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119-1032: In 1937, the Korean National Revolutionary Party , the Korean Youth Vanguard League, the Korean National Liberation League, and the Korean Anarchist League, which had been campaigning for independence in China after the second national-communist cooperation, had a joint meeting in Wuhan , Hubei Province , and established the Korean National Front Federation. The Chosŏn Volunteer Corps was formed as an armed force under it. The Chosŏn National Revolutionary Party had Kim Won-bong , who had led

238-566: A 400 billion RMB high technology manufacturing hub which will surpass its car industry and account for 25% of its exports. The city has also invested heavily in infrastructure to attract investment. The network of roads and railways connecting Chongqing to the rest of China has been expanded and upgraded reducing logistical costs. Furthermore, the nearby Three Gorges Dam which is the world's largest, supplies Chongqing with power and allows oceangoing ships to reach Chongqing's Yangtze River port. These infrastructure improvements have led to

357-653: A base, and dispatched members to Huazhong after the formation of the Sinsagun. The main mission of the Chosŏn Volunteer Army was the operation of Seonmu in the North Hwabuk region. They wrote posters on buildings in areas occupied by the Japanese military and distributed leaflets written in three languages: Korea, China, and Japan. An old man from Hebei Province who remembers what happened at the time reported

476-551: A city. As one of China's National Central Cities , Chongqing serves as a center for finance in the Sichuan Basin and the upstream Yangtze , as well as for manufacturing and transportation. It is a connection in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and a base for the country's Belt and Road Initiative . Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport is the second-busiest airport in China, and is one of

595-515: A combination of more than 290 million population. Chongqing is one of the top 40 cities in the world by scientific research outputs as tracked by the Nature Index . Since its elevation to national-level municipality in 1997, the city has dramatically expanded its infrastructure. With the construction of railways and expressways to the east and southeast, Chongqing is a major transportation hub in southwestern China. As of October 2014 ,

714-657: A conference at Lushan where the Koreans accepted an offer of large amounts of money and agreed to support a united front against Japan. In September, the Korean leaders were called again and asked to mobilize young Koreans for intelligence duties. On 1 December 1937, eighty-three young Korean men were enrolled in the particular training unit of the Shengtze Military Academy in Nanjing. The majority were from

833-664: A diplomatic approach as opposed to guerrilla action and was aligned with the United States, while the KNRP was aligned with the Soviet Union. The Provisional Government and Korean National Party had few followers and achieved little before 1937. In 1937 a leftist wing of the KNRP split off to form the Korean National Front headed by Choe Chang-ik and others. Hostilities between Japan and China began with

952-794: A future independent Korea. By 1945, the KVA had grown to approximately 1,000 men, mostly Korean deserters from the Imperial Japanese Army . During this period, the KVA fought alongside the Chinese communist Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army from which it drew its arms and ammunition. After the defeat of the Japanese, the KVA accompanied the Chinese Communist Party forces into eastern Jilin , intending to gain recruits from ethnic Koreans in China , particularly from Yanbian , and then enter Korea. The commander-in-chief of

1071-782: A historic site in 2002, a monument is erected. In 1993, Son Il-bong and Choi Cheol-ho were posthumously awarded the Patriotic Medal of the Order of the National Order of the Republic of Korea. In February 1942, Japanese forces launched an attack on Mount Taihang in an attempt to annihilate the anti-Japanese militants in the Hebei region. In May, the 41st Division of the Japanese Army completely surrounded Mount Taihang, and

1190-525: A lengthy prior political career in Chongqing. The municipal Political Consultative Conference ( zhengxie ) meets at around the same time as the People's Congress. Its role is to advise on political issues. The zhengxie is headed by a leader who is typically a former municipal or regional official with a lengthy career in the party and government bureaucracy. Chongqing was the wartime capital of China during

1309-660: A major recipient of China's investment in industrial capacity during the Third Front campaign. There has been a massive government push to transform Chongqing into the region's economic, trade, and financial center and use the municipality as a platform to open up the country's western interior to further development. Chongqing is facing rapid urbanization . For instance, statistics suggest that new construction added approximately 137,000 m (1,470,000 sq ft) daily of usable floor space to satisfy demands for residential, commercial and factory space. Thus, Chongqing

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1428-534: A mere 5% in January to 43% in August. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −1.8 °C (29 °F) on 11 January 1955 (unofficial record of −2.5 °C (27 °F) was set on 8 February 1943) to 43.7 °C (111 °F) on 18 and 19 August 2022 (unofficial record of 44.0 °C (111 °F) was set on 8 and 9 August 1933). Chongqing, with over 100 days of fog per year, is known as the "Fog City" ( 雾都 ); this

1547-735: A military unit of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea , the Chosŏn Youth Association in North China reorganized into the Chosŏn Independence Alliance and elected Kim Du-bong as the president. Kim Du-bong was a disciple of Ju Si-gyeong and also a Hangul activist. Also, the Chosŏn Volunteer Corp's Hwabuk area was reorganized into their party army, the Chosŏn Volunteer Army. At

1666-399: A native of Chongqing. Notable individuals who have held the municipal Party Secretary position include He Guoqiang , Wang Yang , Bo Xilai , Zhang Dejiang , and Sun Zhengcai , the latter three were Politburo members during their term as party chief. The party chief heads the municipal party standing committee , the de facto top governing council of the municipality. The standing committee

1785-846: Is Secretary of the Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party , which since 2007, has also held a seat on the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party , the country's second highest governing council. Under the USSR-inspired nomenklatura system of appointments, individuals are appointed to the position by the central leadership of the CCP and bestowed to an official based on seniority and adherence to party orthodoxy, usually given to an individual with prior regional experience elsewhere in China and nearly never

