000, 8% were in Nynorsk, and 92% in Bokmål. The large national newspapers ( Aftenposten , Dagbladet , and VG ) are published in Bokmål or Riksmål. Some major regional newspapers (including Bergens Tidende and Stavanger Aftenblad ), many political journals, and many local newspapers use both Bokmål and Nynorsk. A newer trend
8316-459: The entire tramway. Budgetary disagreements between local politicians in Oslo, Bærum and Akershus led to the closure of the Bekkestua to Kolsås leg on 1 July 2003. This allowed Oslo Sporveier to reduce the number of trains to eight, using three-car trains during rush-hour and twin units in off-peak hours. The move was little popular with the patrons and followed by protests. A political agreement
8442-513: The express services every 30 minutes. The full-service routes were reduced to a 15-minute headway in 1932, but a 15-minute headway was introduced to Bekkestua with the express service. During rush-hour, there was a 7-minute headway to Jar and additional services to Haslum. One of the conditions for the concession of 1924 was that the line was to be connected to the Common Tunnel of the Holmenkollen Line . Oslo Municipality demanded that
8568-436: The extension would probably not be carried out until after 2025. Ruter stated the extensions, estimated to cost about 1 billion kroner, in its 2010 long-term statement. A more extensive proposal is to not only extend the Kolsås Line to Rykkinn, but also to build a line from Sandvika to Kolsås and onwards to Rykkinn and possibly Bærums Verk. This could possibly also be combined with a line to Avtjerna , where Bærum Municipality
8694-420: The first Oslo Metro rolling stock . Mærradalen was closed on 5 July 1957 and the same day Ullernåsen was moved midway between its old location and that of Mærradalen. Husebybakken was closed for traffic on 19 June 1961, due to low ridership and close proximity to nearby stations. During the 1960s, the rectifier at Jar was replaced with a more modern one at Øraker and a new garage built at Avløs Depot. Since
8820-485: The first centuries AD in what is today Southern Sweden. It is the earliest stage of a characteristically North Germanic language, and the language attested in the Elder Futhark inscriptions, the oldest form of the runic alphabets . A number of inscriptions are memorials to the dead, while others are magical in content. The oldest are carved on loose objects, while later ones are chiseled in runestones . They are
8946-501: The forms that are close to Nynorsk is called radical . Nynorsk has forms that are close to the original Landsmål and forms that are close to Bokmål. Opponents of the spelling reforms aimed at bringing Bokmål closer to Nynorsk have retained the name Riksmål and employ spelling and grammar that predate the Samnorsk movement. Riksmål and conservative versions of Bokmål have been the de facto standard written language of Norway for most of
9072-541: The gender can be inferred. For instance, all nouns ending in - nad will be masculine in both Bokmål and Nynorsk (for instance the noun jobbsøknad , which means 'job application'). Most nouns ending in - ing will be feminine, like the noun forventning ('expectation'). Railway platform A railway platform is an area alongside a railway track providing convenient access to trains. Almost all stations have some form of platform, with larger stations having multiple platforms. The world's longest station platform
9198-433: The ground around Bekkestua started to sink; the track was lifted and covered with stone. Two days later, the track had sunk into the ground and a small island was created in a nearby lake. It turned out that the area was resting on clay that had transformed to quick clay after a water pipe had broken. It took two weeks to repair the damage. It became clear in 1924 that Bærumsbanen would also have to operate city services along
9324-417: The historical connection to Old Norwegian. Today, this meaning is often lost, and it is commonly mistaken as a "new" Norwegian in contrast to the "real" Norwegian Bokmål. Bokmål and Nynorsk were made closer by a reform in 1938. This was a result of a state policy to merge Nynorsk and Bokmål into a single language, to be called Samnorsk . A 1946 poll showed that this policy was supported by 79% of Norwegians at
9450-462: The infrastructure at Bekkestua does not allow for trams with the international standard of 2.65-meter (8 ft 8 in) loading gauge . A 2013 report by Ruter therefore recommended that the tram services from Jar to Bekkestua only run until the SL95 trams are retired. Norwegian language Norwegian ( endonym : norsk [ˈnɔʂːk] ) is a North Germanic language from
