1946
74-760: Korps Speciale Troepen (KST; 'Special Forces Corps') was a Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) special forces unit that was established for deployment against the Indonesian revolutionaries during the Indonesian National Revolution . It was formed in 1948 with the Depot Speciale Troepen (DST; 'Special Forces Depot') at its core and disbanded alongside the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army in 1950, by which time it had been renamed to
148-691: A big mistake in Bandung. There was no debate, and shortly afterwards Westerling left the hotel. Westerling escaped with the help of the Dutch government to Singapore . Despite attempts by the Indonesian government to extradite him, he lived in exile in the Netherlands until his death in 1987. By April 5, several key conspirators including Sultan Hamid II had been arrested by the Republican authorities. On April 19, Hamid II confessed to his involvement in
222-655: A few Indonesians were able to gain a larger role in commerce. The Indonesian independence movement began in May 1908, which is commemorated as the " Day of National Awakening " ( Indonesian : Hari Kebangkitan Nasional ). Indonesian nationalism and movements supporting independence from Dutch colonialism, such as Budi Utomo , the Indonesian National Party (PNI), Sarekat Islam and the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), grew rapidly in
296-518: A lesser extent in Sumatra (Indonesia's two dominant islands), the Japanese spread and encouraged nationalist sentiment. Although this was done more for Japanese political advantage than from altruistic support of Indonesian independence, this support created new Indonesian institutions (including local neighbourhood organisations) and elevated political leaders such as Sukarno. Just as significantly for
370-620: A maximum strength of 1250 men, was composed of Dutch war volunteers (OVWs), Eurasians and native soldiers , including Moluccans . The present day Korps Commandotroepen (KCT; 'Commando Corps') of the Royal Netherlands Army is considered a continuation of the RST. The forces wore the green beret , which was the official headdress of the British Commandos of World War II. Under the name No. 2 (Dutch) Troop ,
444-586: A more reasoned approach. Some leaders, such as the leftist Tan Malaka , spread the idea that this was a revolutionary struggle to be led and won by the Indonesian pemuda . Sukarno and Hatta, by contrast, were more interested in planning government and institutions to achieve independence through diplomacy. Pro-revolution demonstrations took place in large cities, including one in Jakarta on 19 September with over 200,000 people, which Sukarno and Hatta, fearing violence, successfully quelled. By September 1945, many of
518-538: A peak in November and December, with 1,200 killed in Bandung as the pemuda returned to the offensive. In March 1946, departing Republicans responded to a British ultimatum for them to leave the city of Bandung by deliberately burning down much of the southern half of the city in what is popularly known in Indonesia as the " Bandung Sea of Fire ". The Battle of Surabaya was the heaviest and bloodiest single battle of
592-688: A prelude to the Dutch capture of the city and the imprisonment of the Indonesian leadership, including President Sukarno . Exemplary of the qualitative advantage of the KST/RST over the fighters of the Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI; 'Indonesian National Military') was the final operation of the RST prior to the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference in August 1949. The TNI made a last-ditch attempt before
666-723: A secret. In mid-January 1950, the Minister of UNI and Provincial Affairs Across the Seas, Mr. J.H. van Maarseveen visited Indonesia to prepare for the Indonesia-Dutch Union meeting to be held in March 1950. Hatta told Maarseven that he had ordered the police to arrest Westerling. During his visit to the Netherlands, on 20 January 1950, RIS Economic Minister, Djuanda Kartawidjaja , told Minister Lubbertus Götzen that
740-573: A visit from RST commander Lieutenant Colonel Borghouts, who was devastated by the desertion of his troops. At 9.00, Engles received a visit from Lt. Col. Sadikin. When a rally of the RST troops at Batujajar took place at noon, 140 men were absent. From the camp in Purabaya it was reported that 190 soldiers had deserted, and from the SOP in Cimahi it was reported that 12 soldiers from Ambon had deserted. But
814-727: The Regiment Speciale Troepen (RST; 'Special Forces Regiment'). The DST consisted of about 570 men at its establishment in 1945 and had a precursor in the Korps Insulinde (' Insulindia Corps') that conducted clandestine operations during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies . In June 1949, 250 men of the 1st Parachute Company were integrated into the Corps. The KST, which would reach