1904-608: Is a direct-administered municipality in Southwestern China . Chongqing is one of the four direct-administered municipalities under the Central People's Government , along with Beijing , Shanghai , and Tianjin . It is the only directly administrated municipality located deep inland. The municipality covers a large geographical area roughly the size of Austria , which includes several disjunct urban areas in addition to Chongqing proper. Due to its classification,

2023-814: Is a truly cunning and distrustful nation. The sacrifices are great, and the results are insignificant. In 1949, the 164th (12,000 men led by Vice Commander Kim Chang- deok) and the 166th (10,000 men led by Division Commander Bang Ho-san), organized by the Chosŏn Volunteer Army within the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, were organized and sent to North Korea. They sent not only their bodies, but also weapons and equipment. (Chinese People's Liberation Army 164th Division Korean People's Army 5th Division Reorganized Division Commander Kim Chang- deok Chinese People's Liberation Army 166th Division Korean People's Army 6th Division Reorganized Division Commander Bang Ho-san entered North Korea from July to August 1949) Under

2142-550: Is because in the spring and fall, a thick layer of fog enshrouds it for 68 days per year. During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), this special weather possibly played a role in protecting the city from being overrun by the Imperial Japanese Army . Since 1997 Chongqing has been a direct-controlled municipality in the Chinese administrative structure, making it a provincial-level division with commensurate political importance. The municipality's leader

2261-566: Is built on mountains and partially surrounded by the Yangtze and Jialing rivers. With its special topography , Chongqing's topography includes mountains, rivers, forests, springs, waterfalls, gorges, and caves. The Tang dynasty poet Li Bai was inspired by the natural scenery and wrote this epigram . The Zhongliang ( 中梁山 ) and Tongluo ( 铜锣山 ) mountains roughly form the eastern and western boundaries of Chongqing's urban area. Several high mountains are situated outside central Chongqing, including

2380-485: Is common in this area, and stone forests, numerous collections of peaks, limestone caves and valleys can be found in many places. The Longshuixia Gap ( 龙水峡地缝 ), with its Three Natural Bridges , has made the region a popular tourist attraction. The Yangtze River runs through the whole area from west to east, covering a course of 665 km (413 mi), cutting through the Wu Mountains at three places and forming

2499-447: Is generally seen as a symbolic body. It convenes in full once a year to approve party-sponsored resolutions and local regulations and duly confirm party-approved appointments. On occasion the People's Congress can be venues of discussion on municipal issues, although this is dependent on the actions of individual delegates. The municipal People's Congress is headed by a former municipal official, usually in their late fifties or sixties, with

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2618-493: Is given jurisdiction over specific municipal departments. The mayor is the second-highest-ranking official in the municipality. The mayor usually represents the city when foreign guests visit. The municipality also has a Municipal People's Congress , theoretically elected by lower level People's Congresses. The People's Congress nominally appoints the mayor and approves the nominations of other government officials. The People's Congress, like those of other provincial jurisdictions,

2737-553: Is located in central-western China, would complement the other National Central Cities, all of which are located along China's eastern coastline. The same year on June 18, the Liangjiang New Area was established in Chongqing, which was the third state-level new area at the time of its establishment. Chongqing is located in the subtropics , situated in the transitional area between the Tibetan Plateau and

2856-584: Is one of the top 40 cities globally by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index ; the municipality is home to several notable universities , including Chongqing University , Southwest University , and Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications . Chongqing's location is historically associated with the State of Ba . Its capital was first called Jiangzhou ( 江州 ). Jiangzhou subsequently remained under Qin Shi Huang 's rule during

2975-621: Is part of the West Triangle Economic Zone , along with Chengdu and Xi'an . As of 2022 , Chongqing hosts 70 institutions of higher education (excluding adult colleges), making it the fourth city with the most higher education institutions nationwide and the first city in Western China , which comprises Chongqing, six provinces ( Sichuan , Guizhou , Yunnan , Shaanxi , Gansu , and Qinghai ), and three autonomous regions ( Tibet , Ningxia , and Xinjiang ), with

3094-607: Is small due to its relatively disadvantageous inland location. Instead, factories producing local-oriented consumer goods such as processed food, cars, chemicals, textiles, machinery, sports equipment and electronics are common. Chongqing is China's third largest motor vehicle production center and the largest for motorcycles. In 2007, it had an annual output capacity of 1 million cars and 8.6 million motorcycles. Leading makers of cars and motorbikes includes China's fourth biggest automaker; Changan Automotive Corp and Lifan Hongda Enterprise , as well as Ford Motor Company , with

3213-410: Is typically composed of 13 individuals which includes the party chiefs of important subdivisions and other leading figures in the local party and government organization, as well as one military representative. The municipal People's Government serves as the day-to-day administrative authority, and is headed by the mayor , who is assisted by numerous vice mayors and mayoral assistants. Each vice mayor

3332-726: The Chinese Communist Party revolutionary base area in Northwestern China. Although the Chinese Nationalist government did not consider the KNRP a radical organization, they began favoring Kim Ku's group. In the 1940s, the KNRP, whose members were generally younger and more progressive exiles, challenged the authority of the Korean Provisional Government (KPG) in Chongqing . There were reports that Kim Ku had "accepted arrangements from

3451-681: The Economist Intelligence Unit in the November 2010 Access China White Paper as a member of the CHAMPS (Chongqing, Hefei , Anshan , Maanshan , Pingdingshan and Shenyang ), an economic profile of the top 20 emerging cities in China. Traditionally, due to its geographic inaccessibility, Chongqing and Sichuan have both been important military bases in weapons research and development. Even though Chongqing's industries are diversified, unlike eastern China, its export sector

3570-545: The Hawaiian branch of the KNRP. In 1940 he worked closely with Kim Kyu-sik and Kim Ku in Chongqing. In 1946, after Korea had been liberated from Japan and placed under an American military government, Soon Hyun was denied permission to return to Korea, probably because of his position in the party. The Methodist clergyman Lee Kyungsun headed the China Aid Society , Korean Volunteers Corps Aid Society in China and

