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28-461: The koru ( Māori for 'loop or coil') is a spiral shape evoking a newly unfurling frond from a silver fern frond. It is an integral symbol in Māori art, carving and tattooing , where it symbolises new life, growth, strength and peace. Its shape "conveys the idea of perpetual movement," while the inner coil "suggests returning to the point of origin". The koru is the integral motif of

56-479: A height of 15–50 cm (5.9–19.7 in) and a maximum leaf length of 4–15 cm (1.6–5.9 in). These species grow from seedlings to flowering plants in only a few months, setting seed and dying with the onset of the dry season. The original haploid chromosome count of this complex is x=8. The diploid number is therefore 2n=16, whereas the tetraploid species B. liniflora is 2n=32. The remaining two species, B. lamellata und B. gigantea , make up what

84-407: A lab accident shortly after being photographed. The Latin generic name " Byblis " originates from a goddess from Greek mythology , of whom Ovid wrote in his Metamorphoses (IX, l. 454–664). Byblis , niece of Apollo , fell deeply in love with her twin brother Caunus . At his rejection of her advances, she let forth an endless stream of glistening tears, eventually literally transforming into

112-622: A time, the genus Roridula was also assigned to the family Byblidaceae. Since that time, however, it has been placed into its own family, Roridulaceae . Traditionally the genus was divided into only two species, namely B. gigantea and B. liniflora . Further species were described in the 1980s, particularly through the work of the Australian botanist Allen Lowrie . Eight species are currently recognised: The four species of this complex, B. liniflora , B. rorida , B. filifolia and B. aquatica , are annual herbaceous plants that reach

140-403: Is borrowed from New Latin vernatio , the act of being verdant or flourishing ( vernare ). It is cognate with ver ( Latin for " spring ") and vernalis ("vernal"). Circinate vernation is the manner in which most fern fronds emerge. As the fern frond is formed, it is tightly curled so that the tender growing tip of the frond (and each subdivision of the frond)

168-415: Is also seen in the related genera Drosophyllum and Triphyophyllum , and in the much more distantly related Byblis ; however in these three genera, the leaves are coiled outwards towards the abaxial surface of the leaf (reverse circinate vernation): this appears to be unique to these three plants among the angiosperms. The process of convolute vernation involves the wrapping of one margin of

196-483: Is densely studded with glandular hairs which secrete a mucilaginous substance from their tip. These serve to attract small insects , which upon touching the sticky secretions are ensnared. Unless they are strong enough to escape, the insect prey either die of exhaustion or asphyxiate as the mucilage envelops them and clogs their spiracles . Along with the stalked mucilaginous glands, the leaves are also equipped with sessile glands, which assumedly are responsible for

224-434: Is known as the B. gigantea complex. These perennial species are both endemic to Southwest Australia , and reach heights of 45–70 cm (18–28 in). Unlike the annual members of the B. liniflora complex, these species survive the dry season by dying back to an underground rhizome , out of which they emerge come fall. The leaves of this complex can reach 20 cm (7.9 in) in length. The base chromosome count of

252-505: Is on the International Union for Conservation of Nature 's Red List of Threatened Species and is considered critically endangered. The status of the genus as a truly carnivorous plant has been repeatedly put into question. In their natural habitat, all species have been observed playing host to live bugs of the genus Setocoris , which nourished themselves by eating prey caught by the plants. Following this discovery it

280-454: Is produced in cultivation, with the annual B. filifolia and B. liniflora being the most common. Most of the other species must be grown from seed, which is often collected from the wild for this purpose. The West Australian species B. gigantea und B. lamellata are being threatened by habitat destruction for urban sprawl from cities such as Perth . Particularly damaging is the draining of wet habitats to produce arable land. B. gigantea

308-402: Is protected within a coil. At this stage it is called a crozier (after the shepherd 's crook) or fiddlehead (after the scrollwork at the top of a violin). As the lower parts of the frond expand and toughen up, they begin to photosynthesize , supporting the further growth and expansion of the frond. By photosynthesizing, the frond increases the amount of solute inside the frond, which lowers

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336-606: The Perth region of southwest Australia, while the species making up the B. liniflora complex are found only in north Australia. The exception here is B. liniflora itself, whose distribution extends into southern Indonesia and Papua New Guinea . Like many carnivorous plants , Byblis species usually grow in bogs and marshes . They generally prefer seasonally wet sandy soil in partial or direct sunlight with temperatures between ~ 5–40 °C (41–104 °F). As native plants of Australia, all Byblis species are protected. Until

