57-1112: [REDACTED] Look up Kongu Nadu in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Kongu may refer to: Kongu Nadu , a region in the western part of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu Kongu Tamil , a dialect of Tamil language spoken in Western Tamil Nadu Kongu Vellalar , a caste of Tamil Nadu, India Kongu Express , a train connecting Coimbatore and New Delhi Kongu Engineering College , college in Tamil Nadu, India Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi , political party based in Tamil Nadu, India Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam , political party based in Tamil Nadu, India Tamil Nadu Kongu Ilaingar Peravai , political party based in Tamil Nadu, India Kongu Chera dynasty , dynasty of ancient India See also [ edit ] Konga (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
114-509: A bulbous stone finial and function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex. Kongu Nadu cuisine is predominantly South Indian with rice as its base and includes a unique collection of recipes created by the people residing in the Kongu region. The cuisine includes cereals like maize , ragi , samai , cholam , kambu , kezhvaragu , and different kinds of pulses , millets and sesame . Millets were staple food items in
171-696: A cave in Arachalur was dated to 4th Century CE and as per Iravatham Mahadevan , these were music syllables used in dance with further such sites discovered in Thadagam near Coimbatore . The region was in the middle of a trade route leading across the Palghat gap in the Western Ghats and that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu linking the Mediterranean to East Asia . While the region
228-492: A land they were trying to conquer. The history of the region begins with the rise of the Early Chola kingdom in the 4th century BC. The Early Cholas ruled from the town of Uraiyur near Tiruchirapalli and their kingdom comprised the whole of the present-day Cauvery Delta. Flourishing centres of Roman trade have been excavated at Poompuhar (Nagapattinam) stand testimony to a prosperous civilization. The Chola Nadu region
285-509: A population of over 27.4 million. The geography of the region is diverse, with the Western and Eastern Ghats traversing along the Deccan plateau . The Kaveri , Bhavani , Amaravati and Noyyal rivers are the important non-perennial sources of water. Coimbatore , Tiruppur and Salem are the largest urban areas in the region. The majority of the people in the region speak Kongu Tamil ,
342-448: A result the food has a different taste and unique texture. The best quality turmeric is grown in the region and this is an important ingredient in the cuisine. The earlier Kongu people were mostly vegetarians for religious reason . Idly , dosa , paniyaram and appam are popular dishes. Opputtu is a sweet made with rice, chickpea, palm or cane jaggery , cardamom and ghee. Ariseemparuppu (literally translated as Rice and dal)
399-492: A thriving industrial and commercial center with other references to the people in the second century Tamil epic Silappathikaram and other Sangam literature . The region served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap , on the principal trade route that extended from Muziris in the west coast to Arikamedu in the east. The Pandyas and Western Gangas ruled over the region later. The medieval Cholas conquered
456-518: A variant of Tamil language . While the region is a significant contributor to the economy of the state , disparity remains within various districts in the region. In the ancient Tamilakam , it was the seat of the Cheras , bound by Tondai Nadu in the east, Chola Nadu in the south-east and Pandya Nadu in the south. The region finds mention in Patiṟṟuppattu literature from the first century CE as
513-483: A warm and foggy September, the north-east monsoon starts from October, lasting until early November. There is a wide diversity of plants and animals in the region, resulting from its varied climates and geography. Deciduous forests are found along the Western Ghats while tropical dry forests and scrub lands are common in the interior. The Western Ghats is one of the eight hottest biodiversity hotspots in
570-560: Is a unique dish originated from the region. Kaalaan is a popular dish prepared by simmering deep-fried mushrooms (usually chopped) in a spicy broth until it reaches a porridge-like consistency; the dish is served sprinkled with chopped onions and coriander leaves. Kongu Nadu had a flourishing economy from ancient times and had trade contacts with foreign nations. Kodumanal was a 2,500-year-old industrial colony discovered by archaeologists, located along an ancient Roman trade route. A Chola highway called Rajakesari Peruvazhi ran through
