94-576: The Koori Mail is an Australian newspaper written and owned by Indigenous Australians since 1991. It is published fortnightly in printed form and electronic copies are available. Owned by five community-based Aboriginal organisations based in Lismore , in northern New South Wales , its profits are spent on community projects and needs. " Koori " is a demonym for the Aboriginal peoples of parts of New South Wales and Victoria . The term Koori
188-464: A Northern Star journalist, was appointed the first non-Indigenous editor of Koori Mail . The headline story in the first issue on 23 May 1991, which comprised 24 pages and had a print run of 10,000, was about a recent report into violent racism in Australia and the high levels of abuse suffered by Aboriginal people in police custody . In 1992, The Northern Star , while seeing the potential of
282-405: A humpy , gunyah, or wurley. Clothing included the possum-skin cloak in the southeast, buka cloak in the southwest and riji (pearl shells) in the northeast. There is evidence that some Aboriginal populations in northern Australia regularly traded with Makassan fishermen from Indonesia before the arrival of Europeans. At the time of first European contact, it is generally estimated that
376-612: A Bachelor of Humanities majoring in film, media studies and politics. He started at the Koori Mail as a cadet 1992, then worked as journalist and was appointed editor in 1998, taking over from (non-Indigenous) Dona Graham. In 2002, Condie left the Koori Mail to work on Land Rights News in the Northern Territory . Kirstie Parker , as of May 2021 (since 2017) the Director of Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation in
470-500: A land bridge between the island and the rest of mainland Australia during the last glacial period . Estimates of the population of the Aboriginal people of Tasmania, before European arrival, are in the range of 3,000 to 15,000 people. However, genetic studies have suggested significantly higher figures, which are supported by Indigenous oral traditions that indicate a decline in population from diseases introduced by British and American sealers before settlement. The original population
564-669: A series of floods that occurred from late February to early May in South East Queensland , the Wide Bay–Burnett and parts of coastal New South Wales . Brisbane suffered major flooding, along with the cities of Maryborough , Gympie , the Sunshine Coast , Caboolture , Toowoomba , Gatton, Ipswich , Logan City , the Gold Coast , Murwillumbah , Mullumbimby , Grafton , Byron Bay , Ballina , Lismore ,
658-687: A single founding Sahul group with subsequent isolation between regional populations which were relatively unaffected by later migrations from the Asian mainland, which may have introduced the dingo 4–5,000 years ago. The research also suggests a divergence from the Papuan people of New Guinea and the Mamanwa people of the Philippines about 32,000 years ago, with a rapid population expansion about 5,000 years ago. A 2011 genetic study found evidence that
752-647: A storm canal at Wentworthville . Areas near the Georges River and Manly Dam were placed under an evacuation order by the State Emergency Service as floodwaters began to rise that day, with 2000 people evacuating in Manly . Floodwaters in this event topped 2021's levels, with playgrounds and caravan parks being submerged, particularly in Freshwater , Brookvale , Manly , Curl Curl and
846-405: A studio for broadcasting radio and podcasts , from 2021, initially focusing on Bundjalung issues, but the printed copy is still the most important component. As of October 2022, Darren Coyne is acting editor and the total staff number seven people. Bundjalung and Dunghutti woman Naomi Moran has been general manager since 2016, and holds the role as of October 2022. As of 2016 Russell Kapeen
940-631: A time when changes in tool technology and food processing appear in the Australian archaeological record, suggesting that these may be related. Mallick et al. 2016 and Mark Lipson et al. 2017 study found that the bifurcation of Eastern Eurasian and Western Eurasian dates back to least 45,000 years ago, with Australasians nested inside the Eastern Eurasian clade. Aboriginal Australian men have Haplogroup C-M347 in high frequencies with peak estimates ranging from 60.2% to 68.7%. In addition,
1034-593: A track washout at the 149.020km point just south of Traveston. On the morning of 28 March, Emergency Services were called to a submerged vehicle in Toowoomba where a man and several dogs had drowned due to the flooding. On 29 March, heavy rainfall caused flood levels to peak at 3.6 metres (12 ft) in Dalby , swamping homes and businesses, with many residents considering to resettle elsewhere after four floods in five months destroyed their homes. In early March, in
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#17327765332071128-724: Is a demonym for Aboriginal Australians from the approximate region now known as southern New South Wales and Victoria , derived from the Awabakal language . The Koori Mail was founded in 1991 by Walbunja man Owen Carriage. Carriage had been involved with the Aboriginal Tent Embassy in Canberra after the Royal Commission into Black Deaths in Custody . There, he and Pastor Frank Roberts thought of
1222-455: Is a source of news and information on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, communities and events throughout Australia. It covers general news as well as health, education, employment, culture, the arts, and sport, and has correspondents and contributors in every state and territory. As of 2021 its circulation is around 10,000, but it is estimated that it is read by ten times that number. According to McNair Ingenuity Research, readership