9576-476: The initial terminus at Lilleaker and extend towards Jar and Nadderud to Haslum . The northern proposal was for an extension of the Røa Line (at the time called the Smestad Line) via Røa to Hosle , Haslum and Fleskum to Kolsås . The latter was essentially a combination of the current Røa and Kolsås Lines. The two proposals caused local debate; generally people in western Bærum in general supported
9702-472: The investment costs for the section of the line that would be localed within Aker . KES' operations in Oslo were municipalized in 1924 and became Oslo Sporveier . However, the Lilleaker Line was kept outside the expropriation. The expansion to Bærum was financed in part by the cash from the sale of the rest of the company and in part from free land from the municipality. Concession from Lilleaker to Bekkestua
9828-467: The language of the elite, the church, literature, and the law. When the union with Denmark ended in 1814, the Dano-Norwegian koiné had become the mother tongue of around 1% of the population. From the 1840s, some writers experimented with a Norwegianised Danish by incorporating words that were descriptive of Norwegian scenery and folk life, and adopting a more Norwegian syntax. Knud Knudsen proposed to change spelling and inflection in accordance with
9954-610: The language. The Scandinavian languages at this time are not considered to be separate languages, although there were minor differences among what are customarily called Old Icelandic, Old Norwegian , Old Gutnish , Old Danish, and Old Swedish . The economic and political dominance of the Hanseatic League between 1250 and 1450 in the main Scandinavian cities brought large Middle Low German –speaking populations to Norway. The influence of their language on Scandinavian
10080-555: The language. No standard of spoken Norwegian is officially sanctioned, and most Norwegians speak their own dialects in all circumstances. Thus, unlike in many other countries, the use of any Norwegian dialect, whether it coincides with the written norms or not, is accepted as correct spoken Norwegian. However, in areas where East Norwegian dialects are used, a tendency exists to accept a de facto spoken standard for this particular regional dialect, Urban East Norwegian or Standard East Norwegian (Norwegian: Standard østnorsk ), in which
10206-531: The languages in Europe, Norwegian derives from Proto-Indo-European . As early Indo-Europeans spread across Europe, they became isolated from each other and new languages developed. In northwest Europe, the Germanic languages evolved, further branching off into the North Germanic languages , of which Norwegian is one. Proto-Norse is thought to have evolved as a northern dialect of Proto-Germanic during
10332-478: The last leg, while SL95 trams turned at Bekkestua. The last day with a tram service was 15 February, after which the tram service was cut at Lilleaker . The first upgrades were performed between Åsjordet and Montebello, including the last part of the line from Montebello to Sørbyhaugen. Husebybakken continued as Line 6's terminus until 31 May 2008, after which it was demolished. The first three upgraded stations, Montebello, Ullernåsen and Åsjordet, were put back into
10458-570: The metro uses 22 minutes from Bekkestua to Jernbanetorget. Tram operations are carried out by Sporveien Trikken using SL95 trams. Bærum grew as a suburb of Oslo after the Drammen Line of the Norwegian State Railways opened through the southern part of the municipality in 1872. The areas around the railway stations became popular among the middle class, while the lower class started to settle further north. In particular
10584-502: The minimal pairs are written alike, since written Norwegian has no explicit accent marks. In most eastern low-tone dialects, accent 1 uses a low flat pitch in the first syllable, while accent 2 uses a high, sharply falling pitch in the first syllable and a low pitch in the beginning of the second syllable. In both accents, these pitch movements are followed by a rise of intonational nature (phrase accent)—the size (and presence) of which signals emphasis or focus, and corresponds in function to
10710-430: The neutral name Riksmål , meaning 'national language' like Landsmål , and this was officially adopted along with the 1907 spelling reform. The name Riksmål is sometimes interpreted as 'state language', but this meaning is secondary at best. (Compare to Danish rigsmål from where the name was borrowed.) After the personal union with Sweden was dissolved in 1905, both languages were developed further and reached what
