Misplaced Pages

#162837

43-737: Komo or KOMO may refer to: Places [ edit ] Komo or Kommos (Crete) , an ancient seaport Komo (department) , a department of Estuaire Province in western Gabon Komo, Myanmar , a village in north-eastern Myanmar Komo (Fiji) , an island of the Lau Archipelago of Fiji Komo, Guinea-Bissau , a sector in Tombali Region Komo Rural LLG , Papua New Guinea Radio and TV stations [ edit ] KOMO-TV , Seattle, Washington television station KTTH , Seattle, Washington radio station, which held

86-633: A Hausa musical instrument of Niger and northern Nigeria See also [ edit ] Como (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Komo . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komo&oldid=1221693472 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Broadcast call sign disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

129-444: A cemetery, which in turn could be grouped with a building, such as a church, to produce a " phase ". Phase implies a nearly contemporaneous Archaeological horizon , representing "what you would see if you went back to time X". The production of phase interpretations is the first goal of stratigraphic interpretation and excavation. Archaeologists investigating a site may wish to date the activity rather than artifacts on site by dating

172-414: A huge amount of cross referencing with other recorded sequences is required to produce dating series from stratigraphic relationships such as the work in seriation . One issue in using stratigraphic relationships is that the date of artifacts in a context does not represent the date of the context, but just the earliest date the context could be. If one looks at the sequence in figure A , one may find that

215-454: A natural harbor. The site has yielded many animal remains , a majority of which were excavated from archaic vessels and pottery. Excavations carried out between 1976 and 1985 yielded 9,400 large mammal bones, 150 Rodentia bones, 1,150 fish bones, and around 36,000 marine invertebrate . Of these samples a large number were attributed to pigs . Remains found revealed a variety of butchery methods performed, including partial opening of

258-473: A pottery workshop including a kiln was built in the earlier court, which has provided archaeologists with crucial evidence regarding Minoan pottery production. The LMIIIA Building P has been described as "perhaps the most curious" building at the site. Consisting of six long narrow galleries, its layout resembles Minoan storerooms. However, the galleries were open on their western sides, suggesting that their contents were left unsecured. Particularly since

301-517: A precedecessor. During MMIII, Building AA was replaced by the grandiose Building T , comparable in size to the palace at Phaistos , with a facade constructed from the largest ashlars used by the Minoans. After an earthquake, the area was left in ruins before being redeveloped in the LMIIIA2 period. Buildings from this phase include the court-centered Building N and Building P . In this period,

344-405: A relationship that is earlier, "lower", though this does not refer necessarily to the physical location of the context. It is more useful to think of "higher" as it relates to the context's position in a Harris matrix , a two-dimensional representation of a site's formation in space and time. Archaeological stratigraphy is based on a series of axiomatic principles or "laws". They are derived from

387-615: A variety of local and international pottery, the archaeologists set aside a box labeled "The Strange and Wonderful" for stylistically unfamiliar finds. When colleagues from other digs toured the site, they were asked to look through the bin as their "entrance ticket". Joseph W. Shaw, Kommos: A Minoan Harbor Town and Greek Sanctuary in Southern Crete (ASCSA, 2006: ISBN   0-87661-659-7 ). Peter M. Day, Patrick S. Quinn, Jeremy B. Rutter, & Vassilis Kilikoglou. (2011). A WORLD OF GOODS: Transport Jars and Commodity Exchange at

430-517: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Kommos (Crete) The partially excavated site is located 5 km north of Matala , adjacent to Kommos Beach. It is not open to the public, but is visible from the beach. Kommos is located on the coast of the Mesara Plain , one of the major population centers of the Minoan civilization. It

473-451: Is near the Palace of Phaistos and the town of Hagia Triada , with whom it has been described as forming "a great Minoan triangle". The archaeological site is next to Kommos Beach, a popular swimming spot. In ancient times, Papadoplaka reef islet would have partly sheltered the town from waves and wind, though it has been substantially submerged by rising sea levels and German bombing during

