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51-504: The plateau is home to a few Israeli communities, including Rosh Pinna , Hatzor HaGlilit and the Bedouin town of Tuba-Zangariyye . The plateau's rural settlements make part of the regional councils of Upper Galilee , Mevo'ot HaHermon and Emek HaYarden . Several important archaeological and historical sites are located on the plateau, including Tel Hazor , Daughters of Jacob Bridge , Mount of Beatitudes and Jubb Yussef . Historically

102-587: A Hebrew abbreviation of the name of his profession, שוחט ובודק, read " shochet u-bodék", butcher and examiner [of kosher meat]; ("shuv" has also the Hebrew meaning of "once again", or "return!", an allusion to the main principle of Zionism ; in Hebrew the same letter [ב] is used for "v" and "b"). Laurence Oliphant collected funds for Rosh Pina from Christadelphians and other sympathizers in Britain. He wrote about his visit to Rosh Pina in 1886: " Jauna , which

153-667: A Hebrew adaptation of the Arabic name. After one year of good harvests, a year of drought saw the Arabs mortgage their lands to money lenders, but the Jews were unwilling to do the same and left. . Gei Oni was established some 3 months before Petah Tikva , although for various historical reasons the latter is generally considered the first. In 1882, the settlement was renewed as a moshavah by immigrants from Romania , who named it Rosh Pinna (" cornerstone ") after Psalm 118:22 : "The stone which

204-642: A north–south line near the fault zone. Several other previous events occurred in the same region, and by comparison both the 1202 Syria earthquake and the Near East earthquakes of 1759 had larger magnitudes than the 1837 event and have been associated with the Yammouneh fault in Lebanon. However, no other earthquakes of similar size occurred in the Dead Sea zone after seismometers began being used around

255-511: A small village, while in the plateau there was only one settlement in Khirbet Berech. In that period hundreds of megalithic tombs called " Dolmens " were built in the southern part of the plateau. During Middle Bronze Age II (2000–1550 BCE) the size of Hazor reached its peak as a metropolis of 800 to 1000 dunams. Some 15 to 20 small villages existed on the plateau during that period, most of which next to springs. In total their combined size

306-479: A temporary hospital was set up and a doctor hired who could distribute medicine and apply bandages. In Tiberias heavy damage was sustained, though not quite as severe as in Safed, and 600 people were killed there, with many homes and the walls of the city being destroyed. The wounded were transported to hot springs in that area for relief, and there may have been changes to the volume of water emanating from them at

357-629: A transit region for the valleys to the north and south, and the heights to the east and west. The plateau was first settled extensively during the Chalcolithic period (4th millennium BCE). Over 25 settlements were established in that period in the plateau's basalt areas. These settlements resemble the Golan Heights, Hula Valley, and the Dalton Plateau's Chalcolithic cultures, with distinctive pottery and rectangular houses. Through

408-563: Is Lake Hula , which was a swamp area drained in the 1950s. In the spring of 1878, the Arab village of al-Ja'una sold half its lands, about 2,500 dunum, to Jews from Safed in order to fund the emigration of some of the villagers to the Hauran . Led by Elazar Rokah, the Jews moved into al-Ja'una, living among the Arabs for fear of being unable to cope with Bedouin raids on their own. They called their settlement Gei Oni ("Valley of my Strength") as

459-598: Is a local council in the Korazim Plateau in the Upper Galilee on the eastern slopes of Mount Kna'an in the Northern District of Israel . It was established as Gei Oni in 1878 by local Jews from Safed but was nearly abandoned, except for the families of Yosef Friedman, Aharon Keller, and possibly a few others. In 1882, thirty Jewish families who had immigrated from Romania reestablished