627-527: Is amongst the major information technology (IT) hubs of India and supplies two-thirds of India's requirements of motors and pumps, and is one of the largest exporters of wet grinders and auto components , as well as jewellery. Another major industry is textiles with the Tiruppur home to more than 10,000 garment manufacturing industries, employing over 600,000 people. As of 2021-22, Tiruppur exported garments worth 5.1 billion USD, contributing to nearly 54% of
SECTION 10
#1732766180068684-534: Is an ancient region spanning on the current state of Tamil Nadu and union territory of Puducherry in southern India . It encompasses the lower reaches of the Kaveri River and its delta, and formed the cultural homeland and political base of the Chola Dynasty which ruled large parts of India and Sri Lanka between the 9th and 13th centuries CE. Uraiyur (now part of Tiruchirapalli city) served as
741-546: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Kongu Nadu Kongu Nadu , also known as Kongu Mandalam , is the geographical region comprising the western and north-western part of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and in some instances, parts of southeastern Karnataka and eastern Kerala . The region covers an area of roughly 60,895 km (23,512 sq mi) with
798-728: Is renowned as a hub of Tamil culture and civilization. The region has been continuously inhabited since the 1st millennium BC. Arts, crafts and music flourished under the Cholas whose reign is considered to be one of the golden ages in the history of Tamil Nadu. During the hegemony of the Vijayanagar Empire and its successors, the Thanjavur Nayak and the Thanjavur Maratha kingdoms, there were frequent migrations of priests, administrators, soldiers and artists from
855-686: Is sandwiched between the historical regions of Tondai Nadu in the north, the Madurai region or Pandya Nadu in the south and Kongu Nadu in the west and roughly extends from Chidambaram in north to the southern frontier of the erstwhile Pudukkottai kingdom and from Tiruchirapalli in the west to the Bay of Bengal in the east. According to the Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly District , Vol II, 1931, p 67, "the traditional meeting place of
912-509: Is significant in the Kongu region. Kongu Tamil (also called Kangee or Kongalam ), a dialect of Tamil, which is the predominantly spoken in the region. Tamil is the sole official language while English is an additional official language for communication purposes. Other languages spoken include Badaga , Toda , Irula and Kota by the tribal population of the Nilgiris district and Malayalam , Kannada and Telugu . The people of
969-677: The British East India Company annexed the region to the Madras Presidency in the early nineteenth century. The region played a significant role in the Indian independence movement . It became part of Madras state post Indian Independence from the British Raj with majority of the region, forming a part of Tamil Nadu later. Kongunadu is a combination of two Tamil words meaning "Kongu country". Kongu might mean nectar or honey , probably arising from
1026-627: The British India districts of Tanjore and Trichinopoly , and the établissement of Karaikal in French India . Historically, the region also encompassed at time present Ariyalur and Perambalur districts (parts of erstwhile South Arcot ), parts of Pudukkottai district (erstwhile Pudukkottai State ) and southern reaches of Cuddalore district ( taluks of Chidambaram and Kattumannarkoil ). The Chola Nadu region covers Central Tamil Nadu and East-Central Tamil Nadu. The region
1083-695: The Cauvery Delta region. The three great Carnatic music composers, Tyagaraja , Syama Sastri and Muthuswami Dikshitar who form the Great Trinity of Carnatic music (or Tiruvarur Trinity) hailed from the Chola Nadu region as also the music composers Muthu Thandavar , Arunachala Kavi and Marimutthu Pillai who form the Tamil Trinity of Carnatic music (or Shiyali Trinity). Apart from music, dance and drama have also flourished in