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#1732781082048888-580: The Indonesian War of Independence ( Indonesian : Perang Kemerdekaan Indonesia , Dutch : Indonesische Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog ), was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during postwar and postcolonial Indonesia. It took place between Indonesia's declaration of independence in 1945 and
962-602: The Netherlands ' transfer of sovereignty over the Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia at the end of 1949. The four-year struggle involved sporadic but bloody armed conflict, internal Indonesian political and communal upheavals, and two major international diplomatic interventions. Dutch military forces (and, for a while, the forces of the World War II allies ) were able to control
1036-645: The Siliwangi Division , which was encamped in the city, had been forewarned of Westerling's plans. KNIL Lieutenant Colonel T. Cassa had telephoned General Engles and reported: "A strong APRA force is moving along Jalan Pos Besar towards Bandung." A motorized unit was sent to intercept the Legion, but was quickly defeated. Advancing through Bandung, the APRA captured key locations including the TNI's headquarters and
1110-401: The "Erik" company at Kampemenstraat that night was also going to desert and join the APRA in a coup, but was foiled by its own commander, Captain G.H.O. de Witt. Engles immediately raised the alarm. He contacted Lieutenant Colonel TNI Sadikin, Commander of the Siliwangi Division . Engles also reported the incident to General Buurman van Vreeden in Jakarta. Between 08.00 and 09.00, he received
1184-586: The 10,000 Indo-Europeans and European internees in the volatile Central Java interior. British detachments sent to the towns of Ambarawa and Magelang encountered strong Republican resistance and used air attacks against the Indonesians. Sukarno arranged a ceasefire on 2 November, but by late November fighting had resumed and the British withdrew to the coast (refer Battle of Ambarawa ). Republican attacks against Allied and alleged pro-Dutch civilians reached
1258-598: The 1945–46 period, which is known as the Bersiap . Estimates of the death toll of the Bersiap period vary from 3,500 to 30,000. NIOD concluded a Dutch casualty number of approximately 5,500 with possible higher numbers but not above 10,000. Estimates of the number of Indonesian fighters killed in the lead up to and during the Battle of Surabaya range from 6,300 to 15,000. The Japanese forces lost around 1,000 soldiers and
1332-768: The APRA. With no reply to his ultimatum, Westerling started the coup in the night of 22–23 January, a month after international recognition of the Republic of Indonesia. Westerling's ultimatum certainly caused anxiety not only in the RIS, but also on the Dutch side and Dr Hanz M. Hirschfeld (German-born), Nederlandse Hoge Commissaris (Dutch High Commissioner) who had just arrived in Indonesia. The RIS cabinet bombarded Hirschfeld with questions that made him very uncomfortable. The Dutch Minister of Home Affairs, Dirk Stikker , instructed Hirschfeld to take action against all Dutch civil and military officials who were co-operating with Westerling. On 10 January 1950, Hatta informed Hirschfeld that
1406-554: The British commander Lieutenant General Sir Philip Christison diverted soldiers of the former Dutch colonial army to eastern Indonesia, where Dutch reoccupation was proceeding smoothly. Tensions mounted as Allied troops entered Java and Sumatra; clashes broke out between Republicans and their perceived enemies, namely Dutch prisoners, Dutch colonial troops (KNIL) , Chinese, Indo-Europeans and Japanese. The first stages of warfare were initiated in October 1945 when, in accordance with
1480-402: The British forces registered 660 soldiers, mostly British Indians , as killed (with a similar number missing in action). The actual Dutch military was hardly involved, as it started to return to Indonesia only in March and April 1946. By the end of August 1945, a central Republican government had been established in Jakarta. It adopted a constitution drafted during the Japanese occupation by
1554-548: The Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia . The revolution marked the end of the colonial administration of the Dutch East Indies , except for New Guinea . It also significantly changed ethnic castes as well as reducing the power of many of the local rulers ( raja ). It did not significantly improve the economic or political fortunes of the majority of the population, although
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#17327810820481628-710: The Imperial Japanese forces stationed there, as well as maintaining order on the island until the Dutch could return. As US forces were focusing on the Japanese home islands, the archipelago was put under the jurisdiction of British Admiral Earl Louis Mountbatten , the Supreme Allied Commander , South East Asia Command . Allied enclaves already existed in Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo ), Morotai ( Maluku ) and parts of Irian Jaya ; Dutch administrators had already returned to these areas. In
