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91-542: Prior to closure, the property was sold to The Daniels Corporation real estate development company and is since March 2015 in the process of being turned into C$ 700 million condominium development called City of the Arts. The site of the Guvernment was first converted into a nightclub in 1984 as Fresh Restaurant and Nightclub by Tony and Albert Assoon, two of the four Assoon brothers who had simultaneously been running

182-539: A Global Underground compilation, Global Underground 025: Toronto , based on their performance at the Guvernment. In 2009, Markus Schulz released a compilation album, called Toronto '09 , which reflected on his affection towards the city of Toronto and, in particular, the Guvernment complex. In December 2014, John Digweed released a live recording of his final set at The Guvernment from two months prior. Annually, The Guvernment / Kool Haus venues would host "full-complex" events where all seven rooms that made up

273-413: A band-pass filter, eliminating undesirable frequencies both above and below the auditory spectrum. A band-stop filter , does the opposite. It allows all frequencies to pass except for one band in the middle. A feedback suppressor, using an microprocessor , automatically detects the onset of feedback and applies a narrow band-stop filter (a notch filter ) at specific frequency or frequencies pertaining to

364-406: A "boomy" sounding bass drum , or an overly resonant dreadnought guitar can be cut. Sound reinforcement systems typically use graphic equalizers with one-third octave frequency centers. These are typically used to equalize output signals going to the main loudspeaker system or the monitor speakers on stage. Parametric equalizers are often built into each channel in mixing consoles, typically for

455-496: A black convertible Cadillac suspended from the ceiling with wax figures of John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis sitting in it. The club's sound system was installed by the Canadian audio engineer Ted MacDonald. Located in a semi-industrial area on the eastern edge of Toronto's downtown , due to being somewhat off the beaten path, RPM's management arranged a free shuttle bus service from Union Station throughout

546-446: A crossover to separate the sound into low, middle and high frequencies can lead to a "cleaner", clearer sound (see bi-amplification ) than routing all of the frequencies through a single full-range speaker system. Nevertheless, many small venues still use a single full-range speaker system, as it is easier to set up and less expensive. Many types of input transducers can be found in a sound reinforcement system, with microphones being

637-467: A different mix can be created and sent elsewhere for another purpose. One usage for aux sends is to create a mix of the vocal and instrument signals for the monitor mix (this is what the onstage singers and musicians hear from their monitor speakers or in-ear monitors ). Another use of an aux send is to select varying amounts of certain channels (via the aux send knobs on each channel), and then route these signals to an effects processor. A common example of

728-479: A good "ear" for what the music should sound like in order to create a good mix. Multiple consoles can be used for different purposes in a single sound reinforcement system. The front-of-house (FOH) mixing console is typically located where the operator can see the action on stage and hear what the audience hears. For broadcast and recording applications, the mixing console may be placed within an enclosed booth or outside in an OB van . Large music productions often use

819-422: A large format system typically involves a signal path that starts with the signal inputs, which may be instrument pickups (on an electric guitar or electric bass ) or a microphone that a vocalist is singing into or a microphone placed in front of an instrument or guitar amplifier . These signal inputs are plugged into the input jacks of a thick multicore cable (often called a snake ). The snake then delivers

910-553: A larger or more distant audience. In many situations, a sound reinforcement system is also used to enhance or alter the sound of the sources on the stage, typically by using electronic effects , such as reverb , as opposed to simply amplifying the sources unaltered. A sound reinforcement system for a rock concert in a stadium may be very complex, including hundreds of microphones, complex live sound mixing and signal processing systems, tens of thousands of watts of amplifier power, and multiple loudspeaker arrays , all overseen by

1001-411: A live performer. They are either of a universal fit or custom fit design. The universal fit in-ear monitors feature rubber or foam tips that can be inserted into virtually anybody's ear. Custom-fit in-ear monitors are created from an impression of the user's ear that has been made by an audiologist . In-ear monitors are almost always used in conjunction with a wireless transmitting system, allowing

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1092-421: A noise gate, the threshold of sensitivity for each microphone on the drum kit can be set so that only the direct strike and subsequent decay of the drum will be heard, not the nearby sounds. Reverberation and delay effects are widely used in sound reinforcement systems to enhance the sound of the mix and create a desired artistic effect. Reverb and delay add a sense of spaciousness to the sound. Reverb can give

