Misplaced Pages

#155844

67-557: The music hall was opened in October 1977. It is listed among the historic and cultural monuments of the city of Yerevan. The hall was built and designed in the shape of an Armenian three-nave basilica type church. It has a one single hall with no visible limits between the stage and the seats forming an entirely overlapping space between the musicians and the audience. The organ of the Komitas Chamber Music Hall

134-446: A grand staff ), though they may appear above, especially in vocal music or when a single performer plays multiple melody lines. They denote dynamic changes over a short duration (up to a few bars ), whereas cresc. , decresc. , and dim. signify more gradual changes. Word directions can be extended with dashes to indicate the temporal span of the change, which can extend across multiple pages. The term morendo ("dying") may also denote

201-530: A church and a concert organ became harder to draw. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, symphonic organs flourished in secular venues in the United States and the United Kingdom, designed to replace symphony orchestras by playing transcriptions of orchestral pieces. Symphonic and orchestral organs largely fell out of favor as the orgelbewegung (organ reform movement) took hold in

268-468: A console to produce the sounds or deliver the sound samples. Touch screen monitors allows the user to control the virtual organ console; a traditional console and its physical stop and coupler controls is not required. In such a basic form, a virtual organ can be obtained at a much lower cost than other digital classical organs. Mechanical organs include: The wind can also be created by using pressurized steam instead of air. The steam organ, or calliope ,

335-462: A different pitch and tone. These instruments are commonly found in churches and concert halls , where they have long been associated with liturgical music and grand ceremonial occasions. Mechanical or electronic systems are used by non-pipe organs to emulate the sound of pipe organs. Predecessors to the organ include: The organ is a relatively old musical instrument , dating from the time of Ctesibius of Alexandria (285–222 BC), who invented

402-413: A digital or electronic organ that generates the sound with digital signal processing (DSP) chips, or a combination of pipes and electronics. It may be called a church organ or classical organ to differentiate it from the theatre organ , which is a different style of instrument. However, as classical organ repertoire was developed for the pipe organ and in turn influenced its development, the line between

469-617: A distinctive tremolo , became the most popular. Though originally produced to replace organs in the church, the Hammond organ, especially the model B-3, became popular in jazz , particularly soul jazz , and in gospel music . Since these were the roots of rock and roll , the Hammond organ became a part of the rock and roll sound. It was widely used in rock and popular music during the 1960s and 1970s by bands like Emerson, Lake and Palmer , Procol Harum , Santana and Deep Purple . Its popularity resurged in pop music around 2000, in part due to

536-415: A drummer and a third instrumentalist (either jazz guitar or saxophone). In the 2000s, many performers use electronic or digital organs, called clonewheel organs , as they are much lighter and easier to transport than the heavy, bulky B-3. Performers of 20th century popular organ music include William Rowland who composed "Piano Rags"; George Wright (1920–1998) and Virgil Fox (1912–1980), who bridged both

603-430: A gradual reduction in both dynamics and tempo. For pronounced dynamic shifts, cresc. molto and dim. molto are commonly used, with molto meaning "much". Conversely, poco cresc. and poco dim. indicate gentler changes, with "poco" translating to a little , or alternatively poco a poco meaning "little by little". Sudden dynamic changes are often indicated by prefixing or suffixing subito (meaning "suddenly") to

670-410: A grand piano has a much greater volume range than a recorder. The introduction of modern recording techniques has provided alternative ways to control the dynamics of music. Dynamic range compression is used to control the dynamic range of a recording, or a single instrument. This can affect loudness variations, both at the micro- and macro scale. In many contexts, the meaning of the term dynamics

737-626: A guitar playing forte , while a high-pitched instrument like the piccolo playing in its upper register can sound loud even when its actual decibel level is lower than that of other instruments. The two basic dynamic indications in music are: More subtle degrees of loudness or softness are indicated by: Use of up to three consecutive f s or p s is also common: There are additional special markings that are not very common: Three Italian words are used to show gradual changes in volume: Dynamic changes can be indicated by angled symbols. A crescendo symbol consists of two lines that open to

