76-520: Koromo may refer to: Koromo, a variety of koi Koromo, Mali Koromo, a former name of Toyota, Aichi Japanese word for clothing Koromo Amae, the name of a character from the Japanese manga/anime Saki . Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Koromo . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
152-542: A largemouth bass weighing 10.12 kg (22 lb 5 oz) was caught from the lake by Manabu Kurita. It has been officially certified by the International Game Fish Association (IGFA) to tie the largemouth bass world record held solely by George Perry for 77 years. The Awazu site, a submerged Shell midden , is an important archaeological site of the Jōmon period . It goes back to
228-549: A true loach ( Cobitis magnostriata ), two gobies ( Gymnogobius isaza and Rhinogobius biwaensis ), two silurid catfish ( Silurus biwaensis and S. lithophilus ) and a cottid ( Cottus reinii ). The Biwa trout is also endemic to the lake, but some maintain that it is a subspecies of the widespread masu salmon rather than a separate species. The remaining endemic fish are subspecies of Carassius auratus , Cobitis minamorii , Sarcocheilichthys variegatus and Squalidus (chankaensis) biwae . Lake Biwa
304-521: A 90% success rate and when immunized, the fish cannot succumb to a KHV outbreak and neither can the immunised koi pass KHV onto other fish in a pond. Only biosecurity measures such as prompt detection, isolation , and disinfection of tanks and equipment can prevent the spread of the disease and limit the loss of fish stock. In 2002, spring viraemia struck an ornamental koi farm in Kernersville, North Carolina , and required complete depopulation of
380-517: A female leather carp imported from Germany with a male Japanese Asagi or spotted carp. The leather carp is a low scaled variety bred in 1782 in Austria, and was sent to Japan from Munich, Germany in 1904, along with the mirror carp, which also has few scales. In Japan, these two varieties are called Doitsugoi (German carp), and Shūsui and its lineage are also called Doitsu or Doitsugoi in koi. In 1927, Shōwa Sanshoku (by Shigekichi Hoshino)
456-537: A minimum of 1.5 m (5 ft). Specific pond construction has been evolved by koi keepers intent on raising show-quality koi. The bright colors of koi put them at a severe disadvantage against predators; a white-skinned Kōhaku is highly noticeable against the dark green of a pond. Herons , kingfishers , otters , raccoons , skunk , mink , cats , foxes , and badgers are all capable of spotting out koi and eating them. A well-designed outdoor pond has areas too deep for herons to stand, overhangs high enough above
532-596: A notably diverse ecosystem to evolve in the lake. Naturalists have documented more than 1000 species and subspecies in the lake, including about 60 endemics . Lake Biwa is an important place for water birds . About 5,000 water birds visit Lake Biwa every year. There are 46 native fish species and subspecies in the lake, including 11 species and 5 subspecies that are endemic or near-endemic. The endemic species are five cyprinids ( Carassius cuvieri , Gnathopogon caerulescens , Ischikauia steenackeri , Opsariichthys uncirostris and Sarcocheilichthys biwaensis ),
608-671: A pond for viewing when he visited Mino Province (present Gifu Prefecture ) in the fourth year of his reign (74 AD). In Cui Bao's Gǔjīnzhù ( 古今注 , Annotations on the Ancient and Modern Period) from the Western Jin Dynasty (4th century A.D.) in China, carp of the following colors are described: red horse ( 赤驥 ), blue horse ( 青馬 ), black horse ( 玄駒 ), white horse ( 白騏 ), and yellow pheasant ( 黄雉 ). In China in those days, carp were called horses because they were believed to be
684-745: A separate species under the name C. rubrofuscus . Amur carp have been aquacultured as a food fish at least as long ago as the fifth century BC in China. The systematic breeding of ornamental Amur carp began in the 1820s in an area known as "Nijūmuragō" ( 二十村郷 , lit. ' twenty villages ' ) which spans Ojiya and Yamakoshi in Niigata Prefecture (located on the northeastern coast of Honshu ) in Japan. In Niigata Prefecture, Amur carp were farmed for food in Musubu Shinden, Kanbara County (present Akiba Ward, Niigata City ) from