SECTION 10

#1732794172163

516-600: The Egyptian gods Sekhmet and Nefertum . This temple was abandoned around 600 BC, a time of reduced religious activity throughout Crete. The latest temple, Temple C , was built in the Classical era around 400 BC it remained in use until around 150 AD. A more ambitious construction, this building consisted of a single rectangular room and was typical of Cretan temples in its lack of exterior columns. The temple originally had two statues, though all that remains of them are

559-466: The Nazi occupation of Crete . The Minoan city was divided into two areas, demarcated by a broad road paved with stone slabs. The hilly northern sector was primarily a residential neighborhood, while civic buildings were constructed in the lower and flatter southern area. The site is stratigraphically complex, with remains from different periods often directly on top of each other. The southern edge of

602-578: The skull assumedly for consumption of the brain . Further animal remains, such as cows and deer were also found around the site. Very few human remains have been uncovered from the site, with the only human remain being an adult mandible . Bird remains have also been found. Eggshells and avian bones from the site were identified by Dr. George E. Watson, Curator of Birds at the Smithsonian Institution . The usage for birds varied from domestication to consumption. Avian bones found at

645-625: The Aegean islands, Egypt, and the Anatolian coast confirms the importance of international trade to the Late Minoan coastal city of Kommos. Kommos first attracted the attention of archaeologists in 1924, when Arthur Evans visited the site. Though he did not excavate, he studied surface remains and proposed that the site had been a Minoan port. Though this conclusion later proved accurate, most of his specific interpretations were not. For instance,

688-534: The KOMO call sign during part of 1926 KNWN (AM) , Seattle, Washington radio station, which held the KOMO call sign from 1926 until 2022 KNWN-FM , Oakville, Washington radio station (97.7 FM), known as KOMO-FM from 2009 until 2022 Other uses [ edit ] Komo people , an ethnic group who live along the Sudanese-Ethiopian border Komo language , a Nilo-Saharan language Komo (lute) ,

731-624: The Late Bronze Age Harbor of Kommos, Crete. Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 80(4), 511–558. Stratigraphy (archaeology) Stratigraphy is a key concept to modern archaeological theory and practice. Modern excavation techniques are based on stratigraphic principles. The concept derives from the geological use of the idea that sedimentation takes place according to uniform principles. When archaeological finds are below

774-575: The Late Bronze Age Southern Aegean is the transport stirrup-jar , which looks like a larger false-necked amphora. It has a wide-mouth rim with two vertical handles on the shoulders that connect to the neck of the vessel. At the beginning of the 14th century BC, a variation of the Minoan oval-mouthed amphora started making an appearance in Kommos. Dubbed the short-neck amphora, this vessel had two cylindrical handles attached at

817-675: The Late Minoan city of Kommos. Transport stirrup jars have not only been found on Crete but also in vast quantities on the Greek mainland , throughout the Aegean Islands , and along the western Anatolian coast. The Cretan vessels have been found in the Egyptian city of Tell el-Amarna , Cyprus, and the Levant , and the results of petrographic and trace element analysis determine that the majority of these transport stirrup jars originated in

860-521: The MMIII/LMI period, the site was rebuilt on a larger scale, perhaps 3.5 ha. Archaeologists have noted that during the early LMIII period, residents' living standards fell even as commercial activity reached its all time peak. The site was abandoned after LMIIIB around 1200 BC and was never reoccupied on the same scale, though it served as a sanctuary until the Hellenistic era . The Minoan name of

903-436: The archaeological sequence or stratigraphy. They can be deposits (such as the back-fill of a ditch), structures (such as walls), or "zero thickness surfaces", better known as " cuts ". Cuts represent actions that remove other solid contexts such as fills, deposits, and walls. An example would be a ditch "cut" through earlier deposits. Stratigraphic relationships are the relationships created between contexts in time, representing

SECTION 20

#1732794172163

946-402: The backfilling of pit 8, occurred sometime after the date for 9 but before the date for 1, and if we recover an assemblage of artifacts from context 7 that occur nowhere else in the sequence, we have isolated them with a reasonable degree of certainty to a discrete range of time. In this instance we can now use the date we have for finds in context 7 to date other sites and sequences. In practice