SECTION 10

#1732798375156

804-506: A larger number of elements (usually in a ratio of 2:1 or more) to increase the mass of sound. This practice was pivotal to the structuring of instrumental forms such as the concerto grosso and the solo concerto , where a few or one instrument, supported by harmonic basso continuo instruments (organ, lute , theorbo , harpsichord , lirone , and low register strings, such as cello or viola da gamba , often used together) variously alternate or join to create greater contrasts. This practice

871-430: A particular emotional state or feeling. Dynamic markings are always relative. p ( piano - "soft") never indicates a precise level of loudness ; it merely indicates that music in a passage so marked should be considerably quieter than f ( forte - "loud"). There are many factors affecting the interpretation of a dynamic marking. For instance, the middle of a musical phrase will normally be played louder than

938-426: A pipe organ would not be a possibility. Far smaller and cheaper to buy than a corresponding pipe instrument, and in many cases portable, they have taken organ music into private homes and into dance bands and other new environments, and have almost completely replaced the reed organ. The Hammond organ was the first successful electric organ , released in the 1930s. It used mechanical, rotating tonewheels to produce

1005-452: A range of terms to describe the dynamics he wanted. In the slow movement of Brahms's trio for violin, horn and piano (Opus 40) , he uses the expressions ppp , molto piano , and quasi niente to express different qualities of quiet. Many Romantic and later composers added più p and più f , making for a total of ten levels between ppp and fff . An example of how effective contrasting dynamics can be may be found in

1072-589: A secular and recital instrument in the Classical music tradition. Early organs include: Medieval organs include: The pipe organ is the largest musical instrument . These instruments vary greatly in size, ranging from a cubic meter to a height reaching five floors, and are built in churches, synagogues, concert halls, and homes. Small organs are called " positive " (easily placed in different locations) or " portative " (small enough to carry while playing). The pipes are divided into ranks and controlled by

1139-410: A single short keyboard to huge instruments with over 10,000 pipes . A large modern organ typically has three or four keyboards ( manuals ) with five octaves (61 notes) each, and a two-and-a-half octave (32-note) pedal board . Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart called the organ the "King of instruments". Some of the biggest instruments have 64-foot pipes (a foot here means "sonic-foot", a measure quite close to

1206-425: Is a singing technique and musical ornament on a single pitch while executing a crescendo and diminuendo. While the typical range of dynamic markings is from ppp to fff , some pieces use additional markings of further emphasis. Extreme dynamic markings imply either a very large dynamic range or very small differences of loudness within a normal range. This kind of usage is most common in orchestral works from

1273-414: Is denoted with a marcato mark ^ above the note. If a specific emphasis is required, variations of subito , forzando / forzato , or fortepiano can be used. forzando / forzato signifies a forceful accent, abbreviated as fz . To enhance the effect, subito often precedes it as sfz ( subito forzato/forzando , sforzando / sforzato ). The interpretation and execution of these markings are at

1340-534: Is one of the unique pipe organs that have been used in the USSR . It was designed in the Netherlands on the basis of the 17th-century organs to perform mainly Baroque music , consisted of 4000 pipes. It was installed in 1979 and renovated in 2007. The external walls of the hall are decorated with traditional Armenian ornaments. A large pool with water fountains forms the backyard of the music hall. In 2003,

1407-435: Is placed in a small room, that this diminutive organ can fill with sound. It is often confined to chamber organ repertoire, as often the organs have too few voice capabilities to rival the grand pipe organs in the performance of the classics. The sound and touch are unique to the instrument, sounding nothing like a large organ with few stops drawn out, but rather much more intimate. They are usually tracker instruments, although

SECTION 20

#1732798375156

1474-501: Is usually called t erraced dynamics , i.e. the alternation of piano and forte . Later baroque musicians, such as Antonio Vivaldi , tended to use more varied dynamics. J.S. Bach used some dynamic terms, including forte , piano , più piano , and pianissimo (although written out as full words), and in some cases it may be that ppp was considered to mean pianissimo in this period. In 1752, Johann Joachim Quantz wrote that "Light and shade must be constantly introduced ... by

1541-498: The French Classical school also flourished. François Couperin , Nicolas Lebègue , André Raison , and Nicolas de Grigny were French organist-composers of the period. Bach knew Grigny's organ output well, and admired it. In England, Handel was famous for his organ-playing no less than for his composing; several of his organ concertos, intended for his own use, are still frequently performed. After Bach's death in 1750,