760-621: A silver medal. After the exposition closed, they presented eight koi to the Crown Prince ( Emperor Showa ). This exhibition triggered an expansion of sales channels, and the market value of koi soared. In 1917, the Taishō Sanshoku (by Eizaburo Hoshino) was fixed as a breed. The name Nishikigoi is said to have been given by Kei Abe, who was the chief fisheries officer of the Niigata Prefectural Government in
836-499: A sophisticated processing technology was mastered in order to remove the harmful tannic acid , and make this food safe for consumption. Ishiyama is another such site of the Early Jōmon period on Lake Biwa. Various environmental laws cover Lake Biwa: At the prefectural level, Eutrophication Control Ordinance was enacted in 1979. It was intended to control the use of synthetic detergents by companies and residents alike and followed
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#1732780902385912-523: A successful citizens' campaign known as the Soap Movement, which had emerged from women's consumer groups earlier in the 1970s. Legislation to prevent eutrophication was enacted in 1981 and first enforced on July 1, 1982; therefore, this day is called "Lake Biwa Day ( びわ湖の日 , Biwako no Hi ) ". The legislation established standards for the nitrogen and phosphorus levels for agricultural, industrial, and household water sources emptying into
988-457: A thousand years ago by selectively breeding colored varieties; by the Song dynasty (960–1279), yellow, orange, white, and red-and-white colorations had been developed. Goldfish were introduced to Japan in the 16th century and to Europe in the 17th century. On the other hand, most ornamental koi breeds currently distributed worldwide originate from Amur carp ( Cyprinus rubrofuscus ) bred in Japan in
1064-439: Is a hardy fish, and koi retain that durability. Koi are coldwater fish, but benefit from being kept in the 15–25 °C (59–77 °F) range, and do not react well to long, cold, winter temperatures; their immune systems are very weak below 10 °C (50 °F). Koi ponds usually have a metre or more of depth in areas of the world that become warm during the summer, whereas in areas that have harsher winters, ponds generally have
1140-422: Is a tricky and tedious job, usually done only by professionals. Although a koi breeder may carefully select the parents they wish based on their desired characteristics, the resulting fry nonetheless exhibit a wide range of color and quality. Koi produce thousands of offspring from a single spawning. However, unlike cattle, purebred dogs, or more relevantly, goldfish, the large majority of these offspring, even from
1216-640: Is a valuable record of Nishikigoi of the Edo period (1603 – 1868). In 1900, there was a three-colored carp in Ritsurin Garden in Takamatsu , Kagawa Prefecture , and the price was over 1,000 yen per fish, which was a high price for that time. The three-colored carp had a red belly and asagi (light blue) back with black spots, and is thought to have been a mutation similar to today's Asagi koi. The magazine "Shonen" (1910) introduced Nishikigoi under
1292-775: Is about 670 km (260 sq mi). Small rivers drain from the surrounding mountains into Lake Biwa, and its main outlet is the Seta River , which later becomes the Uji River, combining with the Katsura and Kizu to become the Yodo River and flows into the Seto Inland Sea at Osaka Bay . It serves as a reservoir for the cities of Kyoto and Ōtsu and is a valuable resource for nearby textile industries. It provides drinking water for about 15 million people in
1368-482: Is also the home of a large number of molluscs , including 38 freshwater snails (19 endemic) and 16 bivalves (9 endemic). Recently the biodiversity of the lake has suffered greatly due to the invasion of foreign fish , the black bass and the bluegill . Bluegill were presented to the Emperor and later freed in the lake as a food source for other fish. Black bass were introduced as a sport fish . In July 2009,
1444-584: Is an informal name for the colored variants of carp kept for ornamental purposes. There are many varieties of ornamental koi, originating from breeding that began in Niigata, Japan in the early 19th century. Several varieties are recognized by Japanese breeders and owners, distinguished by coloration, patterning, and scalation. Some of the major colors are white, black, red, orange, yellow, blue, brown and cream, besides metallic shades like gold and silver-white ('platinum') scales. The most popular category of koi