989-593: The building as well as a comparable structure at Knossos 's port of Katsamba. Building P was built over the ruins of Building T's eastern wing. It is the largest known Minoan building from the LMIIIA era and easily distinguishable at the site today. It is also notable for being the location where the vast majority of "short necked amphoras" were found. Later ruins at the site include a sequence of temples , which were excavated along with copious votives and evidence of ritual feasting. The earliest of them, Temple A ,

1032-615: The building he identified as a customs house turned out to be an ordinary residence, and a feature he interpreted as a Minoan road was in fact a later fortification wall. Excavations at the site began in 1976 under the direction of Joseph Shaw from the University of Toronto , who specialized in ancient Mediterranean harbours. Over the previous decade, Shaw had surveyed a number of coastal sites in Mesara , concluding from surface pottery that Kommos alone showed evidence of Minoan presence. At

1075-400: The chronological order in which they were created. One example would be a ditch and the back-fill of said ditch. The temporal relationship of "the fill" context to the ditch "cut" context is such that "the fill" occurred later in the sequence; you have to dig a ditch before you can back-fill it. A relationship that is later in the sequence is sometimes referred to as "higher" in the sequence, and

1118-402: The cut for the construction of wall 2, context 5, has cut through layers 9 and 10, and in doing so has introduced the possibility that artifacts from layers 9 and 10 may be redeposited higher up the sequence in the context representing the backfill of the construction cut, context 3. These artifacts are referred to as "residual" or "residual finds". It is crucial that dating a context is based on

1161-493: The dates of the two layers sealing it. However the date of contexts often fall in a range of possibilities so using them to date others is not a straightforward process. Take the hypothetical section figure A . Here we can see 12 contexts, each numbered with a unique context number and whose sequence is represented in the Harris matrix in figure B . If we know the date of context 1 and context 9 we can deduce that context 7,

1204-460: The individual contexts which represents events. Some degree of dating objects by their position in the sequence can be made with known datable elements of the archaeological record or other assumed datable contexts deduced by a regressive form of relative dating which in turn can fix events represented by contexts to some range in time. For example, the date of formation of a context which is totally sealed between two datable layers will fall between

1247-451: The latest dating evidence drawn from the context. We can also see that if the fill of cut 5 – the wall 2, backfill 3 and trample 12 — are not removed entirely during excavation because of " undercutting ", non-residual artifacts from these later "higher" contexts 2, 3 and 12 could contaminate the excavation of earlier contexts such as 9 and 10 and give false dating information. These artifacts may be termed intrusive finds . Stratigraphic data

1290-858: The northern part of Central Crete. While the transport stirrup jar was frequently used in Crete to ferry their goods, the Canaanite jar was the preferred container throughout the Levant. Evidence of the Canaanite jar has been found at Kommos in the form of 60 fragmentary to fully restorable containers. The final type of vessel identified is the Egyptian jar. Kommos has been the only Aegean site where this Late Bronze Age undecorated pottery has been recovered. The styles of pottery range from closed shapes to amphoras, flasks, and necked jars, and most likely transported wine . The presence of Canaanite jars and Egyptian jars at Kommos and Cretan transport stirrup jars found throughout

1333-423: The open side faces the sea, the building is standardly interpreted as an early example of a ship shed. However, unlike Classical-era buildings of this sort, Building P was not on the shoreline and lacked a slipway . Thus, archaeologists hypothesize that the building was used for longer term storage than later examples. This interpretation is bolstered by the discovery of residue from hematite anti-fouling paint in

Komo - Misplaced Pages Continue

1376-450: The palaces? Perhaps they were not so rare nor served such large regions as is generally supposed. Or perhaps in T we see an adaptation of the palace form for commercial purposes. The palatial complex was rebuilt several times. The earliest known palatial building, Building AA , was constructed shortly after the first palace at Phaistos during MMII . However, an earlier walkway excavated under AA's central court suggests that it may have had