1608-581: The Hammond organ have an established role in a number of popular-music genres, such as blues, jazz, gospel, and 1960s and 1970s rock music. Electronic and electromechanical organs were originally designed as lower-cost substitutes for pipe organs. Despite this intended role as a sacred music instrument, electronic and electromechanical organs' distinctive tone – often modified with electronic effects such as vibrato , rotating Leslie speakers , and overdrive – became an important part of

1675-438: The integrated circuit enabled another revolution in electronic keyboard instruments. Digital organs sold since the 1970s utilize additive synthesis , then sampling technology (1980s) and physical modelling synthesis (1990s) are also utilized to produce the sound. Virtual pipe organs use MIDI to access samples of real pipe organs stored on a computer, as opposed to digital organs that use DSP and processor hardware inside

1742-616: The water organ . It was played throughout the Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman world, particularly during races and games. During the early medieval period it spread from the Byzantine Empire , where it continued to be used in secular (non-religious) and imperial court music, to Western Europe , where it gradually assumed a prominent place in the liturgy of the Catholic Church . Subsequently, it re-emerged as

1809-573: The 14th century, though similar designs were common in the Eastern Mediterranean from the early Byzantine period (from the 4th century AD) and precursors, such as the hydraulic organ , have been found dating to the late Hellenistic period (1st century BC). Along with the clock , it was considered one of the most complex human-made mechanical creations before the Industrial Revolution . Pipe organs range in size from

1876-420: The 20th-century organ repertoire. Organ was also used a lot for improvisation , with organists such as Charles Tournemire , Marcel Dupré , Pierre Cochereau , Pierre Pincemaille and Thierry Escaich . Some composers incorporated the instrument in symphonic works for its dramatic effect, notably Mahler , Holst , Elgar , Scriabin , Respighi , and Richard Strauss . Saint-Saëns 's Organ Symphony employs

1943-553: The Brooklyn Dodgers, hired baseball's first full-time organist, Gladys Goodding . Over the years, many ballparks caught on to the trend, and many organists became well-known and associated with their parks or signature tunes. Dynamics (music) In music, the dynamics of a piece are the variation in loudness between notes or phrases . Dynamics are indicated by specific musical notation , often in some detail. However, dynamics markings require interpretation by

2010-755: The English measurement unit) and it sounds to an 8  Hz frequency fundamental tone. Perhaps the most distinctive feature is the ability to range from the slightest sound to the most powerful, plein-jeu impressive sonic discharge, which can be sustained in time indefinitely by the organist. For instance, the Wanamaker organ , located in Philadelphia , US, has sonic resources comparable with three simultaneous symphony orchestras. Another interesting feature lies in its intrinsic " polyphony " approach: each set of pipes can be played simultaneously with others, and

2077-655: The Hammond organ include Bob Dylan , Counting Crows , Pink Floyd , Hootie & the Blowfish , Sheryl Crow , Vulfpeck , Sly Stone and Deep Purple . In the United States and Canada, organ music is commonly associated with several sports, most notably baseball , basketball , and ice hockey . The first baseball team to introduce an organ was the Chicago Cubs , who put an organ in Wrigley Field as an experiment in 1941 for two games. Ebbets Field , home of

Komitas Chamber Music House - Misplaced Pages Continue

2144-467: The Tibia pipe family as its foundation stops and the regular use of a tremulant possessing a depth greater than that on a classical organ. Theatre organs tend not to take nearly as much space as standard organs, relying on extension (sometimes called unification) and higher wind pressures to produce a greater variety of tone and larger volume of sound from fewer pipes. Unification gives a smaller instrument

2211-482: The availability of clonewheel organs that were light enough for one person to carry. In contrast to Hammond's electro-mechanical design, Allen Organ Company introduced the first totally electronic organ in 1938, based on the stable oscillator designed and patented by the company's founder, Jerome Markowitz. Allen continued to advance analog tone generation through the 1960s with additional patents. In 1971, in collaboration with North American Rockwell, Allen introduced

2278-443: The beginning or end, to ensure the phrase is properly shaped, even where a passage is marked p throughout. Similarly, in multi-part music , some voices will naturally be played louder than others, for instance, to emphasize the melody and the bass line, even if a whole passage is marked at one dynamic level. Some instruments are naturally louder than others – for instance, a tuba playing mezzo-piano will likely be louder than