1183-448: A performer or a section of the stage. They are generally sent a different mix of vocals or instruments than the mix that is sent to the main loudspeaker system. Monitor loudspeaker cabinets are often a wedge shape, directing their output upwards towards the performer when set on the floor of the stage. Simple two-way, dual-driver designs with a speaker cone and a horn are common, as monitor loudspeakers need to be smaller to save space on

1274-533: A potential development is sometimes called speculative development . Subdivision of land is the principal mechanism by which communities are developed. Technically, subdivision describes the legal and physical steps a developer must take to convert raw land into developed land. Subdivision is a vital part of a community's growth, determining its appearance, the mix of its land uses , and its infrastructure, including roads , drainage systems, water , sewerage , and public utilities . Land development can pose

1365-456: A powerful version of the resulting signal that can drive a loudspeaker and output transducers (e.g., loudspeakers in speaker cabinets ), which convert the signal back into sound energy (the sound heard by the audience and the performers). These primary parts involve varying numbers of individual components to achieve the desired goal of reinforcing and clarifying the sound to the audience, performers, or other individuals. Sound reinforcement in

1456-405: A problem. Digital effects units may offer multiple pre-set and variable reverb, echo and related effects . Digital loudspeaker management systems offer sound engineers digital delay (to ensure speakers are in sync with each other), limiting, crossover functions, EQ filters, compression and other functions in a single rack-mountable unit. In previous decades, sound engineers typically had to transport

1547-458: A project's economics; attorneys to handle agreements and government approvals ; environmental consultants and soils engineers to analyze a site's physical limitations and environmental impacts ; surveyors and title companies to provide legal descriptions of a property; and lenders to provide financing. The general contractor of the project hires subcontractors to put the architectural plans into action. Purchasing unused land for

1638-566: A separate stage monitor mixing console which is dedicated to creating mixes for the performers on-stage. These consoles are typically placed at the side of the stage so that the operator can communicate with the performers on stage. Small PA systems for venues such as bars and clubs are now available with features that were formerly only available on professional-level equipment, such as digital reverb effects, graphic equalizers , and, in some models, feedback prevention circuits which electronically sense and prevent audio feedback when it becomes

1729-477: A series of smaller lounges and bars within the complex. A sound system was designed for the main room by audio engineer Steve Dash and remained throughout the club's existence despite various renovations. Khabouth credited the system as one of the best in the city and would call Dash up from the United States to tune the room's mixer when required. Additionally, Khabouth also arranged for the installation of

1820-417: A single unit are used to process the mix from the mixing console and route it to the various amplifiers. Systems may include several loudspeakers, each with its own output optimized for a specific range of frequencies (i.e. bass, midrange, and treble). Bi-amping and tri-amping of a sound reinforcement system with the aid of a DLMS results in more efficient use of amplifier power by sending each amplifier only

1911-479: A substantial number of rack-mounted analog effects unit devices to accomplish these tasks. Equalizers are electronic devices that allow audio engineers to control the tone and frequencies of the sound in a channel, group (e.g., all the mics on a drumkit) or an entire stage's mix. The bass and treble controls on a home stereo are a simple type of equalizer. Equalizers exist in professional sound reinforcement systems in three forms: shelving equalizers (typically for

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2002-446: A suitable property of that size in the heart of the city. In late March 2015, at a presentation attended by Toronto mayor John Tory , The Daniels Corporation announced plans of building a C$ 700 million development named City of the Arts that is to include two mid-rise commercial towers, two sky-high residential ones and post-secondary academic space. Real estate development Real estate development , or property development ,

2093-445: A team of audio engineers and technicians. On the other hand, a sound reinforcement system can be as simple as a small public address (PA) system, consisting of, for example, a single microphone connected to a 100-watt amplified loudspeaker for a singer-guitarist playing in a small coffeehouse . In both cases, these systems reinforce sound to make it louder or distribute it to a wider audience. Some audio engineers and others in

2184-530: A team of professionals to address the environmental, economic, private, physical and political issues inherent in a complex development project is critical. A developer's success depends on the ability to coordinate and lead the completion of a series of interrelated activities efficiently and at the appropriate time. Development process requires skills of many professionals: architects , landscape architects , civil engineers and site planners to address project design; market consultants to determine demand and