1520-634: Is known for either disease. Some koi farms in Israel use the KV3 vaccine, developed by M. Kotler from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and produced by Kovax, to immunise fish against KHV. Israel is currently the only country in the world to vaccinate koi against the KHV. The vaccine is injected into the fish when they are under one year old, and is accentuated by using an ultraviolet light. The vaccine has
1596-617: Is the Gosanke , which is made up of the Kōhaku , Taishō Sanshoku and Shōwa Sanshoku varieties. Carp are a large group of fish originally found in Central Europe and Asia . Various carp species were originally domesticated in China , where they were used as food fish. Carp are coldwater fish , and their ability to survive and adapt to many climates and water conditions allowed
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#17327809023851672-462: Is unstable and selection to maintain color variation is costly. For example, in current-day farming of koi as ornamental fish, the percentage of superior colored fish to the number of spawn is less than 1%. The Amur carp ( Cyprinus rubrofuscus ) is a member of the cyprinid family species complex native to East Asia . Amur carp were previously identified as a subspecies of the common carp (as C. c. haematopterus ), but recent authorities treat it as
1748-667: Is used today. One theory holds that, during World War II , the words Irokoi and Hanakoi (which can have sexual meanings) were changed to Nishikigoi because they were not suitable for the social situation of war. Another theory is that Nishikigoi , which was the original name for the popular Taishō Sanshoku variety, gradually became the term used for all ornamental koi. The koi are a group of breeds produced by artificial selection primarily from black carp called nogoi ( 野鯉 , lit. ' wild carp ' ) or magoi ( 真鯉 , lit. ' true carp ' ), which inhabit lakes, ponds, and rivers in Japan. The black carp refers to
1824-533: The Bunka and Bunsei eras (1804 – 1830), people in the Nijūmuragō area bred red and white koi in addition to black koi, and crossed them to produce red and white colored koi. After that, they further crossed them and perfected them. Around 1875, colored koi became popular and the number of breeders increased, and some expensive koi were produced, but Niigata Prefecture banned the aquaculture of ornamental koi because it
1900-763: The Eurasian carp ( Cyprinus carpio ), which was previously thought to have been introduced to Japan from Eurasia in prehistoric times. Philipp Franz von Siebold of the Netherlands, who stayed in Japan during the Edo period, reported in Fauna Japonica (1833–1850) that there were three species of carp in Japan: Cyprinus haematopterus , Cyprinus melanotus , and Cyprinus conirostris . This classification has not received much attention until recently, and it
1976-528: The Kansai region . Lake Biwa is a breeding ground for freshwater fish, including trout , and for the pearl culture industry. The Lake Biwa Canal , built in the late 1890s and later expanded during the Taishō period , played a role of great importance in the rekindling of Kyoto's industrial life, after a steep decline following the transfer of the capital to Tokyo. Lake Biwa is home to many popular beaches along
2052-454: The Taisho era (1912–1926), after he admired the Taishō Sanshoku when he first saw it. In 1917, the fixation of Kōhaku (by Kunizo Hiroi), which had first been produced in the 1880s, was also assured. Apart from the koi of Niigata Prefecture's Nijūmuragō area, there is a variety called Shūsui ( 秋翠 ), which was created by Tokyo-based goldfish breeder Kichigoro Akiyama in 1906 by crossing
2128-624: The 1910s. Before that time, Nishikigoi were called Madaragoi ( 斑鯉 , lit. ' spotted carp ' ), Kawarigoi ( 変鯉 , lit. ' variant carp ' ), Irogoi ( 色鯉 , lit. ' colored carp ' ), Moyōgoi ( 模様鯉 , lit. ' patterned carp ' ), and so on. A geographical book on Suruga Province (present-day Shizuoka Prefecture ), Abe Masanobu's Sunkoku Zasshi (1843), mentions that in addition to Asagi, purple, red, and white carp, there are "spotted carp (also known as Bekko carp)." This probably refers to two- or three-colored carp caused by mutation, and