2345-588: The capability of a much larger one, and works well for monophonic styles of playing (chordal, or chords with solo voice). The sound is, however, thicker and more homogeneous than a classically designed organ. In the US the American Theater Organ Society (ATOS) has been instrumental in programs to preserve examples of such instruments. A chamber organ is a small pipe organ, often with only one manual, and sometimes without separate pedal pipes that

2412-479: The classical and religious areas of music. Church-style pipe organs are sometimes used in rock music . Examples include Tangerine Dream , Rick Wakeman (with Yes and solo), Keith Emerson (with The Nice and Emerson, Lake and Palmer ), George Duke (with Frank Zappa ), Dennis DeYoung (with Styx ), Arcade Fire , Muse , Roger Hodgson (formerly of Supertramp ), Natalie Merchant (with 10,000 Maniacs ), Billy Preston and Iron Butterfly . Artists using

2479-408: The development of the electronic organ. It generated its sounds using reeds similar to those of an accordion . Smaller, cheaper and more portable than the corresponding pipe instrument, these were widely used in smaller churches and in private homes, but their volume and tonal range was extremely limited. They were generally limited to one or two manuals; they seldom had a pedalboard. The chord organ

2546-418: The following table for some applications, including Apple's Logic Pro 9 (2009–2013), Avid's Sibelius 5 (2007–2009), musescore.org's MuseScore 3.0 (2019), MakeMusic's Finale 26 (2018-2021), and Musitek's SmartScore X2 Pro (2016) and 64 Pro. (2021). MIDI specifies the range of key velocities as an integer between 0 and 127: The velocity effect on volume depends on the particular instrument. For instance,

2613-507: The hands and a pedalboard for playing with the feet. With the use of registers, several groups of pipes can be connected to one manual. The organ has been used in various musical settings, particularly in classical music . Music written specifically for the organ is common from the Renaissance to the present day. Pipe organs , the most traditional type, operate by forcing air through pipes of varying sizes and materials, each producing

2680-540: The incessant interchange of loud and soft." In addition to this, the harpsichord in fact becomes louder or softer depending on the thickness of the musical texture (four notes are louder than two). In the Romantic period, composers greatly expanded the vocabulary for describing dynamic changes in their scores. Where Haydn and Mozart specified six levels ( pp to ff ), Beethoven used also ppp and fff (the latter less frequently), and Brahms used

2747-505: The late 19th century onward. Generally, these markings are supported by the orchestration of the work, with heavy forte passages brought to life by having many loud instruments like brass and percussion playing at once. On Music , one of the Moralia attributed to the philosopher Plutarch in the first century AD, suggests that ancient Greek musical performance included dynamic transitions – though dynamics receive far less attention in

Komitas Chamber Music House - Misplaced Pages Continue

2814-607: The middle of the 20th century, and organ builders began to look to historical models for inspiration in constructing new instruments. Today, modern builders construct organs in a variety of styles for both secular and sacred applications. The theatre organ or cinema organ was designed to accompany silent movies . Like a symphonic organ, it is made to replace an orchestra. However, it includes many more gadgets, such as mechanical percussion accessories and other imitative sounds useful in creating movie sound accompaniments such as auto horns, doorbells, and bird whistles. It typically features

2881-417: The modern builders are often building electropneumatic chamber organs. Keyboard pieces that predate Beethoven may usually be as easily played on a chamber organ as on a piano or harpsichord, and a chamber organ is sometimes preferable to a harpsichord for continuo playing as it is more suitable for producing a sustained tone. The pump organ , reed organ or harmonium, was the other main type of organ before

2948-487: The most important organist-composers before 1650. Influenced in part by Sweelinck and Frescobaldi, the North German school rose from the mid-17th century onwards to great prominence, with leading members of this school having included Buxtehude , Franz Tunder , Georg Böhm , Georg Philipp Telemann , and above all Johann Sebastian Bach , whose contributions to organ music continue to reign supreme. During this time,

3015-401: The new dynamic notation. Subito piano (abbreviated as sub. p or sp ) ("suddenly soft") implies a quick, almost abrupt reduction in volume to around the p range, often employed to subvert listener expectations, signaling a more intimate expression. Although it incorporates the piano p dynamic symbol, performers have slight interpretive leeway, allowing variations based on