10836-493: The new Gjettum Station replaced them. The project also included a full upgrade of Avløs Depot, completed in August 2015. As of 2012 the costs for the metro upgrades is estimated at 2.9 billion kroner. The line was again renumbered to Line 3 and linked with the Østensjø line on 3 April 2016. Rykkinn is a neighborhood in the vicinity of Kolsås, an area with about 7,500 residents. Extension of the Kolsås Line to Rykkinn, possibly with
10962-400: The next train. There are often loudspeakers as part of a public address (PA) system. The PA system is often used where dynamic timetables or electronic displays are not present. A variety of information is presented, including destinations and times (for all trains, or only the more important long-distance trains), delays, cancellations, platform changes, changes in routes and destinations,
11088-414: The normal accent in languages that lack lexical tone , such as English. That rise culminates in the final syllable of an accentual phrase, while the utterance-final fall common in most languages is either very small or absent. There are significant variations in pitch accent between dialects. Thus, in most of western and northern Norway (the so-called high-pitch dialects) accent 1 is falling, while accent 2
11214-437: The northern line and people in eastern Bærum supported the southern line. An agreement was quickly reached with Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei (KES), the owner of the Lilleaker Line. The municipal council voted in favor of the southern line in 1921 after first rejecting a proposal to negotiate trackage rights with Holmenkolbanen . The main argument for the southern alternative was that the municipality would not have to pay any of
11340-459: The number of carriages in the train and the location of first class or luggage compartments, and supplementary fee or reservation requirements. Some metro stations have platform screen doors between the platforms and the tracks. They provide more safety, and they allow the heating or air conditioning in the station to be separated from the ventilation in the tunnel, thus being more efficient and effective. They have been installed in most stations of
11466-426: The old Ringstabekk and Egne hjem were all closed and replaced with a new Ringstabekk Station. The route had been proposed slightly changed across Jarmyren, but lack of funding resulted in the old route being used, limiting speed to 50 kilometers per hour (31 mph). The extra cost of allowing trams to run to Bekkestua was 500 million kroner. On 8 October 2012 the line was extended 800 meters (2,600 ft) to Gjønnes,
11592-584: The oldest written record of any Germanic language. East Germanic languages West Germanic languages Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Danish Swedish Around 800 AD, the script was simplified to the Younger Futhark , and inscriptions became more abundant. At the same time, the beginning of the Viking Age led to the spread of Old Norse to Iceland , Greenland , and the Faroe Islands . Viking colonies also existed in parts of
11718-443: The ownership of the tracks and the formal operation rights remained with Bærumsbanen. By the end of the war in 1945 the line was in need of a major overhaul, in particular the overhead wires. Lack of materials and money caused the extraordinary maintenance to take four years. Limitations of freight were imposed in 1946, and were terminated the following year. At the same time, the Kolsås Line services were internally numbered 14, but it
11844-442: The principles of Norwegian orthography, e.g. zebra in Norwegian is written sebra . Due to historical reasons, some otherwise Norwegian family names are also written using these letters. Some letters may be modified by diacritics : é , è , ê , ó , ò , and ô . In Nynorsk, ì and ù and ỳ are occasionally seen as well. The diacritics are not compulsory, but may in a few cases distinguish between different meanings of
11970-429: The rest of the line be operated as part of the tramway. Civitas published a report for the county in 2006. Critical remarks regarding costs and patronage issued by Oslo Sporveier were ignored. Based on the report, Akershus County Council passed a metro upgrade of the line. The cost from the municipal border to Kolsås was estimated at 677 million Norwegian krone . Both a metro and a tramway alternative were estimated to give
12096-527: The rhotic / ɾ / depends on the dialect. In Eastern, Central, and Northern Norwegian dialects, it is a flap [ ɾ ] , whereas in Western and Southern Norway, and for some speakers also in Eastern Norway, it is uvular [ ʁ ] or [ χ ] . And in the dialects of North-Western Norway, it is realized as [ r ] , much like the trilled ⟨rr⟩ of Spanish. Norwegian