3689-631: The Heroic Corps activities, as its leader, and the Chosŏn National Liberation Alliance was formed in 1936 with Kim San and others as the main axis. On the other hand, at that time, there were already about 50 members of the communist Chosŏn Youth War Service Corps led by Choi Chang-ik, and they were also reorganized into the Chosŏn Volunteer Corps. The Chosŏn Volunteer Corps, with Kim Won-bong as its commander-in- chief,

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3808-549: The Imperial Japanese Navy and Army Air Forces ; battles of which were fought entirely by the Chinese Air Force squadrons and anti-aircraft artillery units. Many lives were saved by the air-raid shelters which took advantage of the mountainous terrain. Chongqing was acclaimed to be the "City of Heroes" due to the indomitable spirits of its people as well as their contributions and sacrifices during

3927-683: The Korean Restoration Army (KRA) in September 1939, which Kim Ku wanted to keep as an independent unit, without first obtaining approval from the Chinese government. The Chinese government wanted to bring the KIP and KNRP together. When this proved difficult, from 1941 onward, they came to favor Kim Ku's KIP. In the summer of 1941, some members of the KNRP and its military arm, the Korean Volunteers Corps, moved to

4046-478: The Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937. At this time, the two main Korean exile parties were the rightist Korea Independence Party , or KIP, supported by Kim Ku, Jo So-ang, and Ji Cheong-cheon and the leftist Korean National Revolutionary Party (KNRP) led by Kim Yak-san and Kim Kyu-sik. On 10 July 1937, the Chinese government invited Kim Won-bang, Kim Ku, and other Korean leaders to

4165-594: The Qin dynasty , the successor of the Qin State, as well as the rule of Han dynasty emperors. Jiangzhou was subsequently renamed during the Northern and Southern dynasties to Chu Prefecture ( 楚州 ), then again in 581 AD ( Sui dynasty ) to Yu Prefecture ( 渝州 ), and later in 1102 during Northern Song to Gong Prefecture ( 恭州 ). The name Yu however survives to this day as an abbreviation for Chongqing, as well as for

4284-585: The Second Sino-Japanese War (i.e., World War II), and from 1937 to 1945, the seat of administration for the Republic of China's government before its departure to Nanjing and then Taiwan . After the eventual defeat at the Battle of Wuhan General Chiang-Kai Shek and the army were forced to use it as base of resistance from 1938 onwards. It also contains a military museum named after the Chinese Korean War hero Qiu Shaoyun . Chongqing used to be

4403-487: The Three Gorges Dam project. Its first official ceremony took place on 18 June 1997. On 8 February 2010, Chongqing became one of the four National Central Cities , along with Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin. According to Zhou Liqun, a consultant for National Development and Reform Commission of China, Chongqing's status as a National Central City would encourage the development of Western China . Chongqing, which

4522-609: The War of Resistance-World War II . Many factories and universities were relocated from eastern China and ultimately to Chongqing during years of setbacks in the war, transforming this city from inland port to a heavily industrialized city. After World War II ended, Chongqing became one of the last refuges of the Nationalist Kuomintang government on the Chinese mainland during the Chinese Civil War . Following

4641-818: The Yangtze River Crossing campaign , the KMT capital of Nanjing was occupied by the Communists in 23 April. The KMT decamped first to Guangzhou , then Chongqing. Chongqing served as the KMT capital until late November 1949, when the Nationalist KMT government withdrew from the city by air. On 14 March 1997, the Eighth National People's Congress decided to merge the sub-provincial city with adjacent Fuling , Wanxian , and Qianjiang prefectures that it had governed on behalf of

4760-456: The most populous city proper in the world . As of 2010 , the metropolitan area encompassing the central urban area was estimated by the OECD to have, a population of 17 million. The Census also lists the male percentage as 50.55% and the female percentage as 49.55%. In terms of age distribution, of the total population, 15.91% were age 0–14, 62.22% were 15–64, and 21.87% were 65 and over. Of

4879-417: The "isms" or political program of any particular class. If, under circumstances such as the present when the "isms" and political programs are opposing each other, we try to control everyone with the "ism" or political program of a particular class, we shall end up with one particular class exercising dictatorship over the nation or with all the members of the nation except for that particular class excluded from

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4998-544: The 1,709.4 m (5,608 ft)-high Wugong Ling Mountain in Jiangjin. Chongqing has a monsoonal humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cwa ), bordering on a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ) and for most of the year experiences very high relative humidity, with all months above 75%. Known as one of the " Three Furnaces " of the Yangtze River, along with Wuhan and Nanjing , its summers are long and among

5117-586: The 166th and 164th divisions of the Chinese People's Liberation Army and the independent 15th division as they recruited local Korean youths. In 1939, the Korean Volunteer Army (KVA), was formed in Yan'an , China. The two individuals responsible for the army were Kim Tu-bong and Mu Chong . At the same time, a school was established near Yan'an for training military and political leaders for

5236-460: The 2nd Corps, who conducted propaganda activities in the area of Hujiazhuang, Wenxi County, Hebei Province, stayed overnight in the village and were surrounded by 500 Japanese soldiers . While member Park Cheol-dong broke through the siege and went to the Palo County to request support, Kim Hak- cheol was shot in the leg and arrested. Members of the 2nd squad broke through the encirclement with

5355-736: The American Branch (Los Angeles) of the KNRP, organizations that were in favor of armed action. He later joined the American Communist Party, and in 1949 returned to North Korea. Kilsoo Haan of the Hawaiian Sino-Korean People's League tried to associate himself with the KNRP on the mainland, but they did not take him seriously. Dr. Syngman Rhee , who claimed to represent the KPG, would not cooperate with Kilsoo Haan. American intelligence agencies doubted