2275-415: A tract of land, determine the marketing of the property, develop the building program and design, obtain the necessary public approval and financing, build the structures, and rent out, manage, and ultimately sell it. Sometimes property developers will only undertake part of the process. For example, some developers source a property and get the plans and permits approved before selling the property with

2366-460: A whole range of bass and treble frequencies), graphic equalizers and parametric equalizers . Graphic equalizers have faders (vertical slide controls) which together resemble a frequency response curve plotted on a graph. The faders can be used to boost or cut specific frequency bands. Using equalizers, frequencies that are too weak, such as a singer with modest projection in their lower register, can be boosted. Frequencies that are too loud, such as

2457-819: A wooden raised floor that had to be redone every year due to wear and tear by dancers at a cost of $ 30,000 to $ 40,000, citing it as a necessary component to achieve better sound. Saturdays at The Guvernment (promoted as 'Spin Saturdays') featured underground electronic dance music until 7AM with resident DJs Mark Oliver and the Manzone & Strong duo. Additionally, 'Spin Saturdays' (later known as 'Alive until 7') played host to many international DJs such as Above & Beyond , Armin Van Buuren , David Guetta , Ferry Corsten , Marco V , Markus Schulz , Deadmau5 , Sasha , Paul Oakenfold , and Carl Cox . Deep Dish created

2548-419: A year earlier, but did not due to his company putting up a legal fight: "We fought tooth and nail, spending a lot of money on legal fees, and ending up not being able to stretch it much more than a year...I knew about it and delayed it as much as I could". He further promised a series of farewell events leading up to the closure. On Sunday, 25 January 2015, The Guvernment hosted its final event with deadmau5 as

2639-460: Is a business process , encompassing activities that range from the renovation and re- lease of existing buildings to the purchase of raw land and the sale of developed land or parcels to others. Real estate developers are the people and companies who coordinate all of these activities, converting ideas from paper to real property . Real estate development is different from construction or housebuilding , although many developers also manage

2730-595: Is intentional, so the sound engineer does not try to prevent it. A power amplifier is an electronic device that uses electrical power and circuitry to boost a line level signal and provides enough electrical power to drive a loudspeaker and produce sound. All loudspeakers, including headphones , require power amplification. Most professional audio power amplifiers also provide protection from clipping typically as some form of limiting . A power amplifier pushed into clipping can damage loudspeakers. Amplifiers also typically provide protection against short circuits across

2821-406: Is not relevant to the program, such as the hum of a miked electric guitar amplifier or the rustling of papers on a minister's lectern. Noise gates are also used to process the microphones placed near the drums of a drum kit in many hard rock and metal bands. Without a noise gate, the microphone for a specific instrument such as the floor tom will also pick up signals from nearby drums or cymbals. With

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2912-402: Is quite subjective and is often collectively determined by a production's audio engineer, artists, bandleader , music producer , or musical director. A feedback suppressor detects unwanted audio feedback and suppresses it, typically by automatically inserting a notch filter into the signal path of the system. Audio feedback can create unwanted loud, screaming noises that are disruptive to

3003-565: The Audio Engineering Society (AES) and the loudspeaker industry group ALMA in developing the EIA-426 testing standard, power-handling specifications became more trustworthy. Lightweight, portable speaker systems for small venues route the low-frequency parts of the music (electric bass, bass drum, etc.) to a powered subwoofer . Routing the low-frequency energy to a separate amplifier and subwoofer can substantially improve

3094-620: The Town and Country Planning context in the United Kingdom, 'development' is defined in the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 s55. A development team can be put together in one of several ways. At one extreme, a large company might include many services, from architecture to engineering . At the other end of the spectrum, a development company might consist of one principal and a few staff who hire or contract with other companies and professionals for each service as needed. Assembling

3185-424: The dry (effect-free) signal. Many electronic effects units are used in sound reinforcement systems, including digital delay and reverb . Some concerts use pitch correction effects (e.g., AutoTune ), which electronically correct any out-of-tune singing. Mixing consoles also have additional sends , also referred to as auxes or aux sends (an abbreviation for "auxiliary send"), on each input channel so that

3276-401: The exciter and harmonizer . The use of effects in the reproduction of 2010-era pop music is often in an attempt to mimic the sound of the studio version of the artist's music in a live concert setting. For example, an audio engineer may use an Auto Tune effect to produce unusual vocal sound effects that a singer used on their recordings. The appropriate type, variation, and level of effects