2204-585: The 1980s have become very popular in the United Kingdom ; they are a hybrid of wild carp and Ogon koi and are distinguished by their metallic scales. Butterfly koi (also known as longfin koi, or dragon carp), also developed in the 1980s, are notable for their long and flowing fins. They are hybrids of koi with Asian carp . Butterfly koi and ghost koi are considered by some to be not true nishikigoi . The major named varieties include: Goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) were developed in China more than
2280-435: The 21st century, some wealthy Chinese have imported large quantities of koi from Niigata in Japan, and the price of high-quality carp has soared. In 2018, one carp was bought by a Chinese collector for about $ 2 million, the highest price ever. There are also cases in which purchased carp are bred in China and sold to foreign countries, and many breeds are spreading all over the world. The words "koi" and "nishikigoi" come from
2356-586: The Edo period as farmed carp in Yamato Province (now Nara Prefecture ). Other carp of the same type as Yamatogoi are known as Yodogoi ( 淀鯉 , Yodo River carp) from Osaka and Shinshūgoi ( 信州鯉 , introduced Yodogoi ) from Nagano Prefecture . These carp were famous for their delicious taste. Since the Meiji period, Yamatogoi have been released into lakes and rivers throughout Japan, causing genetic contamination with native carp and making research on
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2432-479: The Japanese words 鯉 (carp), and 錦鯉 (brocaded carp), respectively. In Japanese, "koi" is a homophone for 恋, another word that means "affection" or "love", so koi are symbols of love and friendship in Japan. Colored ornamental carp were originally called Irokoi (色鯉) meaning colored carp, Hanakoi (花鯉) meaning floral carp, and Moyōkoi (模様鯉) meaning patterned carp. There are various theories as to how these words came to be disused, in favor of Nishikigoi (錦鯉), which
2508-609: The Middle Jomon Period (5500 – 4400 years ago). There are differences in the length distribution of carp excavated from Jomon and Yayoi sites, as estimated from the size of their pharyngeal teeth. Specifically, not only adult carp but also juvenile carp (less than 150 mm in length) have been found at the Yayoi site. This difference is thought to be due to the fact that the Jomon only collected carp from lakes and rivers, while
2584-586: The Southeast Asian carp, but not necessarily the Chinese. According to Zen Nippon Airinkai , a group that leads the breeding and dissemination of koi in Japan, there are more than 100 varieties of koi created through breeding, and each variety is classified into 16 groups. Koi varieties are distinguished by coloration, patterning, and scalation. Some of the major colors are white, black, red, yellow, blue, and cream. Metallic shades of gold and platinum in
2660-567: The Yayoi cultivated primitive carp along with the spread of rice paddies. It was previously thought that all Japanese carp were introduced from China in prehistoric times. However, recent analysis of mitochondrial DNA revealed a significant evolutionary divergence (phylogenetic split) within common carp Cyprinus carpio between the native wild form found in Lake Biwa and the Eurasian wild form, along with domesticated varieties. This supports
2736-400: The ancestral species of the koi is C. rubrofuscus ( syn. C. c. haematopterus ) or at least an East Asian carp species instead of C. carpio . Regardless, a taxonomic review of Cyprinus carp from eastern and southeastern Asia may be necessary, as the genetic variations do not fully match the currently recognized species pattern, with one study of mtDNA suggesting that koi are close to
2812-635: The beginning of the Initial Jōmon period (ca. 9300 BP ). It lies near the southern end of Lake Biwa, close to Otsu City , at a depth of 2 to 3 meters from the bottom. The site shows the use of plant and animal food resources by the Jōmon people . It also demonstrates the importance of nut consumption in this period. Shell Midden No. 3 is dated to the Middle Jōmon period . An abundance of horse chestnuts were uncovered here (about 40% of their total estimated diet). This indicates that, by this later period,