3082-410: The organ more as an equitable orchestral instrument than for purely dramatic effect. Poulenc wrote the sole organ concerto since Handel's to have achieved mainstream popularity. Because the organ has both manuals and pedals, organ music has come to be notated on three staves . The music played on the manuals is laid out like music for other keyboard instruments on the top two staves, and the music for

3149-525: The organ's prominence gradually shrank, as the instrument itself increasingly lost ground to the piano . Nevertheless, Felix Mendelssohn , César Franck , and the less famous A.P.F. Boëly (all of whom were themselves expert organists) led, independently of one another, a resurgence of valuable organ writing during the 19th century. This resurgence, much of it informed by Bach's example, achieved particularly impressive things in France (even though Franck himself

3216-450: The overture to Smetana ’s opera The Bartered Bride . The fast scurrying quavers played pianissimo by the second violins form a sharply differentiated background to the incisive thematic statement played fortissimo by the firsts. In some music notation programs , there are default MIDI key velocity values associated with these indications, but more sophisticated programs allow users to change these as needed. These defaults are listed in

3283-499: The pedals is notated on the third stave or sometimes, to save space, added to the bottom of the second stave as was the early practice. To aid the eye in reading three staves at once, the bar lines are broken between the lowest two staves; the brace surrounds only the upper two staves. Because music racks are often built quite low to preserve sightlines over the console, organ music is usually published in oblong or landscape format. Electronic organs and electromechanical organs such as

3350-437: The performer depending on the musical context: a specific marking may correspond to a different volume between pieces or even sections of one piece. The execution of dynamics also extends beyond loudness to include changes in timbre and sometimes tempo rubato . Dynamics are one of the expressive elements of music . Used effectively, dynamics help musicians sustain variety and interest in a musical performance, and communicate

3417-489: The performer's discretion, with forzato/forzando typically seen as a variation of marcato and subito forzando/forzato as a marcato with added tenuto . The fortepiano notation fp denotes a forte followed immediately by piano . Contrastingly, pf abbreviates poco forte , translating to "a little loud", but according to Brahms, implies a forte character with a piano sound , although rarely used due to potential confusion with pianoforte . Messa di voce

SECTION 50

#1732798375156

3484-411: The preceding loudness or character of the piece. Likewise, subito can mark sudden increases in volume, as in subito forte sf or subito fortissimo sff , typically accentuating a single note or chord. Accented notes are generally marked with an accent sign > placed above or below the note, emphasizing the attack relative to the prevailing dynamics. A sharper and briefer emphasis

3551-448: The predecessor to modern portable keyboards , as they included one-touch chords, rhythm and accompaniment devices, and other electronically assisted gadgets. Lowrey was the leading manufacturer of this type of organs in the smaller (spinet) instruments. In the 1960s and 1970s, a type of simple, portable electronic organ called the combo organ was popular, especially with pop, Ska (in the late 1970s and early 1980s) and rock bands, and

3618-402: The right ( [REDACTED] ); a decrescendo symbol starts open on the left and closes toward the right ( [REDACTED] ). These symbols are sometimes referred to as hairpins or wedges. The following notation indicates music starting moderately strong, then becoming gradually stronger and then gradually quieter: Hairpins are typically positioned below the staff (or between the two staves in

3685-457: The slight imperfections in tuning. Hybrids , starting in the early 20th century, incorporate a few ranks of pipes to produce some sounds, and use electronic circuits or digital samples for other sounds and to resolve borrowing collisions. Major manufacturers include Allen , Walker, Compton , Wicks, Marshall & Ogletree, Phoenix, Makin Organs, Wyvern Organs and Rodgers . The development of

3752-474: The sound of popular music. The electric organ, especially the Hammond B-3, has occupied a significant role in jazz ever since Jimmy Smith made it popular in the 1950s. It can function as a replacement for both piano and bass in the standard jazz combo. The Hammond organ is the centrepiece of the organ trio , a small ensemble which typically includes an organist (playing melodies, chords and basslines),