3367-432: The professional audio industry disagree over whether these audio systems should be called sound reinforcement (SR) systems or PA systems. Distinguishing between the two terms by technology and capability is common, while others distinguish by intended use (e.g., SR systems are for live event support and PA systems are for reproduction of speech and recorded music in buildings and institutions). In some regions or markets,

3458-908: The stage monitor system . Microphones used for sound reinforcement are positioned and mounted in many ways, including base-weighted upright stands, podium mounts, tie-clips, instrument mounts, and headset mounts . Microphones on stands are also placed in front of instrument amplifiers to pick up the sound. Headset-mounted and tie-clip-mounted microphones are often used with wireless transmission to allow performers or speakers to move freely. Early adopters of headset mounted microphones technology included country singer Garth Brooks , Kate Bush , and Madonna . Other types of input transducers include magnetic pickups used in electric guitars and electric basses, contact microphones used on stringed instruments, and pianos and phonograph pickups (cartridges) used in record players. Electronic instruments such as synthesizers can have their output signal routed directly to

3549-721: The Toronto nightlife scene having successfully run The Copa in Yorkville on behalf of its owner – Tom Kristenbrun 's Chrysalis Group. Joining Ball in the new RPM ownership group were Martin Arts, formerly The Copa's original general manager, and Neil Vosburgh. Within a few months, by March 1986, well known local DJs Terry "TK" Kelly and Chris Sheppard were brought over from The Copa to be RPM's residents. Initially, TK played Mondays (billed as 'Psychedelic Mondays'), Thursdays ('Disco Thursdays'), and Saturdays (' dance‐music Saturdays' blending house , funk , and new wave ), while Sheppard

3640-445: The age restriction; his all‐ages Sundays immediately became RPM's signature night with teenage crowds reaching capacity well before 9 p.m. each week and many lining up outside around the block at the foot of Jarvis Street . Sheppard occasionally booked live acts for appearances during his club Sundays such as the time during fall 1986 when he brought on the still-not-widely-known Beastie Boys whose debut album had just come out. From

3731-832: The back wall of the stage out into vocal mics and the audience, which improves the clarity of the front-of-house mix. Sound reinforcement systems are used in a broad range of different settings, each of which poses different challenges. Audio-visual rental systems have to be able to withstand heavy use and even abuse from renters. For this reason, rental companies tend to own speaker cabinets that are heavily braced and protected with steel corners, and electronic equipment such as power amplifiers or effects are often mounted into protective road cases. Rental companies also tend to select gear that have electronic protection features, such as speaker-protection circuitry and amplifier limiters. Rental systems for non-professionals need to be easy to use and set up and they must be easy to repair and maintain for

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3822-536: The band eventually decided to release it as an official live album named Toronto 1986 . Initially capped at 1,100, RPM's capacity steadily expanded over the years due to high demand. Featuring oversized art, blacklight , and bright psychedelic lighting throughout the venue, the group of individuals running RPM especially focused on the club's visual component, manipulating it regularly every year with different installations including dinosaurs, dolphins, an airplane with parachuting soldiers, flashing neon signs as well as

3913-577: The bass response of the system. Also, clarity may be enhanced because low-frequency sounds can cause intermodulation and other distortion in speaker systems. Professional sound reinforcement speaker systems often include dedicated hardware for safely flying them above the stage area, to provide more even sound coverage and to maximize sightlines within performance venues. Monitor loudspeakers , also called foldback loudspeakers, are speaker cabinets used onstage to help performers to hear their singing or playing. As such, monitor speakers are pointed towards

4004-431: The complex were accessible. These events were held on long weekends and special occasions and sometimes went as late at 10AM. Some of these events included 'Labour of Love', 'Decadence', 'Freedom', 'Thriller', and the nightclub's anniversary party. On these nights, various international electronic music artists performed in the different themed rooms hosting upwards of 10,000 guests. Steve Lawler 's Canada Day sunrise sets on

4095-428: The construction process or engage in housebuilding. Developers buy land, finance real estate deals, build or have builders build projects, develop projects in joint ventures, and create, imagine, control, and orchestrate the process of development from beginning to end. Developers usually take the greatest risk in the creation or renovation of real estate and receive the greatest rewards. Typically, developers purchase