5474-429: The Central Headquarters of Tongjihoe of Hawaii with the smaller Sino-Korean People's League of Hawaii, Korean Independence Party, KNRP of Los Angeles, Korean Women's Patriotic Society of Los Angeles, Korean Women's Relief Society of Hawaii and Korean Independence League of Hawaii. The member groups remained intact and continued their internal programs, but the UKC was to administer all political and diplomatic activities of

5593-410: The Chinese government which restricted the Korean revolutionary movement in return for a monthly subsidy." The KNRP gained support from the Chinese to form the Korean Restoration Army, which had 3,600 men in 1943. The army was held in rear areas but, to a limited extent, engaged in propaganda, intelligence, and guerrilla activities. In October 1942, two leftists were admitted to the National Council of

5712-435: The Chosŏn Volunteer Army, including Kim Moo-jung, were called Yeonanpa and formed a major political force in the early days of the establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Meanwhile, the Chosŏn Volunteer Army, which remained in China, was caught up in the Chinese Civil War . The members remaining in Yan'an moved to Manchuria according to the order of the Chinese Communist Party and gathered in Yanbian to protect

5831-404: The Chosŏn Volunteer Corps, which was under the command of the Chinese Nationalist Party in the Hubei region, moved to Mount Taihang, the base of the Chinese Communist Party's main unit, fearing sacrifices due to anti-communism within the Kuomintang . In July 1941, the two powers were reorganized into the Hwabuk region of the Chosŏn Volunteer Army. Sangmu Village in Dongyokjin, Taihang Mountain, where

5950-471: The Eighth Army, who came out to support after resisting fiercely, and returned home while continuing to engage the pursuing Japanese army. On December 28, another battle took place in Xingtai, and Son Il-bong, Choi Chul -ho, Wang Hyeon -soon, and Park Chul-dong were killed in the battle, and Captain Kim Se-gwang, squad leader Cho Yeol - gwang, and member Jang Rye -shin were wounded. Meanwhile, the Japanese suffered 18 killed and 32 wounded. Arresting Kim Hak-cheol

6069-399: The Eighth Route Army and the Chosŏn Volunteer Army had to secure a retreat for retreat. In this battle, the Eighth Army's deputy chief of staff, Zuoquan, was killed (the area is today called Zuoquan County ), and about 10 members of the Chosŏn Uiyong Army, including Yun Se-ju and Jin Gwang-hwa, were killed. After the battle, the funerals of Zuoquan, Yun Se-ju, and Jin Guang-hwa were held, and

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6188-418: The Friday Forum just before the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war to discuss the situation. They came to the conclusion that the future of Korea lay with the Communist bloc, not with the US and Western capitalist countries. They eventually became the North American affiliate of the KNRP, raising money to arm Korean revolutionaries in China and encouraging members to volunteer for the Korean Restoration Army. In

6307-487: The Friday Forum leaders, deporting or imprisoning them. The last Friday Forum leader left for North Korea in 1957 and the movement disbanded. The party adopted a 17-point platform very similar to that of the Uiyǒldan. The first point was to defeat Japan and regain independence. Other points covered freedoms, rights, democracy and social programs, and also nationalization of land and large enterprises and national economic planning. They were: Chongqing Chongqing

6426-443: The General and remaining army had lived there for a time following their retreat in 1938 from the previous capital of Wuhan , it was formally declared the second capital city ( 陪都 ; péidū ; p'ei -tu ) on 6 September 1940. After Britain, the United States, and other Allies entered the war in Asia in December 1941, one of the Allies' deputy commanders of operations in Southeast Asia (Southeast Asia Command SEAC), Joseph Stilwell ,

6545-422: The Japanese army. In particular, the Battle of Hojiazhuang on December 12, 1941, was a fierce battle in which 29 Korean volunteers fought against about 500 Japanese troops. The Chinese Communist Party's official newspaper 《Liberation Daily》 reported on the war situation and became widely known. In 1942, when the main unit of the Chosŏn Volunteer Army in Chongqing was incorporated into the Korean Liberation Army ,

6664-474: The Japanese occupied Manchukuo in 1931 the Chinese government lent support to Korean nationalists. The Korean Anti-Japanese Front Unification League was created on 10 November 1932, but disagreements persisted. In an attempt to form a unified front, the Korean National Revolutionary Party (KNRP) was formed in Shanghai in 1935 through a grouping of left-wing nationalist Korean parties. Organizers were Kim Kyu-sik , Kim Won-bong and Jo So-ang . The strongest of

6783-427: The KNRP military department. Kim Won-bong had more influence in Nanjing , but Yi Chong-chon had more power in Manchuria. Yi Chong-chon was ideologically closer to the rightist Kim Ku than he was to Kim Won-bong. In August 1936 an unauthorized plot by Kim Won-bong to use bombs against the Kuomintang government and the Japanese was discovered. Yi Chong-chon's supporters used the incident to try to expel Kim Won-bong from

6902-419: The KNRP. In October–November 1935 Kim Ku's followers and others who had refused to join the united front or who had defected from it began to meet as the "Temporary Session of the Legislative Assembly of the Provisional Government", and formed a cabinet of ministers. The Provisional Government (KPG) attacked the KNRP and formed a new party, the Korean National Party, with Kim Ku at its head. The KPG favored

7021-483: The KNRP. The Chinese government abandoned Shanghai on 8 November 1937 and Nanking on 13 December 1937. Most Koreans of both main parties followed the government in its retreat. Before this, they had formed a federation. In May 1938, there was an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Kim Ku. The power of the right-wing nationalists declined after this until 1940. The KNRP established the Korean Volunteer Corps as its military organization in October 1938, which, in practice,

7140-411: The Korean Volunteer Corps was Kim Won-bong, but after the retreat from Wuhan, the zones that were scattered in many places were acting independently. The Kuomintang government gave the Chosŏn Volunteer Corps a role such as interrogation of prisoners, but did not directly participate in the battle. Within the Korean Volunteer Corps, dissatisfaction arose about not being able to fight. In 1939, Kim Hak-moo,