1140-669: The Cauvery Delta. The Bhagavathar Melas , a series of dance-dramas, written almost entirely in Telugu, were introduced by migrants who sought refuge in the town of Melattur following the collapse of the Vijayanagar kingdom at the Battle of Talikota . Bharatanatyam, a popular dance form by Bharatha muni, flourished in the dance of sadir which was practised in the temples of Chola Nadu by ritual temple dances or devadasis . Patronized and financed by dharmakarthas and rich mirasidars, sadir
1197-649: The Cheras and Pandyas, the entire region came under the Chola influence. While the region was directly under the control of the Imperial Cholas till 1064 CE, the Kongu Cholas who were probably vassals or viceroys of the Cholas, ruled the region autonomously later starting. These rulers bore the title Konattar and adopted Chola titles and surnames. In the 13th century CE, after the death of Vikrama Chola II,
SECTION 20
#17327661800681254-529: The Chola Nadu region. Yesteryear film actors Sivaji Ganesan , Manorama , M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar , Gemini Ganesan , P. U. Chinnappa and T. R. Rajakumari , Papanasam Sivan Indian scientist and Nobel Prize winner Sir C. V. Raman and mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan , Muthulakshmi Reddi , Sujatha , Jayendra Saraswathi , Sri Sri Ravi Shankar , U. Sagayam , Gopinath Chandran , Madhan , N. Gopalaswami , M. S. Swaminathan , Viswanathan Anand , Venkatraman Ramakrishnan were other important people from
1311-701: The Hoysalas, the region came under the control of the Delhi Sultanate . In the 15th century, Vijayanagara empire defeated the Mughals and established sway over the region. After the Vijayanagara empire fell in 1646, the region was ruled by various Nayak governors of the erstwhile Vijayanagara empire who declared independence. They introduced the Palayakkarar system under which the region
1368-483: The Pandyas annexed the region with the inscriptions at Srirangam temple mentioning the victory of Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I in the region. The rule of the Pandyas came to an end with the death of Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I in 1318 CE. The Hoysalas ruled the region for sometime later with Vira Someshwara having a matrimonial alliance with both Pandyas and Cholas. After the defeat of Veera Ballala III of
1425-775: The Second Polygar war (1801), when it was the area of operations of Dheeran Chinnamalai who fought against the rule of British East India Company. Later, the British Empire took control of the region from the British East India Company in 1857. After Indian Independence in 1947, the region was part of the Madras State . After the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, which re-organized state boundaries, majority of
1482-445: The all the textile exports from India. There has been demands for the formation a separate state of Kongu Nadu, which would include western Tamil Nadu with sections of south east Karnataka and east Kerala. Various political parties occasionally raise similar demand. Local caste based political outfits Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam and Kongu Vellala Goundergal Peravai also supported the demand. Chola Nadu Chola Nadu
1539-461: The area's early residents Kongars , who used to wear a garland made of konganam flowers, which were plentiful in this area. Kongu might have also been derived from the Tamil word Kangu , which meant edge or boundary. Since this area served as a border between the ancient Tamil kingdoms , it might have eventually transformed to Kongu. The region was also known as Kongadesam with Konga , a variant of
1596-529: The banks of the Noyyal River show traces of civilization from 4th century BCE. Kodumanal is mentioned in Patiṟṟuppattu literature from the first century CE as a thriving industrial and commercial center. The Kosar people from the region are mentioned in the 2nd century CE Tamil epic Silappathikaram . Early Tamil Brahmi writings have been found on coins, seals and rings obtained from Amaravati river bed near Karuvur . An inscription found in
1653-578: The bureaucracy. The maternal ancestors of Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer hailed from Kumbakonam . Tamil writers U. V. Swaminatha Iyer , Samuel Vedanayagam Pillai , V. V. S. Aiyar and Kalki Krishnamurthy , Kalki Sadasivam journalists Kalki Sadasivam , G. A. Natesan and Kasturi Ranga Iyengar , Indian independence activist G. Subramania Iyer who founder The Hindu , politicians M. R. Sethuratnam Iyer and S. Muthiah Mudaliar and Indian media mogul S. S. Vasan and National award-winning film producer Venus T. Govindarajan were some prominent individuals from