12222-409: The same level as the track, usually resulting in a fairly large height difference between the platform and the train floor. This would often not be considered a true platform. The more traditional platform is elevated relative to the track but often lower than the train floor, although ideally they should be at the same level. Occasionally the platform is higher than the train floor, where a train with
12348-538: The same traffic. The metro alternative would use four to eight minutes less to the city center, while the tramway would have six to eight departures per hour. The second and final stage of the Ring Line opened on 20 August 2006. Oslo Sporveier was in dire need for more rolling stock and had insufficient to operate along the new line. Because the Ring required that the destination sign be changed mid-way, and this feature
12474-471: The schedule changes taking effect from 7 April. The Kolsås Line was connected to the Østensjø Line and given number 3 from 5 April 1998. All T1300 stock were overnighted at Majorstuen Depot from 21 March 1999 and Avløs was reduced to a maintenance center. From 12 April 2003 the Kolsås Line was again served by Line 4 and linked with the Lambertseter Line. The new T2000 stock that was bought for
12600-434: The service of Line 6 from 18 August. The upgrades were similar to those to the Røa Line in 1995, including installation of third rail, straight platforms long enough for six-car trains, a new signaling system as well as all-new permanent way and stations. From 22 June 2009 only MX3000 trains were used on the line, and from 11 April 2010 some of the departures started running with six-car trains. Meanwhile, it became evident for
12726-410: The shortest of the sections to open. From 9 December 2012 the Kolsås Line was renumbered Line 2 and instead linked to the Furuset Line . Services were extended to Avløs on 15 December 2013. The rebuilding of Haslum resulted in the demolishment of several houses, while Avløs Station was moved somewhat westwards. The final stage was officially reopened on 12 October 2014. Valler and Gjettum was merged and
12852-606: The southern part of northern Norway ( Nordland county). Today, Nynorsk is the official language of not only four of the nineteen Norwegian counties but also various municipalities in five other counties. NRK , the Norwegian broadcasting corporation, broadcasts in both Bokmål and Nynorsk, and all governmental agencies are required to support both written languages. Bokmål is used in 92% of all written publications, and Nynorsk in 8% (2000). Like some other European countries, Norway has an official "advisory board"— Språkrådet (Norwegian Language Council)— that determines, after approval from
12978-528: The station facilities are often located on the platforms. Where the platforms are not adjacent to a station building, often some form of shelter or waiting room is provided, and employee cabins may also be present. The weather protection offered varies greatly, from little more than a roof with open sides, to a closed room with heating or air-conditioning. There may be benches , lighting , ticket counters, drinking fountains , shops, trash boxes, and static timetables or dynamic displays with information about
13104-401: The three grammatical genders from Old Norse to some extent. The only exceptions are the dialect of Bergen and a few upper class sociolects at the west end of Oslo that have completely lost the feminine gender. According to Marit Westergaard , approximately 80% of nouns in Norwegian are masculine. Norwegian and other Scandinavian languages use a suffix to indicate definiteness of
13230-442: The time. However, opponents of the official policy still managed to create a massive protest movement against Samnorsk in the 1950s, fighting in particular the use of "radical" forms in Bokmål text books in schools. In the reform in 1959, the 1938 reform was partially reversed in Bokmål, but Nynorsk was changed further towards Bokmål. Since then Bokmål has reverted even further toward traditional Riksmål, while Nynorsk still adheres to
13356-596: The tram stop has a dual-height platform. A railway station may be served by heavy-rail and light-rail vehicles with lower floors and have a dual- height platform, as on the RijnGouweLijn in the Netherlands. In all cases the platform must accommodate the loading gauge and conform to the structure gauge of the system. Platform types include the bay platform , side platform (also called through platform), split platform and island platform . A bay platform