1316-471: Is around 100,000. It is sold at newsagents in all mainland states and territories of Australia , and Tasmania. All profits are distributed to the community through the five owner organisations and spent on uses such as scholarships for Aboriginal students, housing and mental health programmes. The organisation offers entry-level jobs as well as traineeships based in schools, to help young Indigenous writers to gain experience. The Lismore office established
1410-665: Is complex and multi-layered, but a few examples are Anangu in northern South Australia , and neighbouring parts of Western Australia and Northern Territory ; Arrernte in central Australia; Koori (or Koorie) in New South Wales and Victoria ( Aboriginal Victorians ); Goorie (variant pronunciation and spelling of Koori) in South East Queensland and some parts of northern New South Wales; Murri , used in parts of Queensland and northern New South Wales where specific collective names are not used; Tiwi people of
1504-546: Is estimated that people migrated from the Indonesian archipelago and New Guinea to mainland Australia about 70,000 years ago, as of 2020 evidence of human settlement in the Torres Strait has only been uncovered by archaeologists dating back to about 2500 years ago. Aboriginal people in some regions lived as foragers and hunter-gatherers , hunting and foraging for food from the land. Although Aboriginal society
1598-464: Is now estimated that all but 13 remaining Indigenous languages are considered endangered. Aboriginal people today mostly speak English, with Aboriginal phrases and words being added to create Australian Aboriginal English (which also has a tangible influence of Indigenous languages in the phonology and grammatical structure). Around three quarters of Australian place names are of Aboriginal origin. The Indigenous population prior to European settlement
1692-481: Is required. Genetic studies have revealed that Aboriginal Australians largely descended from an Eastern Eurasian population wave during the Initial Upper Paleolithic , and are most closely related to other Oceanians , such as Melanesians . The Aboriginal Australians also show affinity to other Australasian populations, such as Negritos or Ancient Ancestral South Indians groups, such as
1786-573: Is rising, no more compromising" and "we need help". It was left to Koori Mail staff and volunteers to coordinate efforts to supply food and essential supplies to the local Aboriginal community and others in Lismore, with financial support only following months later. On 9 March, Architects Assist , an initiative of the Australian Institute of Architects , extended the offer of pro bono consultations and architectural services to
1880-625: Is sometimes used as part of a wider social movement (seen in terms such as " Blaktivism " and "Blak History Month" ). The term was coined in 1991 by photographer and multimedia artist Destiny Deacon , in an exhibition entitled Blak lik mi . For Deacon's 2004 exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Art , blak was defined in a museum guide as: "a term used by some Aboriginal people to reclaim historical, representational, symbolical, stereotypical and romanticised notions of Black or Blackness. Often used as ammunition or inspiration." Deacon said that removing
1974-516: Is unlikely as the Indigenous custodians are not expected to allow further invasive investigations. It is generally believed that Aboriginal people are the descendants of a single migration into the continent, a people that split from the ancestors of East Asians. Recent work with mitochondrial DNA suggests a founder population of between 1,000 and 3,000 women to produce the genetic diversity observed, which suggests that "initial colonisation of
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#17327765332072068-744: The Aboriginal Australians of the mainland and many islands, including Tasmania , and the Torres Strait Islanders of the seas between Queensland and Papua New Guinea , located in Melanesia . 812,728 people self-identified as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin in the 2021 Australian Census, representing 3.2% of the total population of Australia. Of these Indigenous Australians, 91.4% identified as Aboriginal; 4.2% identified as Torres Strait Islander; while 4.4% identified with both groups. However,
2162-721: The Andamanese people , as well as to East Asian peoples . Phylogenetic data suggests that an early initial eastern non-African (ENA) or East-Eurasian meta-population trifurcated, and gave rise to Australasians (Oceanians), the Ancient Ancestral South Indians, Andamanese and the East/Southeast Asian lineage including the ancestors of Native Americans , although Papuans may have also received some geneflow from an earlier group (xOOA) as well, around 2%, next to additional archaic admixture in
2256-759: The Bruce Highway , the Warrego Highway and the Ipswich Motorway . Holman Street ferry wharf in the Brisbane River suffered damage by floating debris. On the 28 February, a river crane for the Kangaroo Point Bridge broke free of its mooring, causing the evacuation of apartment and office buildings along Eagle Street and the area of Howard Smith Wharves . Wivenhoe Dam peaked at 183.9% capacity that day, despite