7259-429: The Korean independence movement. The KNRP provided funds to the Korean Christian Association, which sent care packages to Korean Americans who had joined the military, as did the Korean Methodist Church of Los Angeles (KMCLA). The KNRP of America began to publish a weekly paper in English and Korean on 6 October 1943. Korean Independence was produced in Los Angeles on premises on West Jefferson Boulevard. Diamond Kimm

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7378-433: The Koreans. The Chosŏn Volunteer Army's stationing in Yanbian later became the background for the formation of an autonomous state for ethnic Koreans. On December 17, 1946, seven battalions surrendered to the Kuomintang. The only remaining battalion to the end was the Korean battalion.” The operation to separate the Koreans from the Chinese Communist Party was in vain. It seems to come towards us, but eventually betrays us. It

7497-408: The Middle East and Africa. Recently, there has been a drive to move up the value chain by shifting towards high technology and knowledge intensive industries resulting in new development zones such as the Chongqing New North Zone (CNNZ). Chongqing's local government is hoping through the promotion of favorable economic policies for the electronics and information technology sectors, that it can create

7616-448: The North China Zone of the Chosŏn Volunteer Army was established, is currently managed as a historical site in China. On the other hand, the Heroic Corps Commemorative Society believes that Kim Won-bong's failure to join the Hwabuk region is due to Choi Chang-ik's check. There were 147 people in the northern part of the Korean Medical Corps in Taihang Mountain, and the main mission was propaganda work, but there were several engagements with

7735-578: The North Hwabuk area was Park Hyo-sam. After moving to Yeonan at the end of 1943, as the armed struggle with Japan continued, Koreans around them enlisted and the number of troops increased significantly. The Chosŏn Volunteer Army trained officers by successively opening Chosŏn Youth Military and Political Officers School in September 1944, Shandong branch school of Chosŏn Military Political School in October, and Yanan Chosŏn Military Political School in February 1945. The Chosŏn Volunteer Army dispatched squads to Shandong and Shaanxi in Hebei from Taihang Mountain as

7854-420: The Northeast Military Government University, were incorporated into the People's Army, and the North Korean military power was greatly increased. Received encouragement to “go to South Korea and annihilate the reactionary forces of Syngman Rhee,” he crossed the border and arrived in North Korea ( 80% of all officers were Koreans who belonged to the People's Liberation Army of China ) . After the Korean People's Army

7973-401: The Provisional Government in Chongqing, Kim Kyu-sik and Chang Kon-sang. The leftists were uncooperative, and a constitutional revision was delayed until April 1944. In the following elections, the Korea Independence Party won eight seats on the council, the KNRP won four chairs, and one seat each went to the Korean People's Liberation League and an anarchist. Kim Ku remained president, Kim Kyu-sik

8092-413: The US car giant having 3 plants in Chongqing. The municipality is also one of China's nine largest iron and steel producers in China as well as one of its three major aluminum producers. Important manufacturers include Chongqing Iron and Steel Company (重庆钢铁股份有限公司) and Southwest Aluminum (西南鋁業), which is Asia's largest aluminum plant. Agriculture remains significant. Rice and fruits, especially oranges, are

8211-448: The US the Korean National Association (KNA) and most established Korean immigrants supported the rightist Korean Independence Party. The KNRP and the Sino-Korean People's League, established in Hawaii in the early 1930s, represented the small leftist minority of Korean Americans. Its supporters engaged in fundraising to help military efforts in China and staged protests against Japan. Soon Hyun (1879–1968) founded and became chairperson of

8330-399: The US were classified as Japanese nationals their status would be uncertain when the US entered the war against Japan. It made clear that the organization was, "voluntarily motivated by patriotism and furthermore of war efforts against Japan" and would assist the United Nations in recovering Korean independence. The UKC included the Korean National Associations of North America and Hawaii and

8449-421: The Yalu River. However, Japan surrendered unconditionally before crossing the border, and the Soviet military government disarmed the Chosŏn Volunteer Army without recognizing it. On August 11, 1945, the Chinese Communist Party launched the Chosŏn Volunteer Army into Manchuria. The 2,000 Chosŏn Volunteer Army, which marched into Manchuria in November 1945, were divided into zones 1, 3, 5, and 7 and spread throughout

8568-668: The activities of the Chosŏn Volunteer Army, saying, "Even though the enemy was tens of minutes away, we did everything we had to do." The Battle of Hojiazhuang is a battle with the Japanese army that took place when the Chosŏn Volunteer Army was still maintained as the northern part of the Chosŏn Volunteer Army. In December 1941, the north China region conducted activities such as Wonssi-hyeon, Bukyeong, and Wangjiazhuang, and burned Japanese military fortifications. On December 11, at Seonongchae, they encountered Japanese forces and engaged in an engagement, and continued their activities without any casualties. The next day, December 12, 29 members of

8687-473: The area's main produce. Natural resources are also abundant with large deposits of coal, natural gas, and more than 40 kinds of minerals such as strontium and manganese . Coal reserves total approximately 4,800,000,000 metric tons (4.7 × 10 long tons; 5.3 × 10 short tons). Chuandong Natural Gas Field is China's largest inland gas field with deposits of around 270 billion m – more than 1/5 of China's total. Has China's largest reserve of strontium (China has

8806-417: The arrivals of numerous foreign direct investors (FDI) in industries ranging from car to finance and retailing; such as Ford , Mazda , HSBC , Standard Chartered Bank , Citibank , Deutsche Bank , ANZ Bank , Scotiabank , Wal-Mart , Metro AG and Carrefour , among other multinational corporations. The city includes a number of economic and technological development zones: Chongqing itself

8925-538: The beginning of its establishment, the Chosŏn Volunteer Army was a unit with independent command, but after 1943 it was commanded by the Palogun. From the point of view of the Korean Independence Alliance, the establishment of the Chosŏn Volunteer Army was the realization of the wish of achieving independence through armed resistance, but from the point of view of the Chinese Communist Party, it