13482-502: The trams continued along the Oslo Sporveier-owned Skøyen Line to Athenæum in the center of Oslo. Each station was equipped with a small building where there was a kiosk, telephone, ticket sale and freight handling. The depot was originally planned to be situated at Haslum, but a more suitable lot was found at Avløs. A subdivision with dwellings for 39 employee families was also built there. On 27 August,
13608-473: The two lines. The distance from Kolsås to Nationaltheatret was 16.4 kilometers (10.2 mi). During World War II, ridership on the whole tramway, including the Kolsås Line, skyrocketed. The line transported 5.7 million passengers in 1938, while in 1944 it transported 19 million. Ownership of rolling stock and all but two employees in Bærumsbanen were transferred to Oslo Sporveier in 1944. However,
13734-426: The unofficial Høgnorsk is more conservative than Nynorsk and is far closer to Faroese , Icelandic and Old Norse . Norwegians are educated in both Bokmål and Nynorsk. Each student gets assigned a native form based on which school they go to, whence the other form (known as Sidemål ) will be a mandatory school subject from elementary school through high school. For instance, a Norwegian whose main language form
13860-447: The vocabulary coincides with Bokmål. Outside Eastern Norway , this spoken variation is not used. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, Danish was the standard written language of Norway. As a result, the development of modern written Norwegian has been subject to strong controversy related to nationalism , rural versus urban discourse, and Norway's literary history. Historically, Bokmål is a Norwegianised variety of Danish, while Nynorsk
13986-417: The wider and longer Class D . With the opening of the connection, the 16.4-kilometer (10.2 mi) section from Sørbyhaugen to Kolsås was designated the Kolsås Line, and the 3.8-kilometer (2.4 mi) section from Jar to Skøyen was designated as the Lilleaker Line. A balloon loop was built at Jar, allowing the new Class B trams that served the Lilleaker Line to turn there. This allowed for transfer between
14112-568: The word, e.g.: for ('for/to'), fór ('went'), fòr ('furrow') and fôr ('fodder'). Loanwords may be spelled with other diacritics, most notably ï, ü , á and à . The two legally recognized forms of written Norwegian are Bokmål (literally 'book tongue') and Nynorsk ('new Norwegian'), which are regulated by the Language Council of Norway ( Språkrådet ). Two other written forms without official status also exist. One, called Riksmål ('national language'),
14238-422: Was bought by Oslo Sporveier in 1934. A connection to the Røa Line opened on 15 June 1942, allowing the line access to the Common Tunnel . At this point the section from Sørbyhaugen to Kolsås was designated the Kolsås Line, while the section from Jar to Skøyen was retained as the Lilleaker Line. T1300 trains of the metro were introduced in 1982 and from 1995 it was linked with the eastern metro lines. The line
14364-410: Was closed for upgrades to metro standard in 2006. It reopened in eight stages from 2008 to 2014. There are plans to extend the line to Rykkinn , Bærums Verk and Sandvika , although none of these have political priority. The 12.1-kilometer (7.5 mi) Kolsås Line branches off from the Røa Line after Smestad Station at a site previously occupied by the now closed Sørbyhaugen Station . Sørbyhaugen
14490-479: Was connected with the Lambertseter Line east of the city center from 19 November 1995, taking line number 4 and with operations running through the city center. Operations from Kolsås to Bergkrystallen required ten T1300 trains. Oslo Sporveier decided that it wanted to remove the rush-hour services and instead introduced three-car trains. Because of this, all station platforms were extended in 1997, with
14616-758: Was developed based upon a collective of spoken Norwegian dialects. Norwegian is one of the two official languages in Norway, along with Sámi , a Finno-Ugric language spoken by less than one percent of the population. Norwegian is one of the working languages of the Nordic Council . Under the Nordic Language Convention , citizens of the Nordic countries who speak Norwegian have the opportunity to use it when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable for any interpretation or translation costs. Like most of