4186-759: The cooling capabilities of the amplifier. In the 1970s and 1980s, most PAs employed heavy class AB amplifiers . In the late 1990s, power amplifiers in PA applications became lighter, smaller, more powerful, and more efficient, with the increasing use of switching power supplies and class D amplifiers , which offered significant weight- and space-savings as well as increased efficiency. Often installed in railroad stations, stadia, and airports, class D amplifiers can run with minimal additional cooling and with higher rack densities, compared to older amplifiers. Digital loudspeaker management systems (DLMS) that combine digital crossover functions, compression, limiting, and other features in

4277-515: The different frequencies to the appropriate drivers. In the 1960s, horn loaded theater and PA speakers were commonly columns of multiple drivers mounted in a vertical line within a tall enclosure. The 1970s to early 1980s was a period of innovation in loudspeaker design with many sound reinforcement companies designing their own speakers using commercially available drivers. The areas of innovation were in cabinet design, durability, ease of packing and transport, and ease of setup. This period also saw

4368-493: The distinction between the two terms is important, though the terms are considered interchangeable in many professional circles. A typical sound reinforcement system consists of; input transducers (e.g., microphones ), which convert sound energy such as a person singing into an electric signal, signal processors which alter the signal characteristics (e.g., equalizers that adjust the bass and treble, compressors that reduce signal peaks, etc.), amplifiers , which produce

4459-531: The effect of singing voice or instrument being present in anything from a small room to a massive hall, or even in a space that does not exist in the physical world. The use of reverb often goes unnoticed by the audience, as it often sounds more natural than if the signal was left "dry" (without effects). Many modern mixing boards designed for live sound include on-board reverb effects. Other effects include modulation effects such as Flanger , phaser , and chorus and spectral manipulation or harmonic effects such as

4550-653: The emerging rave culture with even some early bleep techno . In the early 1990s an adjacent venue opened as The Warehouse , a large club space used for concerts such as Björk , Suede , Radiohead , Pet Shop Boys , Bush , Catherine Wheel , David Bowie , and Foo Fighters . The declining RPM and The Warehouse venues were taken over in late 1995 by Charles Khabouth . Following extensive renovation, he renamed RPM as The Guvernment , reopening in September 1996. Initially kept, The Warehouse name got changed to Kool Haus by late June 2001. Khabouth revamped RPM by installing

4641-433: The entertainment complex effective 31 January 2015. The decision was prompted by the sale of the city-owned property, that INK had been renting since 1996, to The Daniels Corp, a property development company, which outbid INK and also bought out the rest of the block in preparation for what was expected to be a massive condo development. According to the club's owner Charles Khabouth, the venue had already been slated to close

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4732-399: The feedback. Dynamic range compression is designed to help the audio engineer to manage the dynamic range of audio signals. Prior to the invention of automatic compressors, audio engineers accomplished the same goal by "riding the faders", listening carefully to the mix and lowering the faders of any singer or instrument which was getting too loud. A compressor accomplishes this by reducing

4823-441: The frequencies appropriate for its respective loudspeaker and eliminating losses associated with passive crossover circuits. A simple and inexpensive PA loudspeaker may have a single full-range loudspeaker driver , housed in a suitable enclosure. More elaborate, professional-caliber sound reinforcement loudspeakers may incorporate separate drivers to produce low, middle, and high frequency sounds. A crossover network routes

4914-409: The gain of a signal that is above a defined level (the threshold) by a defined amount determined by the ratio setting. Most compressors available are designed to allow the operator to select a ratio within a range typically between 1:1 and 20:1, with some allowing settings of up to ∞:1. A compressor with high compression ratio is typically referred to as a limiter . The speed that the compressor adjusts

5005-423: The gain of the signal ( attack and release ) is typically adjustable as is the final output or make-up gain of the device. Compressor applications vary widely. Some applications use limiters for component protection and gain structure control. Artistic signal manipulation using a compressor is a subjective technique widely utilized by mix engineers to improve clarity or to creatively alter the signal in relation to

5096-511: The headliner. Resident DJ Mark Oliver along with Khabouth played the final track, Patrick Cowley 's mix of "I Feel Love" by Donna Summer . Following a month-long dismantling that commenced immediately after the final night, the complex began demolition in late February 2015. Khabouth has indicated his intention to build a bigger venue of approximately 100,000 square feet to replace the Guvernment while admitting that it would probably have to be outside of downtown Toronto due to difficulty of finding