2350-553: The Central Coast and parts of Sydney . Twenty-four people are known to have died during the disaster. Throughout South East Queensland and the Wide Bay–Burnett , almost one thousand schools were closed in response to the flooding, evacuations took place and the public were advised to avoid non-essential travel. Food shortages were reported across the region, due to the ensuing supply chain crisis as well as affecting communities in outback Queensland. The flooding caused
2444-540: The Department of Premier and Cabinet in South Australia , is a former Koori Mail journalist. Indigenous Australians Indigenous Australians are people with familial heritage from, and/or recognised membership of, the various ethnic groups living within the territory of present day Australia prior to British colonisation . They consist of two distinct groups, which include many ethnic groups:
2538-569: The Hawkesbury River , Nepean River and Georges rivers began to rise after 100 mm (3.94 in) of rain fell over parts of Western Sydney overnight. Warragamba Dam , Sydney's chief reservoir, was spilling at a rate in excess of 70 gigalitres a day on 3 March. On 8 March, another heavy deluge inundated streets in Lansvale , Bass Hill , Bankstown , Liverpool and Wisemans Ferry , in addition to two people being found dead in
2632-500: The Latin ab (from) and origo (origin, beginning). The term was used in Australia as early as 1789 to describe its Aboriginal peoples . It became capitalised and was used as the common term to refer to both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. Today the latter peoples are not included in this term. The term "Aborigine" (as opposed to "Aboriginal") is often disfavoured, as it is regarded as having colonialist connotations. While
2726-632: The Mary river peaking at 22.96 metres on 28 February. About 550 people sought shelter at the Gympie evacuation shelter, and up to 3600 homes were inundated in the city. The city of Maryborough also suffered flooding in parts of its CBD and cut bridges, an 11-metre flood levee was erected to protect the rest of the city centre. On 23 February 2022, freight train Y279, operated by Aurizon derailed at approximately 3:30am due to flash flooding that had resulted in
2820-541: The Northern Rivers , the M1 highway was closed by flooding from Cudgera Creek to Tweed Heads . The area, particularly Woodburn , Lismore and Clarence Valley Council , suffering fuel , food and water shortages . 400 military personnel were sent to Lismore to help with the clean-up. Four people perished in Lismore , after the area suffered its worst flood in recorded history, inundating many businesses and homes in
2914-616: The Pila Nguru of Western Australia ). Several settlements of humans in Australia have been dated around 49,000 years ago. Luminescence dating of sediments surrounding stone artefacts at Madjedbebe , a rock shelter in northern Australia, indicates human activity at 65,000 years BP. Genetic studies appear to support an arrival date of 50–70,000 years ago. The earliest anatomically modern human remains found in Australia (and outside of Africa) are those of Mungo Man ; they have been dated at 42,000 years old. The initial comparison of
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3008-539: The Sahul region. Rasmussen et al. 2011 shows that Aboriginal Australian have a lower proportion of European alleles compared to Asians, which they believe is indicative of a multiple dispersal model. Genetically, while Aboriginal Australians are most closely related to Melanesian and Papuan people, McEvoy et al. 2010 believed there is also another component that could indicate Ancient Ancestral South Indian admixture or more recent European influence. Research indicates
3102-467: The State Library of New South Wales . As of May 2021, as the newspaper celebrated its 30th birthday, Rudi Maxwell was the editor of the newspaper, with the staff numbering a total of 12 people. In March 2022 Lismore was hit by record-breaking flooding , and in the immediate aftermath and for months afterwards, Koori Mail coordinated relief for flood victims. Staff and volunteers coordinated by
3196-474: The Tasmanian catastrophe genocide". A woman named Trugernanner (often rendered as Truganini ), who died in 1876, was, and still is, widely believed to be the last of the "full-blooded" Tasmanian Aboriginal people. However, in 1889 Parliament recognised Fanny Cochrane Smith (d. 1905) as the last surviving "full-blooded" Tasmanian Aboriginal person. The 2016 census reported 23,572 Indigenous Australians in
3290-924: The Tiwi Islands off Northern Territory; and Palawah in Tasmania . The largest Aboriginal communities – the Pitjantjatjara , the Arrernte, the Luritja , and the Warlpiri – are all from Central Australia . Throughout the history of the continent, there have been many different Aboriginal groups, each with its own individual language , culture, and belief structure. At the time of British settlement, there were over 200 distinct languages. The Tasmanian Aboriginal population are thought to have first crossed into Tasmania approximately 40,000 years ago via
3384-573: The c from black to "de-weaponise the term 'black cunt ' " was "taking on the 'colonisers' language and flipping it on its head". Contemporary Aboriginal arts in the 21st century are sometimes referred to as a "Blak" arts movement, expressed in names such as BlakDance, BlakLash Collective, and the title of Thelma Plum 's song and album, Better in Blak . Melbourne has an annual Blak & Bright literary festival, Blak Dot Gallery, Blak Markets, and Blak Cabaret. Aboriginal peoples of Australia are