1710-596: The early Chola capital, then medieval Cholas shifted to Thanjavur and later cholas king Rajendra Chola I moved the capital to Gangaikonda Cholapuram in Ariyalur district in the 11th century CE. Chola Nadu is therefore larger than the Tanjore region or the Cauvery delta in the strict sense. Although it essentially corresponds to these two overlapping areas. The boundaries of the region roughly correlates with those of
1767-453: The far northern sides of the Deccan or beyond, especially from Telugu, Kannada and Marathi speaking areas, who brought in their traditions, art and dance forms. The Chola Nadu region thus experienced a period of intense artistic and cultural development on a multicultural background, also sustained by its exchanges with foreign countries. As a result, the region's influence spread over a wide part of India. Despite its rise and initial success in
Kongu - Misplaced Pages Continue
1824-468: The formation of a caste identity. Gounders influence the political and economic space in the region. Incidents of persecution against Scheduled castes , ranging from discrimation based on caste, violent assault and honor killings have been reported from the region. In comparison to the southern or northern districts, the socio-economic and political divide between the Dalits and other intermediary castes
1881-551: The later Chola period such as the temple and cave inscription and left by medieval Cholas. Irrespective of the source, no list of the kings has a high level of historic fact and, while they generally are similar to each other, no two lists are exactly the same. Modern historians consider these lists not as historically reliable sources but as comprehensive conglomerations of various Hindu deities and Puranic characters attributed to local chieftains and invented ancestry of dynasty attempting to re-establish their legitimacy and supremacy in
1938-497: The northern part of Karnataka, Carnatic music actually flourished in the Cauvery Delta. Kambar (poet) was a renowned medieval Tamil poet and the author of the Ramavataram , popularly known as Kambaramayanam , the Tamil version of Ramayana . Kambar also authored other literary works in Tamil, such as Thirukkai Vazakkam , Erezhupathu , Silaiezhupathu , Kangai Puranam , Sadagopar Anthathi , and Sarasvati Anthati hails from
1995-654: The opposite bank of the river was the boundary between the Cōla and the Cēra kingdoms". The genealogy of the Chola empire as found in the Tamil literature and in the many inscriptions left by the later Chola kings contains a number of kings recorded for whom there is no verifiable historic evidence. There are as many versions of this lineage as there are sources for them. The main source is the Sangam literature – particularly, religious literature such as Periapuranam , semi-biographical poems of
2052-487: The region and are the important non-perennial sources of water. The topography also slopes gently from West to East resulting in major rivers in the region arising in the Western Ghats and flowing east. The region has a tropical climate and depends on monsoons for rainfall. Due to the south-west monsoon winds passing through the Palghat gap, the region receives most of the rainfall in the months from June to August. After
2109-734: The region became part of the new Madras state, which would become Tamil Nadu in 1969. The borders of the region are not well defined as the name has been in popular use to refer the region and has not been officially defined. The region covers an estimated area of 60,895 km (23,512 sq mi) of Western and North-Western Tamil Nadu and includes the core districts of Coimbatore , Dharmapuri , Erode , Karur , Krishnagiri , Namakkal , Nilgiris , Tiruppur and Salem . Some sources consider parts of Dindigul , Tiruchirappalli districts in Tamil Nadu, Palakkad district in Kerala and Chamarajanagar district or south eastern Karnataka as part of
2166-452: The region has been the most densely populated in the Tamil country since ancient times. More than 90% of the population speak Tamil . There is a significant Telugu speaking minority, who had descended from migrants who had mostly moved in during the Vijayanagar and Thanjavur Nayak periods. There are smaller populations speaking Saurashtra , Kannada . There are also a considerable body of Marathi speaking people who are mostly present in