5187-465: The heart of a sound reinforcement system. This is where the sound engineer can adjust the volume and tone of each input, whether it is a vocalist's microphone or the signal from an electric bass , and mix, equalize and add effects to these sound sources. Doing the mixing for a live show requires a mix of technical and artistic skills. A sound engineer needs to have an expert knowledge of speaker and amplifier set-up, effects units and other technologies and

5278-496: The implementation. Many sound reinforcement loudspeaker systems incorporate protection circuitry to prevent damage from excessive power or operator error. Resettable fuses , specialized current-limiting light bulbs, and circuit breakers were used alone or in combination to reduce driver failures. During the same period, the professional sound reinforcement industry made the Neutrik Speakon NL4 and NL8 connectors

5369-426: The in-ear monitor sends. Since their introduction in the mid-1980s, in-ear monitors have grown to be the most popular monitoring choice for large touring acts. The reduction or elimination of loudspeakers other than instrument amplifiers on stage has allowed for cleaner and less problematic mixing for both the front of house and monitor engineers. Audio feedback is greatly reduced and there is less sound reflecting off

5460-405: The in-ear monitors of one performer cannot be heard by the other musicians. A downside of this isolation is that the performer cannot hear the crowd or the comments from other performers on stage that do not have microphones (e.g., if the bass player wishes to communicate to the drummer). This has been remedied in larger productions by setting up microphones facing the audience that can be mixed into

5551-415: The introduction of the hanging or flying of main loudspeakers at large concerts. During the 1980s the large speaker manufacturers started producing standard products using the innovations of the 1970s. These were mostly smaller two way systems with 12", 15" or double 15" woofers and a high frequency driver attached to a high frequency horn. The 1980s also saw the start of loudspeaker companies focused on

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5642-737: The main outputs are often sent to an additional equalizer, or directly to a power amplifier , with one or more loudspeakers (typically two, one on each side of the stage in smaller venues, or a large number in big venues) that are connected to that amplifier. In large-format systems, the signal is typically first routed through an equalizer then to a crossover . A crossover splits the signal into multiple frequency bands with each band being sent to separate amplifiers and speaker enclosures for low, middle, and high-frequency signals. Low-frequency signals are sent to amplifiers and then to subwoofers , and middle and high-frequency sounds are typically sent to amplifiers which power full-range speaker cabinets. Using

5733-414: The mid-range frequencies. They are also available as separate rack-mount units that can be connected to a mixing board. Parametric equalizers typically use knobs and sometimes buttons. The audio engineer can select which frequency band to cut or boost, and then use additional knobs to adjust how much to cut or boost this frequency range. Parametric equalizers first became popular in the 1970s and have remained

5824-401: The mixing console. A DI unit may be necessary to adapt some of these sources to the inputs of the console. Wireless systems are typically used for electric guitar, bass, handheld microphones and in-ear monitor systems. This lets performers move about the stage during the show or even go out into the audience without the worry of tripping over or disconnecting cables. Mixing consoles are

5915-434: The most commonly used input device. Microphones can be classified according to their method of transduction, polar pattern or their functional application. Most microphones used in sound reinforcement are either dynamic or condenser microphones. One type of directional microphone, called cardioid mics, are widely used in live sound, because they reduce pickup from the side and rear, helping to avoid unwanted feedback from

6006-436: The most risk, but can also be the most profitable technique as it is dependent on the public sector for approvals and infrastructure and because it involves a long investment period with no positive cash flow . After subdivision is complete, the developer usually markets the land to a home builder or other end user, for such uses as a warehouse or shopping center . In any case, use of spatial intelligence tools mitigate

6097-400: The night. A few years into RPM's operation, Sheppard moved to Fridays for a 19+ age-restricted night that was simultaneously broadcast live-to-air on CFNY while his vacated Sunday spot got taken over by Terry Kelly and later Matt C. Initially playing dance music in the most general sense, Sheppard's club nights at RPM gradually began moving away from rock and coalescing around house music and

6188-513: The nightlife complex have circulated for years. With the rampant trend of downtown Toronto buildings that house nightclubs being sold and then demolished to make way for condominiums, the Toronto Star reported during April 2013 about The Guvernment's fate already being sealed in the same manner. The official confirmation occurred over a year later when, on 1 May 2014, The Guvernment's parent company, INK Entertainment, announced plans of closing