9044-459: The city open on the same terms as other ports, although it was not until 1907 that a steamship made the journey without the help of manual haulers. From 1896 to 1904, the American, German, French, and Japanese consulates were opened in Chongqing. During and after the Second Sino-Japanese War , from November 1937 to May 1946, it was Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek 's provisional capital. After

9163-446: The city's hinterland than the boundaries of the other three provincial level municipalities (Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin ), and much of its administrative area, which spans over 80,000 km (30,900 sq mi), is rural. At the end of year 2018, the total population is 31.02 million. As of 2022, Chongqing is the largest Chinese city by urban population, with a population of 22.80 million. Indicates with which district

9282-483: The city's historic center, where the old town once stood; its name is Yuzhong ( 渝中 , Central Yu). It received its current name in 1189, after Prince Zhao Dun of the Southern Song dynasty described his crowning as king and then Emperor Guangzong as a "double celebration" ( simplified Chinese : 双重喜庆 ; traditional Chinese : 雙重喜慶 ; pinyin : shuāngchóng xǐqìng , or chóngqìng in short). To mark

9401-620: The collapse of the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Joint Commission must be tantamount to scratching one's itching back. For they know the success of the Joint Commission's work in establishing a democratic Korean provisional government based on the Moscow Decision will mean the dawn of a new Korea for the Korean people, by the Korean people ... And it will mean the death knell to those pro-Japanese Korean collaborators, national traitors, pro-fascists, reactionaries, blood-sucking profiteers who are

9520-680: The commander of the Eighth Route Army, Zhu De, read a eulogy. On November 13, 1942, the Chosŏn Uiyong Army set up a squad north of Jinseo, located in the Luryang Mountains, a mountain range west of Shanxi . The head of the squad was Kim Se-gwang and the organizer was Myung-cheol Mun . The Jinseobuk Squad, which had been engaged with the Japanese army several times since its establishment, was surrounded by hundreds of Japanese soldiers on April 14, 1943, and Myung Myung-cheol

9639-407: The country's GDP and ranked 16th among province-level administrative units ; the municipality's primary, secondary and tertiary industries were worth CN¥201.21 billion (US$ 29.92 billion), CN¥1.169 trillion (US$ 173.86 billion) and CN¥1.542 trillion (US$ 229.3 billion) respectively. Its nominal GDP per capita was US$ 13,479 (CN¥90,663) and ranked 10th in the country. Chongqing has been identified by

9758-649: The country. The Chosŏn Volunteer Army was expanded and reorganized into the 166th and 164th divisions of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, and the independent 15th division, which recruited local Korean youth . The Chosŏn Volunteer Army, under the command of the Eighth Army of China from 1943, grew from about 140 soldiers at the time of Gyeongseong to more than 1,000 troops in August 1945 when World War II ended. About 100 commanders, including Kim Moo-jeong, also entered Korea in December 1945 as individuals. Members of

9877-602: The deputy head of the Korean Volunteer Corps, argued for North Korea through a political speech, saying, "The rear struggle without gunfire is a fake anti-Japanese struggle." In accordance with this internal demand, Choi Chang-ik led his unit and formed the North China Chosŏn Youth Association with the Yan'an (Chinese region) socialists, the stronghold of the Chinese Communist Party. Meanwhile,

9996-429: The division was associated below prior to the merging of Chongqing, Fuling, Wanxian (now Wanzhou) and Qianjiang in 1997. The main urban area of Chongqing city ( 重庆主城区 ) spans approximately 5,473 km (2,113 sq mi), and includes the following nine districts: According to the 2020 national census , Chongqing has a population of 32,054,159, accounting for around 2.27% of the national total. This makes it

10115-674: The east, Sichuan and Shaanxi to the north, and Guizhou to the south. Chongqing covers a large area crisscrossed by rivers and mountains. The Daba Mountains stand in the north, the Wu Gorge in the east, the Wuling Mountains in the southeast, and the Dalou Mountains in the south. The area slopes downward from north to south towards the Yangtze valley, and features a large massif of mountains and hills, with steep sloping areas at different heights. Karst landscape

10234-569: The fall of the Ming dynasty to a rebel army, Chongqing, together with the rest of Sichuan , was captured by Zhang Xianzhong , who was said to have massacred a large number of people in Sichuan and depopulated the province, in part by causing many people to flee to safety elsewhere. The Manchus later conquered the province, and during the Qing dynasty , immigration to Chongqing and Sichuan took place with

10353-718: The founding groups was the Uiyǒldan , whose leader Kim Won-bong became leader of the new party. It had a military front with the goal of ending Japanese imperialist rule. When it joined the KNRP the Korean Revolutionary Party had a small army. with about 400 weapons and 1,000 members. About 200 of its soldiers stayed behind in Manchuria. The KNRP's political program justified arming the masses for armed resistance in its organ The National Revolution as follows: The national unification front cannot be controlled by

10472-874: The headquarters of the 13th Group Army of the People's Liberation Army , one of the two group armies that formerly comprised the Chengdu Military Region , which was reorganized into the Western Theater Command in 2016. Chongqing is the largest of the four direct-controlled municipalities of the People's Republic of China. The municipality is divided into 38 subdivisions (3 were abolished in 1997, and Wansheng and Shuangqiao districts were abolished in October 2011 ), consisting of 26 districts, 8 counties, and 4 autonomous counties. The boundaries of Chongqing municipality reach much farther into

10591-462: The hottest and most humid in China, with highs of 34 °C (93 °F) in July and August in the urban area. Winters are short and somewhat mild, but damp and overcast. The city's location in the Sichuan Basin causes it to have one of the lowest annual sunshine totals nationally, at only 983 hours, lower than much of Northern Europe; the monthly percent possible sunshine in the city proper ranges from