2223-720: The region in the tenth century CE. It came under the rule of the Vijayanagara Empire by the 15th century after which the Madurai Nayaks , who were the military governors of the Vijayanagara established their independent kingdom. In the latter part of the 18th century, the region came under the Kingdom of Mysore . After the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Anglo-Mysore Wars and the Polygar Wars ,
2280-406: The region include the grey slender loris , sloth bear , Nilgiri tahr , Nilgiri langur , lion-tailed macaque , and the Indian leopard . As per the 2011 census , the region had a population of over 27.4 million. The population is predominantly Hindu with minority Muslim and Christian population. Caste plays an important role in the region with common myths and ideas contributing to
2337-480: The region lies in the Deccan plateau bound by these mountain ranges. The plateau rises to 100 metres (330 ft) in the north and to more than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) in the south, forming a raised triangle within the downward-pointing triangle of the Indian subcontinent 's coastline. Palghat Gap , a mountain pass across the Western Ghats connects the region to the west coast. The major rivers Kaveri , Bhavani , Amaravati , Noyyal and Siruvani flow through
Kongu - Misplaced Pages Continue
2394-475: The region until the Green Revolution increased the usage of Ponni rice as a staple. The traditional way of eating a meal involves being seated on the floor and having the food served on a banana leaf . Eating on banana leaves is a custom thousands of years old, imparts a unique flavor to the food, and is considered healthy. Kongu Nadu cuisine does not involve marination of any raw material and as
2451-576: The region upheld the Tirukkural with utmost reverence, which remained as the chief administrative text during the medieval period with several Kural inscriptions and other historical records are found across the region. The 15th-century Jain inscriptions in the Ponsorimalai near Mallur indicate shunning meat from Tirukkural which may indicate that the people of the region might have practiced ahimsa and non-killing as chief virtues. Sati
2508-404: The region was ruled by various dynasties such as Rashtrakutas and Western Gangas . The Kongu Cheras gained influence over the region and were in alliance with the Pandyas. The medieval Cholas led by Aditya I , conquered the region in ninth century CE. Pandya king Rajasimha II , who was defeated by Parantaka I , is known to have found asylum in the region. With Raja Raja I defeating
2565-492: The region. Agriculture is the primary occupation in the region. Rice is the staple food and major crop in the region. Some of the main crops cultivated include sugarcane , spices , chilli , banana , cotton , turmeric , millets and pulses. Other plantation crops include coffee , tea , rubber , betel , areca nut and coconut . and 85% of the natural rubber production in the country. Other major agricultural products include poultry and silk . Coimbatore
2622-587: The region. It shares its western and northern borders with states of Kerala and Karnataka respectively, while straddling other districts of Tamil Nadu on the other sides. The Western Ghats runs south along the western side with the Eastern Ghats cutting through the region. Both mountain ranges meet at the Nilgiri mountains in the region, which run in a crescent approximately along the borders of Tamil Nadu with northern Kerala and Karnataka. Majority of
2679-1102: The region. Recent time politicians include the former Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu M. Karunanidhi and Jayalalithaa whose ancestors are from Tiruchirapalli and Thanjavur, Former Finance Minister of Tamil Nadu K. Anbazhagan , Former President of India R. Venkataraman , Kaduvetti Guru , PMK, Former Cabinet Minister and Leader of the House R.M.Veerappan and late Veteran Congress leader G.K. Moopanar , Ko. Si. Mani Former minister for local administration of Tamil Nadu, Former Union Minister Andimuthu Raja , VCK Leader Thol. Thirumavalavan , V. K. Sasikala Indian businesswoman turned politician, T. T. V. Dhinakaran , La Ganesan , H. Raja , Karunas , S. Ve. Shekher and Union Ministers G.K. Vasan , Mani Shankar Aiyar , Murasoli Maran , T. R. Baalu , S. S. Palanimanickam , Su. Thirunavukkarasar . Film personalities such as directors K. Balachander , S. Shankar and actors T. Rajendar , Sivakarthikeyan , Ramesh Aravind , Arvind Swamy , Hema Malini , M. S. Bhaskar , Rajesh and Dhivyadharshini are from