1702-681: The Indonesians had issued an arrest order against Westerling. Prior to that, when A.H.J. Lovink was still serving as High Representative of the Crown of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, he had advised Hatta to charge Westerling with Article exorbitante rechten . At that time Westerling visited Sultan Hamid II at the Hotel Des Indes , Jakarta. They had previously met in December 1949. Westerling explained his purpose, and asked Hamid to become
1776-661: The Japanese navy areas, the arrival of Allied troops quickly prevented revolutionary activities where Australian troops, followed by Dutch troops and administrators, took the Japanese surrender (except for Bali and Lombok ). Due to the lack of strong resistance, two Australian Army divisions succeeded in occupying eastern Indonesia. The British were charged with restoring order and civilian government in Java. The Dutch took this to mean pre-war colonial administration and continued to claim sovereignty over Indonesia. The British and Indian troops did not, however, land on Java to accept
1850-587: The Japanese surrender until late September 1945. Lord Mountbatten's immediate tasks included the repatriation of some 300,000 Japanese, and freeing prisoners of war. He did not want, nor did he have the resources, to commit his troops to a long struggle to regain Indonesia for the Dutch. The first British troops reached Jakarta in late September 1945, and arrived in the cities of Medan ( North Sumatra ), Padang ( West Sumatra ), Palembang ( South Sumatra ), Semarang ( Central Java ) and Surabaya ( East Java ) in October. In an attempt to avoid clashes with Indonesians,
1924-728: The Japanese, and denounced the Republic as a creation of Japanese fascism . The Dutch East Indies administration had just received a ten million dollar loan from the United States to finance its return to Indonesia. The Netherlands, however, was critically weakened from World War II in Europe and did not return as a significant military force until early 1946. The Japanese and members of the Allied forces reluctantly agreed to act as caretakers. Australian forces of I Corps under general Leslie Morshead had landed in Borneo in May 1945, to destroy
1998-472: The Japanese. Command structures and membership vital for a national army were consequently dismantled. Thus, rather than being formed from a trained, armed, and organised army, the Republican armed forces began to grow in September from usually younger, less trained groups built around charismatic leaders. Creating a rational military structure that was obedient to central authority from such disorganisation,
2072-506: The KNIL in this field, combined with the skills of the modern commando, turned out to be a recipe for success. When the Indonesian nationalists turned to guerrilla warfare, the special forces were increasingly called upon and the revolutionaries learned to avoid confrontations with units of the KST as much as possible. This was not only a matter of survival, as the Indonesian fighters were no match for
2146-633: The Netherlands East Indies Government in exile was based). These strikes were only fully broken in July 1946. The Japanese, on the other hand, were required by the terms of the surrender to both lay down their arms and maintain order; a contradiction that some resolved by handing weapons to Japanese-trained Indonesians. The resulting power vacuums in Java and Sumatra in the weeks following the Japanese surrender created an atmosphere of uncertainty, but also one of opportunity for
2220-577: The Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence. With general elections yet to be held, a Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) was appointed to assist the President. Similar committees were established at provincial and regency levels. Questions of allegiance immediately arose amongst indigenous rulers. Central Javanese principalities, for example, immediately declared themselves Republican, while many raja ('rulers') of
2294-502: The Republican Governor of Jakarta, a Menadonese Christian. Many Balinese raja accepted Republican authority. Fearing the Dutch would attempt to re-establish their authority over Indonesia, the new Republican Government and its leaders moved quickly to strengthen the fledgling administration. Within Indonesia, the newly formed government, although enthusiastic, was fragile and focused in Java (where focused at all). It
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2368-529: The Republicans. Many pemuda joined pro-Republic struggle groups ( badan perjuangan ). The most disciplined were soldiers from the Japanese-formed but disbanded Giyūgun ( PETA , volunteer army) and Heiho (local soldiers employed by Japanese armed forces) groups. Many groups were undisciplined, due to both the circumstances of their formation and what they perceived as revolutionary spirit. In