510-741: Is a lack of water sources, the number of settlements on the Korazim Plateau is low. These are, from north to south: Ayelet HaShahar , Gadot , Mishmar HaYarden , Mahanayim , Hatzor HaGlilit , Kfar HaNassi , Rosh Pinna , Tuba-Zangariyye , Elifelet , Karkom , Ami'ad , Korazim , Almagor and Amnun . All of the settlements are Jewish and rural, except for the Muslim Bedouin town of Tuba-Zangariyye. 32°56′N 35°35′E  /  32.933°N 35.583°E  / 32.933; 35.583 Rosh Pinna Rosh Pina or Rosh Pinna ( Hebrew : רֹאשׁ פִּנָּה , lit. Cornerstone )

561-574: Is the most hopeful attempt at a colony which I have seen in Palestine. The colonists own about a thousand acres of excellent land, which they were able to purchase at from three to four dollars an acre. The Russians are establishing themselves about half a mile from the Roumanians, as Jews of different nationalities easily get on well together. They call the colony Rosch Pina, or "Head of the Corner,"

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612-825: The Galilee on January 1 and is one of a number of moderate to large events that have occurred along the Dead Sea Transform fault system that marks the boundary of two tectonic plates; the African plate on the west and the Arabian plate on the east. Intensity assessments for the event were VIII ( Damaging ) on the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale and VIII ( Heavily damaging ) on the European Macroseismic Scale . A 1977 assessment of

663-487: The Israel Antiquities Authority . Although the Korazim Plateau is considered a peripheral area, during most of its history, it was a dense region as evidenced by the remains of over a hundred ancient settlements which were discovered by archaeologists. The rural basalt regions in the center and south of the plateau were inhabited by semi-nomadic people. The plateau's location allowed it to serve as

714-538: The "mother of wheat", an important find for agronomists and historians of human civilization. Geneticists have proven that wild emmer is indeed the ancestor of most domesticated wheat strands cultivated on a large scale today with the exception of durum wheat; einkorn , a different ancient species, is currently just a relict crop. Rosh Pina had the first Hebrew-language school in the Galilee, in 1899. The principal Yishaq Epstein also enrolled four Arab children in

765-427: The 1990s. A higher loss of life was probably seen as a result of the earthquake occurring on a winter evening, as most people were likely in their homes preparing dinner. Every house and the local church in the village of Jish was destroyed, and all the parishioners, totaling 135 people, were killed, with only the priest surviving the collapse of the vaulted stone roof there. The priest was protected by an arch over

816-818: The Book, Or, Biblical Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery of the Holy Land . The book was published in 1861 and remained a best seller through much of the 19th century. In the region, the Egyptians (led by Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt ) had recently succeeded in overpowering the Ottomans and gained control of Southern Syria during the Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833) . During his time in

867-538: The Early Bronze Age settlement continued to exist only in some of the Chalcolithic sites, and a few new sites were formed, mostly in the northern part of the plateau. During Early Bronze Age II (3000–2700 BCE) the city of Hazor was first established, while in the rest of the plateau there were between 10 and 15 settlements. In that period there was a growth in the settlements in the southern slopes of

918-677: The Jordan as well, and the Korazim River, Or River and Koach River which flow to the Sea of Galilee. Next to these rivers, there are plenty of springs, around which many ancient settlements existed. During the 19th century, the Korazim Plateau, as well as the rest of the country, was surveyed by European explorers. French explorer Victor Guérin and the PEF Survey of Palestine headed by Claude Reignier Conder and Herbert Kitchener described

969-532: The Korazim Plateau flourished, with 10 settlements with a combined area of 100 dunams and a city in Tel Kinnarot of 100 dunams alone. Between 1000 BCE and the Assyrian conquest in 733, Hazor became a royal center, while the settlement in the plateau increased with 20 settlements, some of which were fortified and they had a combined area of 200–250 dunams. Because the soil is difficult to cultivate, and there

1020-551: The Levant Fracture, produces strong but infrequent earthquakes, and all pre-instrumental information regarding the area shows that it was experiencing an inactive period during the 20th century. Researchers M. Vered and H. L. Striem conducted a study on both the 1927 Jericho earthquake and the January 1837 event, with a close look at damage data to gain a good estimate of Modified Mercalli intensity values. The 1927 event