2736-407: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Kongu . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kongu&oldid=1213358816 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2793-513: The temple and Pillared halls used for many purposes and are the invariable accompaniments of these temples. Besides these, a South Indian temple usually has a tank called the Kalyani or Pushkarni . The Gopuram is a monumental tower, usually ornate at the entrance of the temple forms a prominent feature of Koils and Hindu temples of the Dravidian style. They are topped by the kalasam ,
2850-443: The term Ganga to mean the land ruled by Western Gangas . The region is also known as "Kongu Mandalam" with mandalam meaning "region" in Tamil. At various times, the region was known by different names such Chola-Kerala mandalam, Adhiraja mandalam, Ezhukarai nadu, Veerachola mandalam and Onbathukarai nadu. Kongu Nadu was one of the territorial divisions in the ancient Tamilakam . Archaeological excavations from Kodumanal on
2907-611: The three Tamil kingdoms was the temple of Cellānti Amman on the banks of the Kāvēri, twelve miles west of Kulittalai and three miles below the junction of the Amarāvati and the Kāvēri. The temple was the common place of worship for the kings of the three Tamil dynasties; a bund which runs to the south of the river marks the boundary between the Cōla and the Pāntya territories, and the Karaipōttanār on
SECTION 50
#17327661800682964-735: The urban areas of Thanjavur and Tiruchirappalli districts, as well as in both of these cities. The Chola Nadu region has produced a number of noteworthy personalities in the fields of arts, science, film and politics. Long recognized as a hub of Carnatic music, the region is home to most of India's renowned Carnatic musicians. There have also been important individuals in the field of politics. In British times, civil servants and lawyers from Chola Nadu like Sir T. Madhava Rao , Sir A. Seshayya Sastri , Sir Mohammad Usman , Sir A. T. Panneerselvam , Sir T. Muthuswamy Iyer , Sir P. S. Sivaswami Iyer , T. Ananda Rao , S. Satyamurti , V. S. Srinivasa Sastri , V. P. Madhava Rao and R. Raghunatha Rao dominated
3021-591: The world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Mudumalai National Park was the first national park in India, established in 1940 and the region has 11 national parks and wildlife sanctuaries . Bird sanctuaries including Vellode and Nanjarayan Tank are home to numerous migratory and local birds. The region has significant populations of endangered Bengal tigers and Indian elephants , being home to three Project Tiger reserves and three Project Elephant reserves. Other threatened and endangered species found in
3078-535: Was also practiced in the region. The culture of the region was similar to that of Mysore region of south Karnataka due to historical and geographic continuity. The people of the region have a reputation for entrepreneurship. The temples in the region follow the Dravidian style. In Dravidian architecture, the temples considered of porches or Mantapas preceding the door leading to the sanctum, Gate-pyramids or Gopurams in quadrangular enclosures that surround
3135-453: Was divided into 24 Palayams (towns). In the latter part of the 18th century, the region came under the Kingdom of Mysore , following a series of wars with the Nayaks . After the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Anglo-Mysore Wars and the Polygar Wars , the British East India Company annexed the region to the Madras Presidency the early 19th century. The region played a prominent role in
3192-425: Was popular until the early years of the 20th century when a strong voiced campaign resulted in the devadasi practised being outlawed. Sadir has, since, purged itself of its erotic symbolism and movements and gradually evolved into the commoners' dance Bharathanatyam. The Chola Nadu region had a population of over 10 million with a density of above 400 persons per km in 2001. Due to fertile soil and favourable climate,
3249-545: Was ruled by tribal chieftains during the early Sangam period , it was ruled by the Cheras between first and fourth centuries CE with the capital at Karuvur. Chera dominance of the region began with the rule of the Palyanai Sel Kelu Kuttuvan, the son of Uthiyan Cheralathan . The region came under the influence of the Pandyas during the reign of Arikesari Maravarman in the seventh century CE. Later,
#67932