3478-435: The didgeridoo . Although there are a number of cultural commonalities among Indigenous Australians, there is also a great diversity among different communities. The 2022 Australian census recorded 167 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages used at home by some 76,978 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. At the time of European colonisation, it is estimated that there were over 250 Aboriginal languages . It
3572-519: The language group (such as Arrernte ), or demonym relating to geographic area (such as Nunga ), is considered best practice and most respectful. European colonials from their early settlement used the term "Black" to refer to Aboriginal Australians. While the term originally related to skin colour and was often used pejoratively, today the term is used to indicate Aboriginal heritage or culture in general. It refers to any people of such heritage regardless of their level of skin pigmentation. In
3666-409: The message stick . Weapons included boomerangs , spears (sometimes thrown with a woomera ) with stone or fishbone tips, clubs, and (less commonly) axes. The Stone Age tools available included knives with ground edges, grinding devices, and eating containers. Fibrecraft was well-developed, and fibre nets, baskets, and bags were used for fishing, hunting, and carrying liquids. Trade networks spanned
3760-403: The mitochondrial DNA from the skeleton known as Lake Mungo 3 (LM3) with that of ancient and modern Aboriginal peoples indicated that Mungo Man is not related to Australian Aboriginal peoples. However, these findings have been met with a general lack of acceptance in scientific communities. The sequence has been criticised as there has been no independent testing, and it has been suggested that
3854-563: The 1,000 mm of rain that fell in its catchment over the 72 hour period of the floods. In Brisbane 177 suburbs were impacted with more than 23,000 homes inundated. Throughout South-East Queensland, more than 20,000 homes were inundated and power outages affected over 51,000 properties. All public transport services were shut down lasting for several days, including rail , buses , and City Cat ferries . South-East Queensland's rail network suffered extensive damage resulting from landslips, and major highways closed due to flooding, including
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3948-630: The 1970s, with a rise in Aboriginal activism, leaders such as Gary Foley proudly embraced the term "Black". For example, writer Kevin Gilbert 's book of that time was entitled Living Black . The book included interviews with several members of the Aboriginal community, including Robert Jabanungga , who reflected on contemporary Aboriginal culture. Use of this term varies depending on context, and its use needs care as it may be deemed inappropriate. The term "Black" has sometimes caused confusion as being applied to contemporary African immigrants rather than
4042-460: The 21st century there is consensus that it is important to respect the "preferences of individuals, families, or communities, and allow them to define what they are most comfortable with" when referring to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. The word ' aboriginal ' has been in the English language since at least the 16th century to mean "first or earliest known, indigenous". It comes from
4136-568: The 3.9 metres recorded during the 2010–2011 Queensland floods and less than the peak height of 4.46m in 2011. The Kedron Brook Floodway broke its weir at multiple points inundating houses in the surrounding suburbs and flooding the Toombul Shopping Centre, which shut permanently as a result of the subsequent flood damage. Substantial infrastructure damage was caused to the Kedron Brook Floodway attributable to
4230-507: The Aboriginal population. Nevertheless, a population collapse, principally from new infectious diseases, followed European colonisation. A smallpox epidemic spread for three years after the arrival of Europeans. Massacres , frontier armed conflicts and competition over resources with European settlers also contributed to the decline of the Aboriginal peoples. From the 19th to the mid-20th century, government policy removed many mixed heritage children from Aboriginal communities, with
4324-606: The Aboriginal, Papuan and Mamanwa peoples carry some of the alleles associated with the Denisovan peoples of Asia, (not found amongst populations in mainland Asia) suggesting that modern and archaic humans interbred in Asia approximately 44,000 years ago, before Australia separated from New Guinea and the migration to Australia. A 2012 paper reports that there is also evidence of a substantial genetic flow from India to northern Australia estimated at slightly over four thousand years ago,
4418-476: The Government has stated that as of 30 June 2021, there are 983,700 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, representing 3.8% of the total population of Australia, as the "final 2021 Census-based estimated resident population". Of these, 91.7% identified as Aboriginal; 4.0% identified as Torres Strait Islander; 4.3% identified with both groups. The term Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples or
4512-590: The Murray. There is some evidence that, before outside contact, some groups of Aboriginal Australians had a complex subsistence system with elements of agriculture, that was only recorded by the first European explorers. One early settler took notes on the life styles of the Wathaurung people whom he lived near in Victoria. He saw women harvesting Murnong tubers, a native yam that is now almost extinct. However,