1071-631: The Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea basins , during the Pliocene transgression . The elevated Korazim block as well as the higher elevation of the Hula Basin meant that the latter did not receive any marine water during that process. Geologically, the plateau is divided into two main sections. The southern two-thirds are covered in layers of basalt . The basalt area falls from a height of 409 meters above sea level to 210 meters below sea level at

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1122-568: The Sea of Galilee, bringing the total area to 135 km. The term Korazim Plateau is used to define a geomorphological feature set between the Hula Basin and the Sea of Galilee. It is an elevated pressure-ridge within the Dead Sea Transform (DST) which acted as a barrier against the waters of the Mediterranean when these flooded the lower-lying part of the DST, between what are now

1173-459: The altar. American scholar Edward Robinson passed through the village of Lubya , just west of the Sea of Galilee , in 1838 and noted that it had suffered greatly from the earthquake the preceding year, with 143 villagers reported dead. In Safed, the homes on the hill were built in such a way that the roofs of the houses below became the streets for the ones above; the cascading style of construction

1224-470: The area, Thomson was jailed with charges of spying. The Egyptians were ultimately flushed from the region by the Ottomans. The shock was comparatively slight in Beirut, but many houses were damaged and others completely destroyed. The wintertime slowed communication in the area, and nearly eight days passed before reliable reports came in from Safed regarding the nature of damage there. The letters stated that

1275-633: The builders rejected has become the cornerstone". Rosh Pinna was one of the first modern Jewish agricultural settlements in the history of the Land of Israel , then part of the Ottoman Empire ( Turkey ). In 1883, it became the first Jewish settlement in the Land of Israel to come under the patronage of the Baron Edmond James de Rothschild . Rothschild's agent Joshua Ossovetski expanded

1326-508: The church there, which was a small building that was not seriously damaged. The types of homes that were built in that time and area, usually one story rubble masonry with heavy flat roofs that were often already damaged, were not resistant to even a small amount of shaking. Public structures like bridges and walls fared better, as they were usually constructed with higher standards. The heavy damage in certain areas occurred for various reasons. Some cities were built on steep hillsides overlooking

1377-615: The city of Hazor was established, which was an important city in ancient and biblical times. Some limestone layers can also be found in around the banks of the Jordan River (such as the area of the Daughters of Jacob Bridge ). The plateau is bounded by faults to the east (the Jordan River Valley) and to the west (on the slopes of Mount Canaan). Other signs of fracture in the basalt indicate recent tectonic activity in

1428-460: The coast of the Sea of Galilee. The basalt is aged between 1.6 and 2.9 million years in the northern part as measured near Kfar HaNassi , and 3.5 to 5 million years in the lower part as measured near the village of Korazim . Some volcanic cones were found near Tel Ruman, Filon Hill and probably also in Tel Nes and Tel Ya'af. The origin of the young basalt is probably from these volcanic cones, but

1479-470: The earthquake occurred was formally part of the Ottoman Empire , but at the time it was under control of the Egyptians , who were occupying after they had seized it during conflict. The main shock occurred on January 1, 1837, around four in the afternoon, followed by a second strong shock five minutes later, and was felt as far as 500 kilometers (310 mi) away. Damascus 's maximum perceived intensity

1530-533: The event that was published in the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America had the epicenter just north of the city of Safed and the magnitude of 6.25–6.5, but in 1997 seismologist Nicholas Ambraseys argued that the event may have been more substantial. The event was well-documented by the 19th-century missionary, archaeologist, and author William McClure Thomson . The region in which

1581-553: The land having been purchased from the Moslem villagers, of whom twenty families remained, who lived on terms of perfect amity with the Jews. These consisted of twenty-three Roumanian and four Russian families, numbering in all one hundred and forty souls. The greater number were hard at work on their potato-patches when I arrived, and I was pleased to find evidences of thrift and industry. A row of sixteen neat little houses had been built, and more were in process or erection. Altogether this