2442-460: The Siliwangi barracks. Within an hour, they had secured the city center and eliminated all resistance. TNI Lieutenant Colonel Adolf Lembong and 93 other Indonesian soldiers and officers were killed. The majority of the TNI forces were taken by surprise and there were reports of soldiers discarding their uniforms and fleeing. TNI Colonel Erie Sudeweo sought refuge in the Dutch barracks. However,
2516-488: The attempt to evacuate the Regiment Speciale Troepen (RST), a combination of red berets and green berets, came too late. From some of his former men, Westerling heard about the plan, and before the deportation of RST troops to the Netherlands began, on 23 January 1950, Westerling launched his coup. Westerling's planned coup d’état involved the near-simultaneous capture of Bandung and Jakarta, followed by
2590-613: The attempted secession of an Ambonese Republic of South Moluccas , the federal United States of Indonesia was dissolved on 17 August 1950, turning Indonesia into a unitary state dominated by the central government in Jakarta. Roughly 125 men from the Special Troops Regiment were handed over to the Dutch troops still remaining on Java. A Dutch court-martial sentenced them to prison terms ranging from six to twelve months. All were transferred to Dutch New Guinea to serve their sentences there. After serving out their terms,
2664-549: The botched Jakarta coup and to planning a second attack on Parliament scheduled for February 15. Due to the presence of RUSI troops, the attack had been aborted. The role of the Pasundan government in the coup led to its dissolution by February 10, further undermining the federal structure. By then, the Pasundan Parliament's wishes of merger with the republic were fulfilled. By late March 1950, Hamid's West Kalimantan
2738-781: The capture of Buitenzorg (modern-day Bogor ) where some minor government departments were based. On 22 January, Westerling's troops would infiltrate Bandung on board trucks, disguised as members of the Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI). At 10 pm, they would seize ammunition stocks from the old KNIL arms depot in Bandung and then dispatch them to a rendezvous point 15 miles away for delivery to Djakarta by 11 pm. At 5 am on 23 January, APRA forces based in nearby Tjimahi would capture strategic locations like military bases, police stations, and government buildings and communications facilities throughout Bandung and Jakarta. At dawn, about 520 APRA soldiers entered Bandung. However,
2812-494: The ceasefire to infiltrate Surakarta in Central Java . 325 men from the RST were hastily flown in to repel the TNI from the city. The Siege of Surakarta was resolved in a few days with the TNI losing around 400 men, while the RST only suffered three injuries. It cannot be ruled out that a number of civilian casualties were included in the losses of the TNI. After the transfer of sovereignty and official end of hostilities,
2886-709: The commandos of the RST sprung into action one last time, albeit without the consent of their superiors. A number of them were involved in an attempted coup d'état against the regime of Sukarno in January 1950, as part of the Angkatan Perang Ratu Adil (APRA; 'Just Ruler Legion') led by former Captain Raymond Westerling. After World War II, the School Opleiding Parachutisten (SOP; 'Paratrooper Training School')
2960-590: The early hours of 23 January 1950. Simultaneously, the APRA infiltrated Jakarta as part of a coup d’état to overthrow the RUSI Cabinet. Their plan was to arrest and assassinate several prominent Republican figures including the Defence Minister Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX and Secretary-General Ali Budiardjo . However, Westerling's forces in Jakarta were killed or captured by the Indonesian army and police forces. The APRA
3034-470: The educational reforms of the Dutch Ethical Policy . The occupation of Indonesia by Japan for three and a half years during World War II was a crucial factor in the subsequent revolution. The Netherlands had minimal ability to defend its colony against the Japanese army , and within only three months of their initial attacks, the Japanese had occupied the Dutch East Indies. In Java, and to
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3108-400: The elite Regiment Speciale Troepen (RST) troops, which were seen as a risk factor, should be evacuated from Indonesia as soon as possible. Prior to this, a unit of RST troops had been evacuated to Ambon and arrived there on 17 January 1950. On 21 January, Hirschfeld informed Götzen that General Buurman van Vreeden and Dutch Defence Minister, Jan Schokking , had been working on a plan for