2888-598: The best champion-grade koi, are not acceptable as nishikigoi (they have no interesting colors) or may even be genetically defective. These unacceptable offspring are culled at various stages of development based on the breeder's expert eye and closely guarded trade techniques. Culled fry are usually destroyed or used as feeder fish (mostly used for feeding arowana due to the belief that it will enhance its color), while older culls, within their first year between 3 and 6 inches long (also called tosai ), are often sold as lower-grade, pond-quality koi. The semi-randomized result of
2964-421: The bottom of the pond and stay there. A sticky outer shell around the egg helps keep it in place so it does not float around. Although the female can produce many spawns, many of the fry do not survive due to being eaten by others. Like most fish, koi reproduce through spawning in which a female lays a vast number of eggs and one or more males fertilize them. Nurturing the resulting offspring (referred to as "fry")
3040-465: The common carp and its relatives . Traditionally, Amur carp ( C. rubrofuscus ) were considered a subspecies of the common carp, often under the scientific name C. carpio haematopterus . However, they differ in meristics from the common carp of Europe and Western Asia, leading recent authorities to recognize them as a separate species, C. rubrofuscus ( C. c. haematopterus being a junior synonym ). Although one study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
3116-486: The domesticated species to be propagated to many new locations, including Japan. In Japan, Miocene fossils of the carp family ( Cyprinidae ) have been excavated from Iki Island in Nagasaki Prefecture . In addition, numerous carp pharyngeal teeth have been excavated from Jomon and Yayoi period sites. For example, pharyngeal teeth of the extinct species Jōmon Koi ( Cyprinus sp. ) in addition to
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3192-601: The end of the Genna era (1615–1624). In the Nijūmuragō area, carp were also farmed in terraced ponds near terraced rice paddies by 1781 at the latest, but the ponds ran dry due to a severe drought that occurred around that time, and the carp escaped the disaster by taking refuge in ponds on the grounds of Senryu Shrine in Higashiyama Village and Juni Shrine in Higashitakezawa Village . During
3268-589: The first half of the 19th century. Koi are domesticated Amur carp that are selected or culled for color; they are not a different species, and will revert to the original coloration within a few generations if allowed to breed freely. Some goldfish varieties, such as the common goldfish , comet goldfish , and shubunkin , have body shapes and coloration that are similar to koi, and can be difficult to tell apart from koi when immature. Goldfish and koi can interbreed; however, as they were developed from different species of carp, their offspring are sterile. The Amur carp
3344-441: The former capital city of Kyoto . Lake Biwa is an ancient lake , over 4 million years old. It is estimated to be the 13th oldest lake in the world. Because of its proximity to the country's historical capital Kyoto , references to Lake Biwa appear frequently in Japanese literature, particularly in poetry and in historical accounts of battles. The name Biwako was established in the Edo period . There are various theories about
3420-577: The general public. In 1914, when the Tokyo Taishō Exposition was held, the "Koi Exhibit Association" was formed mainly by koi breeders in Higashiyama and Takezawa villages, and koi were exhibited. At the time, they were still called "colored carp" or "patterned carp," and they were described as "the first of their kind ever seen in the Tokyo area." And the koi received much attention, winning
3496-481: The idea of the ancient origin of the native Japanese form (Cyprinus sp.), as well as the East Asian ancient lineage of wild common carp (C. carpio), previously proposed on the basis of fossil data. However, it is unknown when the carp from the continent was introduced to Japan. In addition, a possible multiple origin of koi carp was indicated by the polyphyletic distribution of five mtDNA haplotypes of koi carp within
3572-426: The koi is a symbol of luck , prosperity , and good fortune , and also of perseverance in the face of adversity. Ornamental koi are symbolic of Japanese culture and are closely associated with the country's national identity. The custom of koinobori (carp streamers), which began in the Edo period (1603–1867), is still practiced today and displayed in gardens on Children's Day , 5 May. In Chinese culture,