4606-438: The area that they were harvesting from was already cleared of other plants, making it easier to harvest Murnong (also known as yam daisy) exclusively. Along the northern coast of Australia, parsnip yams were harvested by leaving the bottom part of the yam still stuck in the ground so that it would grow again in the same spot. Similar to many other farmers in the world, Aboriginal peoples used slash and burn techniques to enrich
4700-463: The atmosphere which the low-pressure system travelled in, thus making the atmosphere unstable and permitting moisture to be lifted up and falling as rain. As the system headed south, it turned into an East Coast Low near the Central Coast and Sydney. Furthermore, around New Zealand , there existed an area of high pressure , which is an anti-clockwise rotating blocking high that obstructed
4794-659: The basal form K2* (K-M526) of the extremely ancient Haplogroup K2 – whose subclades Haplogroup R , haplogroup Q , haplogroup M and haplogroup S can be found in the majority of Europeans, Northern South Asians, Native Americans and the Indigenous peoples of Oceania – has only been found in living humans today amongst Aboriginal Australians. 27% of them may carry K2* and approximately 29% of Aboriginal Australian males belong to subclades of K2b1 , a.k.a. M and S . Aboriginal Australians possess deep rooted clades of both mtDNA Haplogroup M and Haplogroup N . Although it
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#17327765332074888-649: The city centre flooded, in addition to a woman going missing in floodwaters south of Lismore. The heavy rainfall and flash flooding evoked more than 60 flood rescues in the 24 hours leading up to the 30th, in addition to some locals being isolated due to surrounding floodwaters. The Pacific Highway was closed in both directions between Wardell and Tintenbar due to the flooding. On 3 March, thousands of people in Camden , Chipping Norton , Georges Hall , Lansvale , Milperra , Moorebank , Warwick Farm , North Richmond , Windsor , and nearby suburbs were told to evacuate as
4982-573: The city, which peaked 2 metres above the town's last record flood. More than 3,000 homes in Lismore were affected by the flood, which left the region to resemble "a war zone". There were around 270 people refuging in Lismore's two evacuation centres, with thousands of others finding shelter in family and friends' places of residence. Community groups also stepped in to fill gaps in the state and federal governments' response, helping to clear and clean flood damaged houses while providing food and shelter. On 30 March, Byron Bay 's main street (Jonson Street)
5076-684: The continent would have required deliberate organised sea travel, involving hundreds of people". Aboriginal people seem to have lived a long time in the same environment as the now extinct Australian megafauna . Some evidence from the analysis of charcoal and artefacts revealing human use suggests a date as early as 65,000 BP. Luminescence dating has suggested habitation in Arnhem Land as far back as 60,000 years BP. Evidence of fires in South-West Victoria suggest "human presence in Australia 120,000 years ago", although more research
5170-536: The continent, and transportation included canoes . Shelters varied regionally, and included wiltjas in the Atherton Tablelands , paperbark and stringybark sheets and raised platforms in Arnhem Land , whalebone huts in what is now South Australia, stone shelters in what is now western Victoria, and a multi-room pole and bark structure found in Corranderrk . A bark tent or lean-to is known as
5264-503: The dam also being ~56% full prior to the huge inflow. Over the course of the rain event (excluding subsequent inflows after the rain had stopped), Wivenhoe had inflows of 2.2 million mega litres (ML), and released only 150,000 ML, effectively holding back 2.05 million ML from flowing down the Brisbane River and decimating Greater Brisbane. In the Wide Bay–Burnett , the city of Gympie suffered its worst flooding since 1893, with
5358-624: The distinctiveness and importance of Torres Strait Islanders in Australia's Indigenous population. Eddie Mabo was from "Mer" or Murray Island in the Torres Strait. He was a party in the Mabo decision of 1992. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people also sometimes refer to themselves by descriptions that relate to their ecological environment, such as saltwater people for coast-dwellers (including Torres Strait Islander people ), freshwater people , rainforest people , desert people , or spinifex people , (the latter referring to
5452-620: The encompassing suburbs. In the Upper North Shore , the Roseville Bridge was flooded, in addition to a portion of a ceiling at Bondi Junction Westfield collapsing. On 7 April, the floods forced Picton, New South Wales to be placed under an evacuation warning as the Stonequarry Creek continued to rise. Camden, New South Wales was inundated as the floodwaters rose. On 2 July, Camden, New South Wales
5546-419: The five bodies, acquired an 80 percent holding, while 20 percent was retained by The Northern Star . At first it was only circulated only in northern News South Wales and Queensland, but within a few years it had built up a network of Indigenous and non-Indigenous stringers across the country and was distributed nationally. Janine Wilson was later replaced by another non-Indigenous journalist, Dona Graham, who