3182-474: The evacuation of RST troops. With no reply to his ultimatum, Westerling started the coup in the night of 22–23 January, a month after international recognition of the Republic of Indonesia. On 22 January at 21.00 Westerling received a report that a number of heavily armed RST troops had deserted and left the military station in Batujajar. KNIL Major G.H. Christian and KNIL Captain J.H.W. Nix reported that
3256-621: The first Dutch commandos were trained in Achnacarry , Scotland , as part of No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando . After the war, members of No. 2 Dutch troop served in DST. The paratrooper wing of the Corps wore the red beret . At the end of 1946, the DST under Captain Raymond Westerling was deployed to South Celebes to restore Dutch authority in the area. The local Indonesian nationalists , utilizing terror tactics , tried to prevent
3330-475: The first half of the 20th century. Budi Utomo, Sarekat Islam and others pursued strategies of co-operation by joining the Dutch initiated Volksraad ("People's Council") in the hope that Indonesia would be granted self-rule. Others chose a non-cooperative strategy demanding the freedom of self-government from the Dutch East Indies colony. The most notable of these leaders were Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta , two students and nationalist leaders who had benefited from
3404-427: The first weeks, Japanese troops often withdrew from urban areas to avoid confrontations. By September 1945, control of major infrastructure installations, including railway stations and trams in Java's largest cities, had been taken over by Republican pemuda who encountered little Japanese resistance. To spread the revolutionary message, pemuda set up their own radio stations and newspapers, and graffiti proclaimed
3478-705: The following weeks several small APRA units were defeated in a mopping up campaign by the Indonesian army and police. The Legion of the Just Ruler had ceased to function in February 1950. The attempted coup d'état increased public agitation for the dissolution of the federal system. Westerling himself left for Jakarta, and on 24 January 1950 met again with Sultan Hamid II at the Hotel Des Indes. Hamid, accompanied by his secretary, Dr J. Kiers, criticised Westerling for his failure and blamed Westerling for making
3552-471: The former commander of the DST (Depot Special Forces) commando unit Raymond Westerling to organize an anti-Republican coup d’état which would ensure a federal Republic of the United States of Indonesia . By January 1950, Westerling had built up a militia force known as Legion of the Just Ruler ( Angkatan Perang Ratu Adil ; APRA) or 'Legion of Ratu Adil'. Raymond Westerling stated that the APRA counted 22,000 men. American historian George Kahin estimates it
3626-461: The independence of Indonesia. Matters which concern the transfer of power and other things will be executed by careful means and in the shortest possible time. Djakarta, 17 August 1945 In the name of the people of Indonesia, [signed] Soekarno—Hatta (translation by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , October 1948) It was mid-September before news of the declaration of independence spread to
3700-450: The leader of their movement. Hamid wanted to know details about Westerling's organisation. But he did not get a satisfactory answer from Westerling. The meeting that day did not produce any results. After that, the next meeting between Westerling and Hamid is unclear. In his autobiography, Mémoires, published in 1952, Westerling wrote that a Shadow Cabinet had been formed under the leadership of Sultan Hamid II of Pontianak, so he had to keep it
3774-401: The major towns, cities and industrial assets in Republican heartlands on Java and Sumatra but could not control the countryside. By 1949, international pressure on the Netherlands, the United States threatening to cut off all economic aid for World War II rebuilding efforts to the Netherlands and the partial military stalemate became such that the Netherlands transferred sovereignty over
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#17327810820483848-449: The nationalist sentiment. On most islands, struggle committees and militia were set up. Republican newspapers and journals were common in Jakarta, Yogyakarta , and Surakarta , which fostered a generation of writers known as angkatan 45 ('generation of 45') many of whom believed their work could be part of the revolution. Republican leaders struggled to come to terms with popular sentiment; some wanted passionate armed struggle; others
3922-399: The offer. On 5 January 1950, Westerling sent an ultimatum to the RIS government of Jakarta. His demands were the recognition of the APRA as the official army of the state of Pasundan and unconditional respect for the autonomy of the federal states. Westerling added that if the answer was not positive within 7 days, he could not be held responsible for the outbreak of large-scale fighting by