3648-400: The koi represents fame, family harmony , and wealth . It is a feng shui favorite, symbolizing abundance as well as perseverance and strength, and has a mythical potential to transform into a dragon . Since the late 20th century, the keeping of koi in outdoor water gardens has become popular among the more affluent Chinese. Koi ponds are found in Chinese communities around the world, and
3724-411: The koi's reproductive process has both advantages and disadvantages for the breeder. While it requires diligent oversight to narrow down the favorable result that the breeder wants, it also makes possible the development of new varieties of koi within relatively few generations. Koi have been accidentally or deliberately released into the wild in every continent except Antarctica . They quickly revert to
3800-591: The lake is similar to that of the biwa , her favorite instrument." The lake was formerly known as the Awaumi ( 淡海 , Freshwater Sea) or the Chikatsu Awaumi ( 近淡海 , Freshwater Sea Near [the Capital]) . Later the pronunciation Awaumi changed to the modern Ōmi as in the name of Ōmi Province . The lake is also called Nio no Umi ( 鳰の海 , " Little Grebe Lake") in literature. The area of this lake
3876-474: The lake. They also banned people from using and selling synthetic detergents which contain phosphorus. The lake was designated as a UNESCO Ramsar Wetland (1993) in accordance with the Ramsar Convention . The object of this treaty is to protect and sensibly use internationally valuable wetlands . The Kushiro marsh ( 釧路湿原 , Kushiro Shitsugen) in Japan is under this treaty now. Reed colonies on
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#17327809023853952-687: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koromo&oldid=875676952 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Koi Koi ( 鯉 , English: / ˈ k ɔɪ / , Japanese: [koꜜi] ) , or more specifically nishikigoi ( 錦鯉 , Japanese: [ɲiɕi̥kiꜜɡoi] , literally " brocaded carp") , are colored varieties of carp ( Cyprinus sp.) that are kept for decorative purposes in outdoor koi ponds or water gardens . Koi
4028-713: The modern species of carp ( Cyprinus carpio or Cyprinus rubrofuscus ) have been excavated from the Akanoi Bay lakebed site ( 赤野井湾湖底遺跡 ) in Lake Biwa at the end of the Early Jomon Period (11,500 – 7,000 years ago). In addition, pharyngeal teeth of all six subfamilies of the Cyprinidae family living in Japan today, including carp (Cyprinus), have been found at the Awazu lakebed site ( 粟津湖底遺跡 ) dating from
4104-589: The name of Madaragoi (spotted carp) or Kawarigoi (variant carp), and said that even skilled fish breeders did not know how they could produce Nishikigoi , but only waited for them to be produced by chance. The price of Nishikigoi at a fish show in Fukagawa , Tokyo, was 100 to 150 yen per fish, which was "extremely expensive" at the time. Therefore, even at that time, mutant Nishikigoi were known to some fish breeders and hobbyists in Tokyo, but artificial breeds such as Nijūmuragō's Nishikigoi were still unknown to
4180-492: The natural coloration of an Amur carp within a few generations. In many areas, they are considered an invasive species and a pest . In the states of Queensland and New South Wales in Australia, they are considered noxious fish. Koi greatly increase the turbidity of the water because they are constantly stirring up the substrate. This makes waterways unattractive, reduces the abundance of aquatic plants, and can render
4256-574: The north-western shore, in particular Shiga Beach and Omi-Maiko . The Mizunomori Water Botanical Garden and the Lake Biwa Museum in Kusatsu are also of interest. The Lake Biwa Marathon took place annually in Ōtsu, the city at the southern end of the lake, from 1962 until 2021. Lake Biwa is of tectonic origin and is one of the world's oldest lakes , dating to at least 4 million years ago. This long uninterrupted age has allowed for
4332-470: The number of people who keep koi imported from Niigata , has been increasing. In addition, there are increasing numbers of Japanese koi bred in China that are sold domestically and exported to foreign countries. Lake Biwa Lake Biwa ( 琵琶湖 , Biwa-ko ) is the largest freshwater lake in Japan. It is located entirely within Shiga Prefecture (west-central Honshu ), northeast of