10710-557: The leadership of comrades , the 15th independent division of the People's Liberation Army of China (14,000 men) arrived in Wonsan from Sinuiju by train in early April 1950, and was reorganized into the 12th division of the People's Army (commander Jeon Woo ). In addition, about 55,000 to 60,000 troops led by the Chosŏn Volunteer Army, such as Shenyang Mixed Troops, Korean-Chinese troops of the Railway Corps, and Jilin branch students of

10829-723: The motives and authority of Kilsoo Haan, and were not sure whether any of the exiles would be able to establish a viable government in Korea after Japan had been defeated. In the spring of 1941 the United Korean Committee in America (UKC) was formed to unify all Korean groups in the United States and Hawaii. The UKC mandate was to support the KPG in China and Syngman Rhee, director of the KPG's Korean Commission in Washington, D.C. The UKC understood that since Koreans in

10948-418: The municipality had 31 bridges across the Yangtze River including over a dozen in the city's urban core. Aside from the city's first two Yangtze River bridges, which were built, respectively, in 1960 and 1977, all of the other bridges were completed since 1995. Public transport in Chongqing consists of metro , intercity railway, a ubiquitous bus system and the world's largest monorail network. According to

11067-564: The municipality of Chongqing is the largest city proper in the world by population, though Chongqing is not the most populous urban area. The municipality of Chongqing is the only Chinese municipality with a resident population of over 30 million; however, this number includes its large rural population. In 2020, Chongqing surpassed Shanghai as China's largest municipality by urban population; as of 2022 , it has an urban population of 22.8 million. The municipality contains 26 districts, 8 counties , and 4 autonomous counties . The city served as

11186-576: The occasion of his enthronement, Yu Prefecture was therefore converted to Chongqing Fu . In 1362 (during the Yuan dynasty ), Ming Yuzhen , a peasant rebel leader, established the Daxia Kingdom ( 大夏 ) at Chongqing for a short time. In 1621 (during the Ming dynasty ), another short-lived kingdom of Daliang ( 大梁 ) was established by She Chongming ( 奢崇明 ) with Chongqing as its capital. In 1644, after

11305-680: The plain on the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze . Its climate features frequent monsoon conditions, often raining at night in late spring and early summer. The city's "night rain in the Ba Mountains", features in poems throughout Chinese history, including "Written on a Rainy Night—A Letter to the North" by Li Shangyin . Its territory is 470 km (290 mi) from east to west at its longest, and 450 km (280 mi) from north to south at its widest. It borders Hubei and Hunan to

11424-401: The population practices Chinese ancestral religion , while 1.05% of the population identifies as Christian . The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; 72.32% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities , Buddhism, Confucianism , Taoism, or folk religious sects . In 2010, there were 9,056 Muslims in Chongqing. Chongqing was

11543-505: The population's highest education level achieved, 15.41% were college, 15.96% were high school, 30.58% were middle school, and 29.89% were elementary school. As of 2021 , 70.4% of Chongqing's population is estimated to be urban, and 29.6%. Religion in Chongqing The predominant religions in Chongqing are Chinese folk religions , Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism . According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 26.63% of

11662-786: The proteges of the AMG (American Military Government) in Southern Korea and through whom the hounds of American monopoly capitalists are conspiring converting Korea into the Second Philippines and Greece. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Immigration and Naturalization Service placed the party under surveillance. The FBI, Immigration and Naturalization Service and the House Un-American Activities Committee began harassing

11781-399: The province since September 1996, and grant it independence from Sichuan. The resulting single entity became Chongqing Municipality, containing 30,020,000 people in forty-three former counties without intermediate political levels. The municipality became the spearhead of China's effort to develop its western regions and to coordinate the resettlement of residents from the reservoir areas of

11900-598: The support of the Qing emperor. In 1890, the British Consulate General was opened in Chongqing. The following year, the city became the first inland commerce port open to foreigners, with the proviso that foreign ships should not be at liberty to trade there until Chinese-owned steamers had succeeded in ascending the river. This restriction was abolished by the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895, which declared

12019-539: The top 50 busiest airports in the world. The city's monorail system is the world's longest and busiest , as well as having the greatest number of stations, with 70. Chongqing is ranked as a Beta (global second-tier) city. It is the headquarters of the Changan Automobile , one of the " Big Four " car manufacturers of China. As of 2023 , the city hosts 12 foreign representations, the fifth-most in China behind Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Chengdu. It

12138-728: The united front of the national movement. From 1933 onward the Chinese Nationalist government had repeatedly given in to Japanese demands, including the June 1935 He–Umezu Agreement to remove objectionable troops and officials. The KNRP decided to send trained agents into Korea, North China and Manchuria to create confusion through assassination of Japanese officials and destruction of installations. Fifteen agents were sent to Manchuria in March 1936, and later that year forty or fifty more agents were sent to Korea, North China and Manchuria. There were tensions between Kim Won-bong and Yi Chong-chon, head of

12257-420: The wartime capital for the Republic of China (ROC) during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). On 14 March 1997, the current municipality was separated from the surrounding province of Sichuan , with the goal of furthering development in the central and western parts of the country. University of Washington professor Kam Wing Chan argued that Chongqing's status is more akin to that of a province rather than

12376-765: The well-known Three Gorges : the Qutang, Wuxia and Xiling gorges. Coming from northwest and running through "the Jialing Lesser Three Gorges" of Libi, Wentang and Guanyin, the Jialing River joins the Yangtze in Chongqing. Leaving at dawn the White Emperor crowned with cloud, I've sailed a thousand li through canyons in a day. With the monkeys' adieus the riverbanks are loud, My skiff has left ten thousand mountains far away. The central urban area of Chongqing, called Chongqing proper,