5640-527: The flood disaster areas by 5 March. Despite the aid efforts, there was rising criticism from those impacted by the floods that the government was too slow to act in sending in defence troops to help them. As of 8 March, more than $ 282 million in disaster payments to flood victims were paid to 242,000 people ($ 157 million to victims in NSW and $ 125 million to those in Queensland). The LGAs affected would gain from
5734-403: The flood recovery, saying that he was "not going to spare a dollar" in flood recovery efforts. He also stated that there should be direct housing for residents who lost homes, which was a particular concern. According to emergency services minister, Steph Cooke, of the approximately 1,400 rapid property damage assessments taken in Lismore, 900 of them were already considered uninhabitable. One of
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#17327765332075828-589: The flood victims. Damage from floods was expected to reach almost A$ 1.5 billion , as additional ADF troops came to aid in clean-up efforts. Insurance Council of Australia figures calculated the cost of claims from the disaster was A$ 1.45 billion as of 7 March, but it was expected to rise once the extent of the damage is known. According to the council, insurers had received more than 96,000 claims, with 80 per cent of those for homes, thus far. Of those, 69% of claims had come from Queensland, with 31% from NSW. There had been as many as 5,000 ADF personnel distributed across
5922-537: The flood. Run by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people through five Aboriginal community organisations based in northern New South Wales , the Koori Mail is based in Lismore . The newspaper is published fortnightly and is available by subscription and in newsagents in every Australian state and territory , as well as in PDF form online via the AIATSIS website (where all past issues are also available). It
6016-504: The generations after colonisation. The word "community" is often used to describe groups identifying by kinship , language , or belonging to a particular place or "country". A community may draw on separate cultural values and individuals can conceivably belong to a number of communities within Australia; identification within them may be adopted or rejected. An individual community may identify itself by many names, each of which can have alternative English spellings. The naming of peoples
6110-622: The ground across South West Queensland and North Western New South Wales to become saturated and vulnerable to even small amounts of rain. Rainfall of over 400 millimetres (16 in) was recorded across the Northern Brisbane area. In the three days to 28 February, Northern Brisbane received 676.8 millimetres (26.65 in) of rainfall, the largest three, and seven, day total ever recorded in Brisbane. Mount Glorious received in excess of 1,770 millimetres (70 in) of rainfall in
6204-516: The idea of a newspaper devoted to Aboriginal issues, after being disappointed with the mainstream newspapers' coverage of the event. He was inspired by activists such as Gary Foley and Lyall Munro Jnr . The fledging venture suffered from both lack of funding and a lack of experienced journalists at first, and was assisted by non-Indigenous freelance journalists such as Liz Tynan. The Lismore newspaper The Northern Star then provided printing and editorial assistance to Carriage, and Janine Wilson,
6298-425: The indigenous peoples. Living Black is an Australian TV news and current affairs program covering "issues affecting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians". It is presented and produced by Karla Grant , an Arrernte woman. A significant number of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people use the term " Blackfella " and its associated forms to refer to Aboriginal Australians. The term blak
6392-516: The intent to assimilate them to what had become the majority white culture. Such policy was judged " genocidal " in the Bringing Them Home report (1997) published by the government in the late 20th century, as it reviewed human rights abuses during colonisation. There are a number of contemporary appropriate terms to use when referring to Indigenous peoples of Australia. In contrast to when settlers referred to them by various terms, in
6486-435: The last 500 years. The population was split into 250 individual nations, many of which were in alliance with one another, and within each nation there existed separate, often related clans , from as few as 5 or 6 to as many as 30 or 40. Each nation had its own language, and a few had several. 2022 eastern Australia floods The 2022 eastern Australia floods were one of the nation's worst recorded flood disasters with
6580-449: The last Ice Age, Australian Aboriginal peoples developed a variety of regional cultures and languages, invented distinct artistic and religious traditions, and affected the environment of the continent in a number of ways through hunting, fire-stick farming , and possibly the introduction of the dog . Technologies for warfare and hunting like the boomerang and spear were constructed of natural materials, as were musical instruments like
6674-530: The low pressure system from drifting away into the Tasman Sea . The Brisbane central business district (CBD) experienced flooding, as well as the inner city areas of South Bank and South Brisbane , Milton , West End , Windsor, Lutwyche, Gordon Park, Grange, Wooloowin, Toombul and Newstead . On 28 February the Brisbane River 's height reached 3.8 metres (12 ft), higher than the 2.3-metre (7 ft 7 in) peak height of flooding in 2013 but below