3819-475: The sound waveforms. Its system of drawbars allowed for setting volumes for specific sounds, and it provided vibrato-like effects. The drawbars allow the player to choose volume levels. By emphasizing certain harmonics from the overtone series, desired sounds (such as 'brass' or 'string') can be imitated. Generally, the older Hammond drawbar organs had only preamplifiers and were connected to an external, amplified speaker. The Leslie speaker , which rotates to create

3886-595: The sounds mixed and interspersed in the environment, not in the instrument itself. Most organs in Europe, the Americas, and Australasia can be found in Christian churches. The introduction of church organs is traditionally attributed to Pope Vitalian in the 7th century. Due to its simultaneous ability to provide a musical foundation below the vocal register, support in the vocal register, and increased brightness above

3953-485: The statue of Ivan Aivazovsky (designed by sculptor Yura Petrosyan) was erected near the chamber music house. 40°11′7″N 44°31′23″E  /  40.18528°N 44.52306°E  / 40.18528; 44.52306 Organ (music) In music , the organ is a keyboard instrument of one or more pipe divisions or other means (generally woodwind or electric ) for producing tones. The organs have usually two or three, up to five, manuals for playing with

4020-415: The text than does rhythm or harmony . The Renaissance composer Giovanni Gabrieli was one of the first to indicate dynamics in music notation . However, much of the use of dynamics in early Baroque music remained implicit and was achieved through a practice called raddoppio ("doubling") and later ripieno ("filling"), which consisted of creating a contrast between a small number of elements and then

4087-511: The use of hand stops and combination pistons . Although the keyboard is not expressive as on a piano and does not affect dynamics (it is binary; pressing a key only turns the sound on or off), some divisions may be enclosed in a swell box , allowing the dynamics to be controlled by shutters. Some organs are totally enclosed, meaning that all the divisions can be controlled by one set of shutters. Some special registers with free reed pipes are expressive. It has existed in its current form since

SECTION 60

#1732798375156

4154-404: The vocal register, the organ is ideally suited to accompany human voices , whether a congregation , a choir , or a cantor or soloist. Most services also include solo organ repertoire for independent performance rather than by way of accompaniment, often as a prelude at the beginning the service and a postlude at the conclusion of the service. Today this organ may be a pipe organ (see above),

4221-546: The world's first commercially available digital musical instrument. The first Allen Digital Organ is now in the Smithsonian Institution. Frequency divider organs used oscillators instead of mechanical parts to make sound. These were even cheaper and more portable than the Hammond. They featured an ability to bend pitches . From the 1940s up until the 1970s, small organs were sold that simplified traditional organ stops. These instruments can be considered

4288-412: Was a signature sound in the rock music of the period, such as The Doors and Iron Butterfly . The most popular combo organs were manufactured by Farfisa and Vox . Conn-Selmer and Rodgers , dominant in the market for larger instruments, also made electronic organs that used separate oscillators for each note rather than frequency dividers, giving them a richer sound, closer to a pipe organ, due to

4355-529: Was invented by Laurens Hammond in 1950. It provided chord buttons for the left hand, similar to an accordion. Other reed organ manufacturers have also produced chord organs, most notably Magnus from 1958 to the late 1970s. Since the 1930s, pipeless electric instruments have been available to produce similar sounds and perform similar roles to pipe organs. Many of these have been bought both by houses of worship and other potential pipe organ customers, and also by many musicians both professional and amateur for whom

4422-478: Was invented in the United States in the 19th century. Calliopes usually have very loud and clean sound. Calliopes are used as outdoors instruments, and many have been built on wheeled platforms. The organ has had an important place in classical music , particularly since the 16th century. Spain's Antonio de Cabezón , the Netherlands' Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck , and Italy's Girolamo Frescobaldi were three of

4489-758: Was of Belgian birth). Major names in French Romantic organ composition are Charles-Marie Widor , Louis Vierne , Alexandre Guilmant , Charles Tournemire , and Eugène Gigout . Of these, Vierne and Tournemire were Franck pupils. In Germany, Max Reger (late 19th century) owes much to the harmonic daring of Liszt (himself an organ composer) and of Wagner . Paul Hindemith produced three organ sonatas and several works combining organ with chamber groups. Sigfrid Karg-Elert specialized in smaller organ pieces, mostly chorale-preludes. Among French organist-composers, Marcel Dupré , Maurice Duruflé , Olivier Messiaen and Jean Langlais made significant contributions to

#155844