14742-400: Was estimated at 12 minutes. Costs were in 2008 estimated at 2.1 billion kroner from Kolsås to Bærums Verk, alternatively 3.5 billion for the whole route from Sandvika to Bærums Verk. Sporveien Trikken is in the process of buying new trams. Because of their poor technical state and high maintenance costs, the company may choose to replace all its SL95s, despite their age. The tramway is pursuing
14868-497: Was first many years later that the number appeared on the destination signs and schedules. A former barracks was moved to Avløs in 1948, where it was used as office space. The line had unchanged fares from 1939 to 1951, when the prices hiked 27 percent. However, this was not sufficient to cover the 170 percent cost increase in the same period. From 1949 to 1966, Avløs Depot built nine new Class C trams. The line also received two Class T trams in 1963, which were prototypes for
14994-459: Was granted in 1922, and on 28 December Bærum Municipal Council approved to extend the line from Bekkestua to Haslum. The line to Bekkestua opened on 1 July 1924 and the extension to Hslum on 4 November. KES rebranded itself and became Bærumsbanen . The company bought twelve Class A trams and twelve trailers from Zypen & Charlier of Germany. After running along the Bærum Line to Skøyen ,
15120-513: Was only possible on the T1300 units and were therefore attractive. Oslo Sporveier officially announced the move through deeming the Kolsås Line unsafe for use. A new, temporary station was built at Husebybakken, which became the terminus and opened the same day as the Ring. Services ran a loop around the Ring Line as Line 6 and 4 and continued to Bergkrystallen, using nine T1300 trains. Within a year
15246-692: Was originally planned to run past Bærum Hospital to Løken Farm, but lack of funding instead forced the company to build the line along a cheaper section about one kilometer (half a mile) from the hospital. The free land for the extension was only valid for a limited time, and to be able to construct the line before the deadline, a single-track solution was chosen. The plans were passed by the municipal council in 1927 and concession granted on 10 February 1928. Construction started immediately, followed by track laying commencing in June 1929. The 4.3-kilometer (2.7 mi) extension opened on 1 January 1930. Valler Station had
15372-716: Was put on hold in 1940 because of the break-out of the Second World War . Construction resumed in April 1941 and later the same year the first Class C trains were put into service. The work also involved widening the profile between Jar and Egne hjem so the Class C could operate on the whole length of the line. The connection from Jar to Sørbyhaugen opened on 15 June 1942. Double track was installed from Haslum to Kolsås; this opened on 23 December. A further six Class C were delivered, matching loading gauge of Holmenkolbanen's lines. In addition, two Class A trams were converted to
15498-494: Was rejected by the Ministry of Labour in 1906 to avoid competition with the railway. Instead, the state started to modernize the Drammen Line by converting it to standard gauge , electrifying it and building double track . Two proposals were issued in 1917 for a suburban tram line further north. The southern proposal was to build the line as an extension of the Lilleaker Line , which would open in 1919. The line would go from
15624-512: Was removed from the service from 21 June 1982, when the T1300 entered service. During rush hour, Class C units were still in use and these retained their conductors. Stortinget Station opened on 7 March 1987, allowing Line 14 was extended further into the city center. This section was incompatible with Class C units and these were therefore retired. To meet the required number of trains, six T1000 units were converted to T1300. The Røa Line from Sørbyhaugen to Volvat closed on 18 May 1995, allowing
15750-492: Was the busiest with 1,126 daily boarding passengers, while Lysakerelven had the least with 235. Jar is also served by Line 13 of the tramway. It branches off on the east side of Lysakerelven and follows the Lilleaker Line to Skøyen , where it continues as a street tram to the city center along the Skøyen Line . It operates at a ten-minute headway. Travel time to Jernbanetorget is 31 minutes from Bekkestua. In comparison,
15876-427: Was thereby struck, allowing services to Kolsås to resume from 20 November 2004. However, the line was in such poor shape that the speed was reduced several places. Only one extra train was added to the line, giving poorer regularity. Meanwhile, Akershus County Municipality was regarding what to do with the line. The first proposal came in 2002, when it was stated that the metro should terminate at Lysakerelven and that
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