6768-527: The many criticisms by the affected residents was the slow pace of troops arriving to the region. Opposition Leader Anthony Albanese criticised the government's handling of bringing in the Australian Defence Force (ADF), saying, "Clearly, there have been issues here with people who were on the roofs of places for a long period of time. There's a need for an explanation". Although Defence minister Peter Dutton and Dominic Perrottet defended
6862-451: The more inclusive term "Indigenous Australians". Six percent of Indigenous Australians identify fully as Torres Strait Islanders. A further 4% of Indigenous Australians identify as having both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal heritage. The Torres Strait Islands comprise over 100 islands, which were annexed by Queensland in 1879. Many Indigenous organisations incorporate the phrase "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander" to highlight
6956-848: The next stage of support for the victims, which included $ 256 million for emergency relief, food relief and financial counselling services. Seven Network , Nine Network and Network 10 united in partnership with Red Cross Australia for the telethon event on the evening of 12 March to raise money for those affected by the floods. The event featured popular Australian musicians who performed to raise money, such as, Tones and I , Jimmy Barnes , Delta Goodrem , Jon Stevens , Vanessa Amorosi , Hunters and Collectors , The Living End , Casey Donovan and Sheppard . The hosts included Seven's Natalie Barr , David Koch , Sonia Kruger and Mark Ferguson ; Nine's Scott Cam , Sylvia Jeffreys , Andy Lee and Peter Overton ; and 10's Carrie Bickmore , Dr. Chris Brown , Amanda Keller and Osher Günsberg . Proceeds from
7050-438: The nutrients of their soil. However, sheep and cattle later brought over by Europeans would ruin this soil by trampling on it. To add on the complexity of Aboriginal farming techniques, farmers deliberately exchanged seeds to begin growing plants where they did not naturally occur. In fact there were so many examples of Aboriginal Australians managing farm land in a complex manner that Australian Anthropologist, Dr. Norman Tindale
7144-405: The outflow gates being opened, albeit not at 100%. Enoggera Dam , in the western Brisbane suburb of The Gap , reached a record capacity of 270% on the same day. Wivenhoe Dam is primarily designed for drinking water supply to Brisbane, Ipswich, and surrounding areas, as well as flood protection for Brisbane. The 2022 floods would have been significantly worse if it were not for Wivenhoe Dam, with
7238-615: The paper distributed food (including up to 2,000 free meals per day, served from the adjacent Koori Kitchen), clothes, and other essential items for thousands of victims, as well as supporting them with counselling. All of this came from donations; financial support from the New South Wales Government only came months later, in June. The Koori Mail team and volunteers received the national NAIDOC Innovation Award , which recognised their "coordination and leadership" after
7332-793: The paper, could not afford to support it financially while it built its readership, and there was a large debt to be paid off. The local Bundjalung Aboriginal corporation was able to obtain an ATSIC loan of A$ 226,000 , and ownership was assumed by a group of local Aboriginal communities representing the Bundjalung nation: the Bundjalung Tribal Society (based at Lismore ), Bunjum Co-operative ( Cabbage Tree Island ), Buyinbin Co-operative ( Casino ), Kurrachee Cooperative ( Coraki ), and Nungera Co-operative Maclean ). The Bygal Weahunir Holding Company (BWHC), an amalgamation of
7426-871: The person's specific cultural group, is often preferred, though the terms First Nations of Australia, First Peoples of Australia and First Australians are also increasingly common. Since 1995, the Australian Aboriginal flag and the Torres Strait Islander flag have been official flags of Australia . The time of arrival of the first human beings in Australia is a matter of debate and ongoing investigation. The earliest conclusively human remains found in Australia are those of Mungo Man LM3 and Mungo Lady , which have been dated to around 40,000 years ago, although Indigenous Australians have most likely been living in Australia for upwards of 65,000 years. Isolated for millennia by rising sea water after
7520-441: The pre-1788 population was 314,000, while recent archaeological finds suggest that a population of 500,000 to 750,000 could have been sustained, with some ecologists estimating that a population of up to a million or even two million people was possible. More recent work suggests that Aboriginal populations exceeded 1.2 million 500 years ago, but may have fallen somewhat with the introduction of disease pathogens from Eurasia in
7614-618: The results may be due to posthumous modification and thermal degradation of the DNA. Although the contested results seem to indicate that Mungo Man may have been an extinct subspecies that diverged before the most recent common ancestor of contemporary humans, the administrative body for the Mungo National Park believes that present-day local Aboriginal peoples are descended from the Lake Mungo remains. Independent DNA testing
7708-411: The state of Tasmania. The Torres Strait Islander people possess a heritage and cultural history distinct from Aboriginal traditions. The eastern Torres Strait Islanders in particular are related to the Papuan peoples of New Guinea , and speak a Papuan language . Accordingly, they are not generally included under the designation "Aboriginal Australians". This has been another factor in the promotion of