1419-448: The practitioner, but the terms interface, sub-group, and group are common. An example of a sub-group could be the three contexts that make up a burial; the grave cut, the body, and the back-filled earth on top of the body. Sub-groups can then be clustered together with other sub-groups by virtue of their stratigraphic relationship to form groups, which in turn form "phases." A sub-group burial could cluster with other sub-group burials to form

1462-480: The principles of stratigraphy in geology but have been adapted to reflect the different nature of archaeological deposits. E.C. Harris notes two principles that were widely recognised by archaeologists by the 1970s: He also proposed three additional principles: Understanding a site in modern archaeology is a process of grouping single contexts together in ever larger groups by virtue of their relationships. The terminology of these larger clusters varies depending on

1505-562: The shoulder, a stunted neck, and a round mouth. On the Syro-Palestinian coast, the Canaanite jar was the preferred transport jar; it was widely exported to Cyprus and Lower Egypt , where they eventually adopted and imitated the shoulder-handled vessel. The variations of the Canaanite jar created in Egypt can easily be identified by the diversities in material and surface treatment. Thousands of ceramic sherds have been recovered from

1548-529: The site include Woodpigeon , Rock Dove , Turtle Dove, Scopoli's Shearwater , and Chukar Partridge . Kommos has yielded more evidence for intercultural trade in the form of imported ceramics than any other Bronze Age site in the Aegean . Archaeologists have found Egyptian figurines and transport jars, Canaanite jars , and jars that originated from the Nile Delta . The typical transport vessel found in

1591-516: The site is notable for its architectural parallels with Minoan palaces . Like the palaces, this area had a paved rectangular court surrounded by monumental wings . Because Kommos is thought to have been politically dependent on Phaistos and Hagia Triada , the presence of palatial architecture is a puzzle. In the words of excavator Joseph Shaw: Could a relatively small and architecturally unpretentious town such as Kommos have promoted and maintained such an enormous structure, or have we misunderstood

1634-410: The site was archaeologically viable. Initial excavations turned up not only the expected Minoan remains, but also Greco-Roman roof tiles, something not expected based on surface pottery. Excavations used then-novel methodologies, attending to topography, geology, land use, and evidence of daily life at the site rather than simply elite material culture. Anticipating that an international port would contain

1677-533: The statue bases and one eye, leaving the identity of the gods worshipped there uncertain. The site was first settled in the Late Neolithic , but only expanded into a major settlement during the Middle Minoan period. In this era, the site expanded to cover an area of roughly 1.5 ha, and monumental buildings were built for the first time in the flat southern part of the site. After an earthquake in

1720-537: The surface of the ground (as is most commonly the case), the identification of the context of each find is vital in enabling the archaeologist to draw conclusions about the site and about the nature and date of its occupation. It is the archaeologist's role to attempt to discover what contexts exist and how they came to be created. Archaeological stratification or sequence is the dynamic superimposition of single units of stratigraphy, or contexts. Contexts are single events or actions that leave discrete, detectable traces in

1763-405: The time, the site was covered by a layer of sand that was four meters deep in some areas. This sand had to be cleared by a front loader before the earth layer below could be excavated. This process was complicated by the site having been a former Nazi minefield which was not entirely mineswept after the war. Excavations began after a ceremony from a local priest, and quickly confirmed that

Komo - Misplaced Pages Continue

1806-532: The town is unknown, but it has been argued that the site corresponds to Classical Era Amyklaion ( Greek : Αμύκλαιον ), which would reflect a link with Amyclae . Robin Lane Fox speculates that it is referred to in Odyssey 3.296: "a small rock holds back the great waves." That small rock is likely to have been the natural reef of Papadoplaka and a submerged sandy shore stretching to the coast would have formed

1849-523: Was a simple rural shrine built in the Subminoan period around 1020 BC at the then-abandoned site. It was replaced by Temple B in the Archaic era around 800 BC. At this point in time, Kommos was once again a stopping point for sailors, and finds from Temple B attest to its international connections. The temple included a Phoenician tripillar shrine around which were found imported faience figurines of

#162837