6279-435: The onstage signals to two mixing consoles : the front of house (FOH), and the stage monitor system , which is often a second mixer at the side of the stage. In these cases, at least two audio engineers are required; one to do the main mix for the audience at FOH and another to do the monitor mix for the performers on stage. Once the signal arrives at an input on a mixing console, this signal can be adjusted in many ways by

6370-542: The output and overheating. Audio engineers select amplifiers that provide enough headroom . Headroom refers to the amount by which the signal-handling capabilities of an audio system exceed a designated nominal level . Headroom can be thought of as a safety zone allowing transient audio peaks to exceed the nominal level without damaging the system or the audio signal, e.g., via clipping . Standards bodies differ in their recommendations for nominal level and headroom. Selecting amplifiers with enough headroom helps to ensure that

6461-424: The performance, and can damage speakers and performers' and audience members' ears. Audio feedback from microphones occurs when a microphone is too near a monitor or main speaker and the sound reinforcement system amplifies itself. Audio feedback through a microphone is almost universally regarded as a negative phenomenon, many electric guitarists use guitar feedback as part of their performance. This type of feedback

6552-404: The performer to freely move about the stage while receiving their monitor mix. In-ear monitors offer considerable isolation for the performer using them: no on-stage sound is heard and the monitor engineer can deliver a much more accurate and clear mix for the performer. With in-ear monitors, each performer can be sent their own customized mix; although this was also the case with monitor speakers,

6643-501: The performers in front of them. The clarity of the mix for the performer on stage is also typically compromised as they hear more extraneous noise from around them. The use of monitor loudspeakers, active (with an integrated amplifier) or passive, requires more cabling and gear on stage, resulting in a more cluttered stage. These factors, amongst others, have led to the increasing popularity of in-ear monitors. In-ear monitors are headphones that have been designed for use as monitors by

6734-607: The plans and permits to a builder at a premium price. Alternatively, a developer who is also a builder may purchase a property with the plans and permits in place so that they do not have the risk of failing to obtain planning approval and can start construction on the development immediately. The financial risks of real estate development and real estate investing differ due to leverage effects. Developers work with many different counterparts along each step of this process, including architects, city planners, engineers, surveyors, inspectors, contractors, lawyers, leasing agents, etc. In

6825-446: The program equalizer of choice for many engineers since then. A high-pass (low-cut) and/or low-pass (high-cut) filter may also be included on equalizers or audio consoles. High-pass and low-pass filters restrict a given channel's bandwidth extremes. Cutting very low-frequency sound signals (termed infrasonic , or subsonic ) reduces the waste of amplifier power which does not produce audible sound and which moreover can be hard on

6916-427: The program material. An example of artistic compression is the typical heavy compression used on the various components of a modern rock drum kit. The drums are processed to be perceived as sounding more punchy and full. A noise gate mutes signals below a set threshold level. A noise gate's function is in, a sense, opposite to that of a compressor. Noise gates are useful for microphones which will pick up noise that

7007-465: The renting company. From this perspective, speaker cabinets need to have easy-to-access horns, speakers, and crossover circuitry, so that repairs or replacements can be made. Many touring acts and large venue corporate events will rent large sound reinforcement systems that typically include one or more audio engineers on staff with the renting company. In the case of rental systems for tours, there are typically several audio engineers and technicians from

7098-459: The requirements of the loudspeaker. Some active loudspeakers also have equalization, crossover and mixing circuitry built in. Since amplifiers can generate a significant amount of heat, thermal dissipation is an important factor for operators to consider when mounting amplifiers into equipment racks. Many power amplifiers feature internal fans to draw air across their heat sinks. The heat sinks can become clogged with dust, which can adversely affect

7189-495: The risk of these developers by modeling the population trends and demographic make-up of the sort of customers a home builder or retailer would like to have surrounding their new development. Sound reinforcement system A sound reinforcement system is the combination of microphones , signal processors , amplifiers , and loudspeakers in enclosures all controlled by a mixing console that makes live or pre-recorded sounds louder and may also distribute those sounds to

7280-569: The roof top terrace SkyBar were considered legendary by many. The Guvernment consistently placed high in DJ Mag ' s Top 100 Clubs annual list. Its highest ranking, number 8 in the world, came in 2008. In parallel with the Toronto-wide condo boom that had been on since early 2000s, the rumours and speculation about the imminent sale of The Guvernment's attractive Queen's Quay East lakefront location to property developers and subsequent closure of