4408-421: The origin of the Japanese carp difficult. Koi is thought to be primarily of this Yamatogoi (Amur carp) lineage, but it also carries some genes of the native Japanese carp. In the past, koi were commonly believed to have been bred from the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ). Extensive hybridization between different populations, coupled with widespread translocations, has muddled the historical zoogeography of
4484-452: The origin of the name Biwako , but it is generally believed to be so named because of the resemblance of its shape to that of a stringed instrument called the biwa . Kōsō, a learned monk of Enryaku-ji in the 14th century, gave a clue to the origin of the name Biwako in his writing: "The lake is the Pure land of the goddess Benzaiten because she lives on Chikubu Island and the shape of
4560-403: The parasites that affect more sensitive tropical fish species, such as Trichodina , Epistylis , and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infections. Water changes help reduce the risk of diseases and keep koi from being stressed. Two of the biggest health concerns among koi breeders are the koi herpes virus (KHV ) and rhabdovirus carpio, which causes spring viraemia of carp (SVC). No treatment
4636-400: The ponds and a lengthy quarantine period. For a while after this, some koi farmers in neighboring states stopped importing fish for fear of infecting their own stocks. When koi naturally breed on their own they tend to spawn in the spring and summer seasons. The male will start following the female, swimming right behind her and nudging her. After the female koi releases her eggs they sink to
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#17327809023854712-448: The scales have also been developed through selective breeding. Although the possible colors are virtually limitless, breeders have identified and named a number of specific categories. The most notable category is Gosanke ( 御三家 ) , which is made up of the Kōhaku , Taishō Sanshoku , and Shōwa Sanshoku varieties. New koi varieties are still being actively developed. Ghost koi developed in
4788-492: The shore form give Lake Biwa its characteristic scenery. The reeds play an important role in purifying water as well as providing habitat for birds and fish. At one time there were large areas of reeds along the shores of Lake Biwa, which local government surveys recently found to have halved in size due to encroaching development. This Shiga Ordinance for the Conservation of Reed Vegetation Zones to protect, grow, and utilize
4864-420: The surface. When they are eating, koi can be checked for parasites and ulcers. Naturally, koi are bottom feeders with a mouth configuration adapted for that. Some koi have a tendency to eat mostly from the bottom, so food producers create a mixed sinking and floating combination food. Koi recognize the persons feeding them and gather around them at feeding times. They can be trained to take food from one's hand. In
4940-463: The three colors were in Japan at that time. However, it is believed that these single-colored carp were not a variety created by artificial selection , as is the case with today's koi, but rather a mutation-induced color change. In ancient times, carp was farmed primarily for food. Mutational color variation in carp is relatively common in nature, but is not suitable for development alongside farming for food in poor rural communities; color inheritance
5016-534: The vehicles of hermits and to run in the sky. Japan's oldest drug dictionary, Fukane Sukehito's Honzō Wamyō ( 本草和名 , 918) mentions red carp ( 赤鯉 ), blue carp ( 青鯉 ), black carp ( 黒鯉 ), white carp ( 白鯉 ), and yellow carp ( 黄鯉 ) as Japanese names corresponding to the above Chinese names, suggesting that carp of these colors existed in China and Japan in those days. In addition, Hitomi Hitsudai's drug dictionary Honchō Shokkan ( 本朝食鑑 , Japanese Medicine Encyclopedia, 1697) states that red, yellow, and white carp of
5092-463: The water becomes warm in the spring. Koi have been reported to achieve ages of 100–200 years. One famous scarlet koi named " Hanako " was owned by several individuals, the last of whom was Komei Koshihara. In July 1974, a study of the growth rings of one of the koi's scales reported that Hanako was 226 years old. Some sources give an accepted age for the species at little more than 50 years. Koi are very hardy. With proper care, they resist many of