7802-498: The term "Indigenous Australians" has grown in popularity since the 1980s, many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples dislike it. They feel that it is too generic and removes their distinct clan and people identity. However, many people think that the term is useful and convenient, and can be used where appropriate. In recent years, terms such as "First Nations", "First Peoples" and "First Australians" have become more common. Being as specific as possible, for example naming
7896-462: The timing of the ADF's arrival, contending that many parts of the area were inaccessible due to inundating floodwaters. Scott Morrison, in particular, was subject to widespread criticism over his delayed response to the floods. On 9 March, around 100 infuriated locals in Lismore protested to Prime Minister Scott Morrison, but were denied meeting him face to face. They carried signs and chanted, "the water
7990-497: The various peoples indigenous to mainland Australia and associated islands, excluding the Torres Strait Islands. The broad term Aboriginal Australians includes many regional groups that may be identified under names based on local language, locality, or what they are called by neighbouring groups. Some communities, cultures or groups may be inclusive of others and alter or overlap; significant changes have occurred in
8084-528: The weeks surrounding the 28 February. The rainfall recorded was higher than the 1974 Brisbane flood , with 30 locations across the south-east recording at least 1,000 millimetres. The flooding was the result of a low pressure system over Queensland's southern coast that dragged in moisture from the Coral Sea in the north, raising it over the Queensland coastline. The area of colder air higher in
8178-612: Was able to draw an Aboriginal grain belt, detailing the specific areas where crops were once produced. In terms of aquaculture, explorer Thomas Mitchell noted large stone fish traps on the Darling River at Brewarrina. Each trap covers a pool, herding fish through a small entrance that would later be shut. Traps were created at different heights to accommodate different water levels during floods and droughts. Technology used by Indigenous Australian societies before European contact included weapons, tools, shelters, watercraft, and
8272-519: Was chair of the board. Apart from the full set of issues being available on the AIATSIS website, there is also an index. The Australian Indigenous Index , or INFOKOORI, is an index to Koori Mail , covering from May 1991 to July 2016. Hosted by SLNSW also covers biographical information from various other magazines, including Identity ; Our Aim ; and Dawn / New Dawn . Aboriginal journalist Todd Condie graduated from Griffith University with
8366-456: Was further reduced to around 300 between 1803 and 1833 due to disease, warfare, and other actions of British settlers. Despite more than 170 years of debate over who or what was responsible for this near-extinction, no consensus exists on its origins, process, or whether or not it was genocide. However, according to Benjamin Madley, using the "UN definition, sufficient evidence exists to designate
8460-533: Was generally mobile, or semi-nomadic , moving according to the changing food availability found across different areas as seasons changed, the mode of life and material cultures varied greatly from region to region, and there were permanent settlements and agriculture in some areas. The greatest population density was to be found in the southern and eastern regions of the continent, the River Murray valley in particular. Canoes were made out of bark for use on
8554-729: Was ordered to evacuate for the fourth time of the year due more major flooding. European Commission 's European External Action Service activated the Copernicus Emergency Management Service – Mapping in order to produce delineation maps of floods in the Brisbane , Gatton , Grafton , Grantham , Gympie , Lismore , Maryborough and Wivenhoe areas of interest. On March 7, Scott Morrison stated "these are floods that we have not seen in living memory in anyone's lifetime, and even before that." New South Wales premier Dominic Perrottet vowed to fund
8648-543: Was partially submerged in floodwaters following another wave of sousing rain in northern NSW. A residential estate in Ballina was also submerged, flooding homes. On 30 March, after the all-clear had been given in Lismore less than 24 hours prior, an evacuation order was again issued for those in low-lying areas of the city as the levee overflowed as the Wilsons River began to rise (expected to peak at 12 metres) and
8742-464: Was small, with estimates ranging widely from 318,000 to more than 3,000,000 in total. Given geographic and habitat conditions, they were distributed in a pattern similar to that of the current Australian population. The majority were living in the south-east, centred along the Murray River . The First Fleet of British settlers arrived with instructions to "live in amity and kindness" with
8836-459: Was subsequently replaced by Aboriginal journalist Todd Condie as editor in 1998. Condie left to work on Land Rights News in 2002. On 4 May 2011, on the date of the publication of the 500th issue of Koori Mail , the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS) launched its digital collection of the newspaper, in partnership with the Department of Industry and Science , CAVAL (a consortium of universities) and
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