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1632-474: The north–south region of the epicentral area that was mapped by Ambraseys and could indicate that the Roum fault, and its extension south to the Sea of Galilee , were sources of the event. In the months and years following the earthquake, houses and lands lost to their dead owners were settled by emigrants who had recently come from Russia, Germany, Poland, and elsewhere. The Dead Sea Transform , also known as

1683-541: The older part of the basalt is part of a big layer of basalt which also covers the Golan Heights and southern Syria . The basalt part of the plateau is very similar to the nearby Golan with its rocky landscape, the characters of the ancient settlements found there, as well as the abundance of dolmens found here. The northern third of the plateau is characterized by lower hills of limestone , conglomerate and some young basalt near Yarda . The height of this part ranges between 100 and 250 meters above sea level. On this area,

1734-591: The plains (done for security reasons), while other sites were located on unstable soil where landslides had occurred previously. These conditions made assessing the intensity of the earthquake difficult, but Ambraseys settled on a maximum value of VII–VIII ( Very strong – Damaging ) on the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale for the event. That scale was used primarily in Europe and the Soviet Union up until

1785-584: The plateau also served as a transit region for the valleys to the north and south, and the heights to the east and west. Armies passed through the plateau towards the Golan during the Palestine Campaign of World War I in 1918, the 1948 Arab–Israeli war , Six Day War and Yom Kippur War . The Korazim Plateau is a distinct geographical region, that is not part of either of the regions that surround it. According to Ministry of Environmental Protection

1836-525: The plateau is bounded between the Safed and Naftali Mountains (west), the Hula Valley (north), the Jordan River and Golan Heights (east) and the Sea of Galilee , excluding the narrow coastal strip (south). Within these boundaries the region measures 117 km. The archaeological survey of the Israel Antiquities Authority also included parts of the mountains to the west and the shoreline of

1887-452: The plateau on the shores of the Sea of Galilee. As Hazor grew to be one of Canaan 's largest and most influential cities, the settlements in the Korazim Plateau became its suburban area. During Early Bronze Age III (2700–2200 BCE), the city of Hazor grew to the size of an urban settlement with an area of between 100 and 150 dunams, while all of the plateau's settlements were depopulated. During Middle Bronze Age I (2200–2000 BCE), Hazor shrank to

1938-543: The region, which may be the cause of the Galilee earthquake of 1837 . The rivers of the Korazim Plateau flow eastward to the Jordan River, and southward to the Sea of Galilee. The biggest river in the region is the Rosh Pinna River, which is 13 kilometer long and has a water basin of 40 square kilometers, which flows to the Jordan. Other rivers include the Mahanayim River and Tubim River, which flow to

1989-534: The school. Ben Ya'akov Airport (Mahanaim Airport) is located 2.1 km (1 mi) away from Rosh Pina. The Mifne Center, which means turning point, a program for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder, is situated in Rosh Pina. [REDACTED] Media related to Rosh Pina at Wikimedia Commons Galilee earthquake of 1837 The Galilee earthquake of 1837 , often called the Safed earthquake , shook

2040-472: The settlement as a moshava called Rosh Pina. The town is one of the oldest Zionist settlements in Israel. In 2022 it had a population of 3,308. Rosh Pina is located north of the Sea of Galilee , on the eastern slopes of Mount Kna'an, approximately 2 km (1 mi) east of the city of Safed , 420 m (1,378 ft) above sea level, latitude north 32° 58', longitude east 35° 31'. North of Rosh Pina

2091-611: The settlement with more land from Safed and Ja'una. Rosh Pinna had good relations with Ja'una, even establishing a modern Arab school there, but had some serious clashes with the Al-Zanghariyya Bedouin tribe. Moshe David Shub (born 1854 in Moinești ; died 1938 in Jerusalem ) had been sent ahead to find and purchase an appropriate piece of land. Born as Moşe David Iancovici, in Palestine he became known as: שו"ב, Shub,