12495-439: The withdrawal of Wuhan on October 24, and the Chosŏn Volunteer Army also withdrew accordingly. After that, the Chosŏn Volunteer Corps had no choice but to disperse and move to various places depending on the situation of the war. In November 1945, the 2,000 Chosŏn Volunteer Army, who marched into Manchuria, were divided into units 1, 3, 5, and 7 and spread throughout the country. The Chosŏn Volunteer Army expanded and reorganized into

12614-810: The world's 2nd biggest strontium deposit). Manganese is mined in the Xiushan area. Although the mining sector has been denounced as heavily polluting and unsafe. Chongqing is also planned to be the site of a 10 million ton capacity refinery operated by CNPC (parent company of PetroChina ) to process imported crude oil from the Sino-Myanmar pipelines . The pipeline itself, though not yet finished, will eventually run from Sittwe (in Myanmar's western coast) through Kunming in Yunnan before reaching Chongqing and it will provide China with fuels sourced from Myanmar,

12733-646: Was a nationalist party formed by exiles in Shanghai in 1935 to resist the Japanese occupation of Korea. At first it was the main nationalist Korean political party, but as the Sino-Japanese War (1937–45) progressed the rival Korean National Party, later Korea Independence Party , gained more influence with the Chinese Nationalist government in Chongqing and came to dominate the Korean Provisional Government . The KNRP of America

12852-644: Was a significant factor as a source of funds and a link to the US government. The KNRP was dissolved in 1947. After the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95 Japan' influence in Korea rose steadily. Japan fully annexed Korea in 1910. The Korean Provisional Government (KPG) was established in Shanghai on 11 April 1919, with Syngman Rhee designated premier. The KPG was pulled apart by disagreements between Communists, liberal democrats and rightists. After

12971-527: Was agreed to place Korea under a trusteeship for up to five years, an agreement strongly opposed by Koreans of all political orientations. Syngman Rhee emerged as the moderate and conservative leader in the south, while Kim Il Sung was supported by the Russians in the north. The KNRP was dissolved in 1947. A group of Korean students in Southern California began to meet in what became known as

13090-571: Was based in the city. This made it a city of world importance in the fight against Axis powers, together with London , Moscow and Washington, D.C. The city was also visited by Lord Louis Mountbatten , the Supreme Commander of SEAC which was itself headquartered in Sri Lanka. Chiang Kai Shek as Supreme Commander in China worked closely with Stilwell. From 1938 to 1943, the city suffered from continuous massive bombing campaigns of

13209-482: Was commanded by the Chinese Military Commission, headed by Chiang Kai-shek, according to the national-communist cooperation. In June 1938, Japanese forces launched an attack on Wuhan, starting the Battle of Wuhan . The Battle of Wuhan was the first large-scale battle between China and Japan since the cooperation between the two countries. When the war turned unfavorable, Chiang Kai-shek ordered

13328-535: Was controlled by the Chinese National Military Council. In May 1939, the two Korean leaders issued an "Open Letter to Comrades and Compatriots" in which they confessed that they had been wrong in failing to unite in the past and called on all Koreans to join. They advocated merging all the existing organizations into a single new united organization. However, their followers on the left and right resisted unification. The KIP established

13447-684: Was created, many were incorporated into the People's Army after the Korean Civil War . The Yeonan Faction, which was associated with the Chosŏn Volunteer Army, was involved in the August Sect Incident after the Korean War and was purged by Kim Il-sung in 1958. Korean National Revolutionary Party The Korean National Revolutionary Party ( Korean :  조선민족혁명당 ; Hanja :  朝鮮民族革命黨 ; MR :  Chosŏn Minjok Hyŏngmyŏng-dang ), or KNRP ,

13566-566: Was killed during the battle. Myung Myeong-cheol, a native of Jeollanam-do, entered the Huangpu Military Academy for the anti-Japanese struggle and continued to work as an officer of the Chosŏn Volunteer Army after joining the Korean Volunteer Corps in the Kuomintang district in 1941. In August 1945, Kim Du-bong, who predicted the defeat of Japanese imperialism, led four battalions of the Chosŏn Volunteer Army and headed for

13685-694: Was not recognized as a party to the war and was tried for violating the "Public Safety Law", sentenced to 10 years in prison, imprisoned in Nagasaki Prison, and released on the occasion of the August 15th . The four soldiers who died in the Battle of Hojiazhuang were buried in Huangpeiping Village, and villagers cared for these graves until the Chosŏn Volunteer Cemetery was recognized as a historic site. After being designated as

13804-694: Was one of the responses to the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army , which was active in Manchuria with support from the Soviet Union at the time. Also, the consciousness of competition against the Korean Liberation Army, which was under the influence of the Kuomintang , also worked. The commander-in-chief of the Chosŏn Volunteer Army was Kim Moo-jeong, who was located in Yan'an, and the commander of

13923-420: Was separated from Sichuan province and made into a municipality in its own right on 14 March 1997 in order to accelerate its development and subsequently China's relatively poorer western areas (see China Western Development strategy). By the 2000s the city had become an important industrial area in western China. As of 2022 , Chongqing's nominal GDP was US$ 433 billion ( CN¥ 2.91 trilion), about 2.41% of

14042-683: Was the general manager. Kilsoo Haan contributed articles to the paper that reflected his leftist and Christian views. The organization worked for Korean independence during the Pacific War , and often published editorials that supported America's efforts in the struggle against Japan. After the war ended in August 1945 the paper began to publish editorials opposed to the American military government in South Korea. An editorial on 16 July 1947 said: Of course, for those Americans in Southern Korea who are practicing ABC of imperialism—divide and rule,

14161-475: Was vice president, and Kim Won-bong was appointed Minister of Military Affairs. After the defeat of Japan the US and Soviet Union agreed on a temporary partition of Korea with the 38th parallel as the dividing line until a unified Korean government could be established. Kim Kyu-sik met Kim Il Sung of North Korea and urged him to support a unified, independent Korea. At a conference in Moscow in December 1945 at

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