3996-502: The outer islands, and many Indonesians far from the capital Jakarta did not believe it. As the news spread, most Indonesians came to regard themselves as pro-Republican, and a mood of revolution swept across the country. External power had shifted; it would be weeks before Allied Forces shipping entered Indonesia (owing in part to boycotts and strikes, in Australia , on coaling, loading and manning Dutch shipping from Australia, where
4070-595: The outer islands, who had been enriched from their support of the Dutch, were less enthusiastic. Such reluctance among many outer islands was sharpened by the radical, non-aristocratic, and sometimes Islamic nature of the Java-centric Republican leadership. Support did, however, come from South Sulawesi (including the King of Bone , who still recalled battles against the Dutch from early in the century), and from Makassarese and Bugis raja , who supported
4144-428: The return of Dutch rule. Westerling led a controversial counterterrorism campaign that would become known as the " South Celebes Affair ," in which thousands of suspected nationalists were killed. The DST/KST then focused on anti-guerrilla operations, capture or kill high-value targets, counterinsurgency, irregular warfare, operating in difficult to access and dangerous areas, and special operations. The rich tradition of
4218-407: The revolution and became a national symbol of Indonesian resistance. Pemuda groups in Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia, seized arms and ammunition from the Japanese and set up two new organisations; the Indonesia National Committee (KNI) and the People's Security Council (BKR). By the time the Allied forces arrived at the end of October 1945, the pemuda foothold in Surabaya city
4292-410: The seasoned commandos of the KST, but also a matter of tactics. When the troops of the KST left an area for operations elsewhere, the nationalists simply returned to resume their guerrilla actions against Dutch regulars. The KST paratroopers performed a number of airborne operations. At the beginning of Operation Kraai in late 1948, they captured the airport of the Republican capital of Yogyakarta as
4366-425: The second phase of the coup d'état collapsed since the majority of the KNIL's commanders cooperated with the Indonesian government and refused to support Westerling's actions. A Dutch officer discovered the unloading of ammunition from the Bandung arms depot into trucks of the APRA. Due to this development, the ammunitions convoy did not arrive in the Republican capital Jakarta at 11 PM as planned. Westerling's Legion
4440-410: The self-proclaimed pemuda , who were ready to die for '100% freedom', were getting impatient. It was common for ethnic 'out-groups' – Dutch internees, Eurasian , Ambonese and Chinese – and anyone considered to be a spy, to be subjected to intimidation, kidnapping, robbery, murder and organised massacres. Such attacks would continue throughout the course of the revolution, but were most present during
4514-464: The subsequent revolution, the Japanese destroyed and replaced much of the Dutch-created economic, administrative, and political infrastructure. On 7 September 1944, with the war going badly for the Japanese, Prime Minister Koiso promised independence for Indonesia, but no date was set. For supporters of Sukarno, this announcement was seen as vindication for his collaboration with the Japanese. The unconditional surrender of Japan on August 15, 1945
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#17327810820484588-400: The terms of their surrender, the Japanese tried to re-establish the authority they had relinquished to Indonesians in the towns and cities. Japanese military police killed Republican pemuda in Pekalongan (Central Java) on 3 October, and Japanese troops drove Republican pemuda out of Bandung in West Java and handed the city to the British, but the fiercest fighting involving the Japanese
4662-500: Was a coup d'état by Raymond Westerling 's Legion of the Just Ruler (APRA) to capture Bandung and Jakarta , with the aim to overthrow Sukarno 's unitary Republic of Indonesia . Westerling was a demobilised Dutch Captain of the KNIL ( Royal Netherlands East Indies Army ), who sought to preserve the federal Republic of the United States of Indonesia , which retained the support of the Netherlands and various minority elements. Westerling's forces succeeded in capturing Bandung in
4736-521: Was about 2,000 men. The APRA comprised various Republican elements including defectors from the Indonesian army, Islamic and communist battle groups. The Legion was further augmented by elements of the KNIL, Royal Netherlands Army , Westerling's old commando unit and several sympathetic Dutch nationals including two police inspectors. The Republican government attempted to negotiate with Westerling by offering to pay him US$ 100,000 in exchange for renouncing his revolutionary activities, but Westerling rejected