7371-435: The second use of aux sends is to send all of the vocal signals from a rock band through a reverb effect. While reverb is usually added to vocals in the main mix, it is not usually added to electric bass and other rhythm section instruments. The processed input signals are then mixed to the master faders on the console. The next step in the signal path generally depends on the size of the system in place. In smaller systems,

7462-409: The signal will remain clean and undistorted. Like most sound reinforcement equipment, professional power amplifiers are typically designed to be mounted within standard 19-inch racks . Rack-mounted amps are typically housed in road cases to prevent damage to the equipment during transportation. Active loudspeakers have internally mounted amplifiers that have been selected by the manufacturer to match

7553-451: The signals of all of the inputs to one or more mixing consoles . In a coffeehouse or small nightclub, the snake may be only routed to a single mixing console, which an audio engineer will use to adjust the sound and volume of the onstage vocals and instruments that the audience hears through the main speakers and adjust the volume of the monitor speakers that are aimed at the performers. Mid- to large-size performing venues typically route

7644-407: The sound engineer. A signal can be equalized (e.g., by adjusting the bass or treble of the sound), compressed (to avoid unwanted signal peaks), or panned (that is sent to the left or right speakers). The signal may also be routed into an external effects processor , such as a reverb effect, which outputs a wet (effected) version of the signal, which is typically mixed in varying amounts with

7735-672: The sound reinforcement market. The 1990s saw the introduction of line arrays , where long vertical arrays of loudspeakers in smaller cabinets are used to increase efficiency and provide even dispersion and frequency response. Trapezoidal -shaped enclosures became popular as this shape allowed many of them to be easily arrayed together. This period also saw the introduction of inexpensive molded plastic speaker enclosures mounted on tripod stands. Many feature built-in power amplifiers which made them practical for non-professionals to set up and operate successfully. The sound quality available from these simple powered speakers varies widely depending on

7826-618: The stage. These loudspeakers typically require less power and volume than the main loudspeaker system, as they only need to provide sound for a few people who are in relatively close proximity to the loudspeaker. Some manufacturers have designed loudspeakers for use either as a component of a small PA system or as a monitor loudspeaker. A number of manufacturers produce powered monitor speakers , which contain an integrated amplifier. Using monitor speakers instead of in-ear monitors typically results in an increase of stage volume, which can lead to more feedback issues and progressive hearing damage for

7917-411: The standard speaker connectors, replacing 1/4" jacks , XLR connectors , and Cannon multipin connectors which are all limited to a maximum of 15 amps of current. XLR connectors are still the standard input connector on active loudspeaker cabinets. To help users avoid overpowering them, loudspeakers have a power rating (in watts ) which indicates their maximum power capacity. Thanks to the efforts of

8008-399: The subwoofer drivers. A low-pass filter to cut ultrasonic energy is useful to prevent interference from radio frequencies, lighting control, or digital circuitry creeping into the power amplifiers. Such filters are often paired with graphic and parametric equalizers to give the audio engineer full control of the frequency range. High-pass filters and low-pass filters used together function as

8099-481: The successful and influential Twilight Zone after-hours club at 185 Richmond Street West in Toronto's Entertainment District . However, Fresh did not do well and was quickly sold by late 1985. The space returned almost immediately as RPM under the ownership of Murray Ball, an artist who had formerly fronted the Toronto-based punk/new-wave band The Dishes before turning to hospitality entrepreneurship on

8190-545: The very beginning, in addition to club nights, RPM served as a live music venue. Among others, its star DJ, Chris Sheppard, participated in booking acts for live gigs at the venue, bringing Ministry , Skinny Puppy , and Chris & Cosey throughout 1986. A synth-pop band in the middle of making a turn towards industrial music with the release of their second album , Ministry's show at RPM on 10 April 1986 became particularly notable due to its bootleg recording that would end up getting circulated for almost thirty years before

8281-457: Was hired away from his popular alt-rock Sunday-night gig at The Copa to recreate the same energy at RPM. TK's Monday nights quickly began gaining in popularity, attracting patrons with an eclectic rock mix covering a wide range of old and new from The Four Horsemen , AC/DC , and Jimi Hendrix to The Doors and Nirvana . Bringing his Sunday-night club act over from The Copa, Sheppard decided to infuse it with more underground music and remove

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