5168-472: The water that mammals cannot reach in, and shade trees overhead to block the view of aerial passers-by. It may prove necessary to string nets or wires above the surface. A pond usually includes a pump and a filtration system to keep the water clear. Koi are an omnivorous fish. They eat a wide variety of foods, including peas, lettuce, and watermelon. Koi food is designed not only to be nutritionally balanced, but also to float so as to encourage them to come to
5244-429: The water unsuitable for swimming or drinking, even by livestock. In some countries, koi have caused so much damage to waterways that vast amounts of money and effort have been spent trying to eradicate them, largely unsuccessfully. In many areas of North America, koi are introduced into the artificial " water hazards " and ponds on golf courses to keep water-borne insect larvae under control through predation. In Japan,
5320-402: The winter, their digestive systems slow nearly to a halt, and they eat very little, perhaps no more than nibbles of algae from the bottom. Feeding is not recommended when the water temperature drops below 10 °C (50 °F). Care should be taken by hobbyists that proper oxygenation, pH stabilization, and off-gassing occur over the winter in small ponds. Their appetites do not come back until
5396-418: The ‘Eurasian’ clade. Moreover, the oldest record of the introduction of non-native fish in Japan is that of goldfish from China (1502 or 1602), and there is no record of carp (including colored carp) until the introduction of the mirror carp , called Doitsugoi (German carp), in 1904. In the Japanese history book Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan, 720), it is written that Emperor Keikō released carp in
5472-458: Was considered a speculative business, and the business suffered a major blow for a time. However, the ban was lifted soon after, thanks to the petition of the villagers. At that time, colored koi included Kōhaku , Asagi , Ki Utsuri , etc. From this original handful of koi varieties, all other Nishikigoi varieties were bred, with the exception of the Ogon variety (single-colored, metallic koi), which
5548-554: Was developed relatively recently. Koi breeding flourished in the Nijūmuragō area for two reasons: 1) the custom of raising koi in fallow fields for emergency food during the winter, and 2) the existence of many inden ( 隠田 ), or hidden rice fields in the mountains, unknown to the lord, which allowed the farmers to avoid taxes and become relatively wealthy. Breeding of koi was promoted as a hobby of farmers who could afford it, and high-quality individuals came to be bought and sold. The name Nishikigoi (brocaded carp) did not exist until
5624-618: Was fixed as a breed, and in 1939, koi were exhibited at the Japanese pavilion at the Golden Gate International Exposition held in San Francisco. The hobby of keeping koi eventually spread worldwide. They are sold in many pet aquarium shops, with higher-quality fish available from specialist dealers. Collecting koi has become a social hobby. Passionate hobbyists join clubs, share their knowledge and help each other with their koi. In particular, since
5700-663: Was thought that only one species of carp existed in Japan. However, recent analysis of mitochondrial DNA has revealed that there are at least two species of carp in Japan: native carp and carp from Eurasia. Currently, the Japanese native carp is assumed to be Cyprinus melanotus , and a new scientific name for it is being considered. Cyprinus haematopterus is thought to refer to the Amur carp of Eurasian origin, traditionally called Yamatogoi ( 大和鯉 , lit. ' carp of Yamato Province ' ) in Japan. Yamatogoi have been famous since
5776-470: Was unable to find a clear genetic structure matching the geographic populations (possibly because of translocation of carp from separate regions), others based on mtDNA, microsatellite DNA and genomic DNA found a clear separation between the European/West Asian population and the East Asian population, with koi belonging in the latter. Consequently, recent authorities have suggested that
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