4810-427: Was described as "a strong unified fortress". The city itself was in pandemonium. There was bloody hand-to-hand fighting on every street corner. Bodies were strewn everywhere. Decapitated, dismembered trunks lay piled one on top of the other ... Indonesians were shooting and stabbing and murdering wildly — Sukarno APRA coup d%27%C3%A9tat 1947–1948 1949 Post- RTC The APRA coup d'état
4884-411: Was eagerly received by the radical and politicised pemuda (Indonesian for 'male youth') groups. They pressured Sukarno and Hatta to proclaim Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945, two days later. The following day, the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) elected Sukarno as president , and Hatta as vice-president . PROCLAMATION We, the people of Indonesia, hereby declare
4958-427: Was forced out of Bandung, while Westerling escaped to Singapore. After a mopping up campaign the Legion of Ratu Adil had ceased to function in February 1950. The coup d'état led to the downfall of Sultan Hamid II and accelerated the integration of the RUSI into the Republic by 17 August 1950. Prior to the transfer of sovereignty on 27 December 1949, a RUSI Cabinet consisting of both Republican and Federalist members
5032-462: Was formed on 17 December 1949. This Cabinet was headed by Prime Minister Mohammad Hatta and included 11 Republicans and five Federalists including the pro-Dutch Sultan Hamid II . Ultimately, this federal government was short-lived due to conflicting differences between the Republicans and the Federalists as well as growing popular support for a unitary state . Growing tensions between the Republicans and Federalists prompted Hamid II to conspire with
5106-577: Was in Semarang. On 14 October, British forces began to occupy the city. Retreating Republican forces retaliated by killing between 130 and 300 Japanese prisoners they were holding. Five hundred Japanese and two thousand Indonesians had been killed and the Japanese had almost captured the city six days later when British forces arrived. The Allies repatriated the remaining Japanese troops and civilians to Japan, although about 1,000 elected to remain behind and later assisted Republican forces in fighting for independence. The British subsequently decided to evacuate
5180-1021: Was located at Andir airfield near Bandung , West Java . The SOP was the school that trained the paratroopers of the Korps Speciale Troepen . [REDACTED] Media related to Korps Speciale Troepen at Wikimedia Commons Indonesian National Revolution [REDACTED] Indonesia [REDACTED] Netherlands [REDACTED] United Kingdom [REDACTED] Sukarno [REDACTED] M. Hatta [REDACTED] Sudirman [REDACTED] O. Soemohardjo [REDACTED] HB IX [REDACTED] Gatot Soebroto [REDACTED] A.H Nasution and others... • United Kingdom : 980 killed • Japan : 1,293 killed • 5,500–20,000 Indo people and European civilians killed and 2,500 missing 1946 1947–1948 1949 Post- RTC Taishō period Shōwa period 18th century 19th century 20th century The Indonesian National Revolution ( Indonesian : Revolusi Nasional Indonesia ), also known as
5254-492: Was one of the four remaining federal states in the United States of Indonesia. Hamid's role in the coup led to increased agitation in West Kalimantan for its integration as part of the Republic of Indonesia. Following a fact-finding mission by the Government Commission, the RUSI House of Representatives voted, by a margin of fifty votes to one, to merge West Kalimantan into the Republic of Indonesia. Following clashes with demobilized KNIL troops under Andi Aziz in Makassar and
5328-506: Was one of the major problems of the revolution, a problem that remains through to contemporary times. In the self-created Indonesian army, Japanese-trained Indonesian officers prevailed over those trained by the Dutch. A thirty-year-old former school teacher, Sudirman , was elected 'commander-in-chief' at the first meeting of Division Commanders in Yogyakarta on 12 November 1945. The Dutch accused Sukarno and Hatta of collaborating with
5402-481: Was rarely and loosely in contact with the outer islands, which had more Japanese troops (particularly in Japanese naval areas), less sympathetic Japanese commanders, and fewer Republican leaders and activists. In November 1945, a parliamentary form of government was established and Sjahrir was appointed prime minister. In the week following the Japanese surrender, the Giyūgun (PETA) and Heiho groups were disbanded by
5476-598: Was unable to launch its scheduled attack at 5 AM on 23 January. There had been plans to seize the presidential palace, army barracks and to arrest Republican politicians including Sukarno, Hatta, Hamengkubuwono IX and Ali Budiardjo. Unable to find any ammunition, Westerling was forced to abort his attack by 6 AM. With the coup attempt in tatters, the APRA retreated from Bandung after negotiations with KNIL Major General Edu Engles. By 5 PM Republican forces under Sadikin had re-established control over Bandung. Following Bandung, most APRA units returned to their respective compounds. In
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