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2142-463: The time of the earthquake. As a result of the earthquake, a strong seiche (standing wave) swept the shores of Tiberias causing additional deaths. Three large aftershocks occurred several weeks after the main event. On January 16 in the northern end, January 22 near the middle, and in the north again on May 20 near the city of Hasbaya (west of Damascus). The aftershocks were spread over a distance of 70 kilometers (43 mi) and that length matches

2193-484: The town, along with Tiberias and many other villages, had been overthrown. Sidon was damaged considerably, and in Tyre the fallen homes made the streets nearly impassable, with people sleeping in boats and in tents alongside the shore. The village of Rumaish was mostly destroyed, with 30 deaths occurring as people were crushed in their homes, and many more would have suffered the same had they not been at evening prayers at

2244-422: The turn of the 20th century, so Nicholas Ambraseys mapped the intensity values reported from more than 120 locations within the affected area and used the values to create a relationship with a group of 158 earthquakes in nearby Turkey and northern Syria with known intensities and magnitudes to predict the surface-wave magnitude for this event. The average radius of the isoseismals in the area helped to estimate

2295-465: The various sites in the plateau. In the early 20th century the area was studied by German explorer Paul Karge and British archaeologist Francis Turville-Petre . During the late 20th century, Israeli and European archaeologists made extensive excavations in the major sites of Tel Hazor , Tel Kinrot and Daughters of Jacob Bridge , all on the edges of the plateau. In 1990 a systematic and extensive survey project began headed by Yosef Stepansky. on behalf of

2346-535: The word occurring in the verse, "The stone which the builders rejected, the same is become the head of the comer." According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities , Rosh Pinna had a population of 468 inhabitants, consisting of 460 Jews, 4 Muslims and 4 Christians. Botanist Aaron Aaronsohn , while trekking around Rosh Pina during his 1906 field trip, discovered wild-growing emmer ( Triticum dicoccoides ), whom he considered to be

2397-582: Was between 100 and 150 dunams. During the Late Bronze Age (1550–1200 BCE), the city of Hazor became smaller but still was the largest in Canaan at 700–800 dunams. Only two settlements existed in Tel Kinnarot and Kfar Nahum. After the Late Bronze Age collapse and during Iron Age I (1200–1000 BCE) the city of Hazor was destroyed and replaced by a semi-nomadic settlement, while the settlement in

2448-426: Was both macroseismically and instrumentally recorded, and that provided a good opportunity to closely examine the macroseismic and instrumental epicenter location, estimates of its depth, and methods used in the macroseismic investigation. Once validated, the processes of analyzing the macroseismic data were applied to the earlier 1837 event. The meizoseismal areas of both of these Jordan Rift Valley events were along

2499-575: Was estimated to be VII ( Very strong ) on the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale , while Ramla and Baalbek were at VI ( Strong ), and cities such as Cairo , Tarsus , and Gaziantep (formerly Aintab) were at III ( Weak ). William McClure Thomson arrived in Beirut in 1833 for missionary work and was in the area at the time of the earthquake. He wrote, in fine detail, of the damage and personal tragedies he witnessed during his travels in The Land and

2550-434: Was many layers deep, and when the earthquake happened, the homes collapsed onto one another from above. Many people were killed immediately and buried under the rubble, and some were fortunate to be alive yet could not extricate themselves quickly from the debris. Some survivors were pulled from the ruins as many as six or seven days after the earthquake. The wounded and dying there were without much relief until January 19 when

2601-502: Was the name of the village to which I was bound, was situated about three miles (5 km) from Safed, in a gorge, from which, as we descended it, a magnificent view was obtained over the Jordan valley, with the Lake of Tiberias lying three thousand feet below us on the right, and the waters of Merom, or the Lake of Huleh, on the left. The intervening plain was only waiting for development. The new colony has been established about eight months,

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