364-519: The Tomoe symbol in Japan . The New Zealand national korfball team is nicknamed The Korus . Circinate vernation In pine species, new leaves are short and encased in sheaths . Each leaf bundle consists of 2 to 5 needles. All the leaves on one section of branch grow in length together. In cabbage species, new leaves are folded over, each covered by the previous leaf. The term vernation

392-463: The sundews and Drosophyllum are now placed in the Caryophyllales . All species of the genus form upright growth supported by a weak, fibrous root system. The genus can be divided into two groups or "complexes": The B. liniflora complex and the B. gigantea complex. The leaves of all species are round in cross section and highly elongated, tapering at the end. The surface of the leaves

420-516: The complex is x=9; since both species are diploid, their chromosome count is 2n=18. In the year 2004 a single fossil of a seed, resembling that of members of the modern day B. liniflora complex, was discovered in south Australia dating from the middle of the Eocene epoch. The species was assigned to the Byblidaceae as a parataxon of the genus. The sole specimen was unfortunately destroyed in

448-527: The genus was described by the English botanist Richard Anthony Salisbury in 1808. Eight species are now recognised. Byblis species look very similar to Drosera and Drosophyllum , but are distinguished by their zygomorphic flowers , with five curved stamens off to one side of the pistil . These genera are in fact not closely related; modern classifications place Byblis in the Lamiales , while

476-480: The internal water gradient and facilitates an increase in volume that forces uncoiling. In the case of many fronds, long hairs or scales provide additional protection to the growing tips before they are fully uncoiled. Circinate vernation may also be observed in the extension of leaflets , in the compound leaves of cycads . Circinate vernation is also typical of the carnivorous plant family Droseraceae , for example see this photo of   Drosera filiformis . It

504-400: The leaf's blade over the other. This folding mechanism makes the emerging leaf look like a tube. In involute vernation both margins on opposing sides of the leaf are rolled up towards the upper (axial) surface of the leaf, forming two tubes that may meet at the midrib of the leaf. Revolute vernation is the opposite of involute vernation: the margins of the leaf are rolled up towards

532-447: The secretion of the digestive juices. Sessile glands are five to ten times as numerous as the stalked glands. Byblis were previously grouped among the 'passive flypaper traps' along with Pinguicula , Drosophyllum , Roridula , Stylidium and Triphyophyllum peltatum as the plants were believed to be capable of moving neither their leaves nor tentacles to aid in prey capture or digestion. However, research in 2019 showed that

560-484: The seed capsule dries out it cracks open (dehisces), dropping the seed on the ground. The black seeds are generally round and often bear webbed surface markings, although those of B. lamellata are strongly ridged. The germination of many species is brought on by bush fires after the dry period; pyrogenic chemicals in the smoke are responsible for triggering germination. All Byblis species are native to Australia . B. gigantea and B. lamellata are endemic to

588-464: The self-fertile B. liniflora , all species require pollen from other individuals for fertilization . The pollen release of B. gigantea and B. lamellata is only triggered by the resonance frequency of the wings of a landing pollinator, helping ensure cross-pollination with other individuals. The flowers of Byblis start to bloom in early spring and last until late summer. Fertilized flowers mature to form an egg-shaped, two-parted seed capsule. As

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616-411: The sessile glands of B. filifolia was proven. Soon thereafter similar results were found with B. liniflora . These results clearly place this genus among the true carnivorous plants. Molecular genetics studies have placed the genus in the order Lamiales . While its placement within the order is still unclear, it is closely related to Martyniaceae , Lentibulariaceae as well as Gesneriaceae . For

644-459: The symbolic and seemingly abstract kōwhaiwhai designs traditionally used to decorate wharenui (meeting houses). There are numerous semi-formal designs, representing different features of the natural world. The logo of Air New Zealand , the national carrier , incorporates a koru design — based on the Ngaru ( Ngāti Kahungunu ) kōwhaiwhai pattern — as a symbol of New Zealand flora . The logo

672-486: The tentacles of Byblis liniflora collapse following exposure to food, bringing the prey item into contact with the sessile digestive glands. The same behaviour was later observed in B. gigantea . Flowers in this genus are borne singly at the end of unbranching, leaf-like inflorescences which emerge from the leaf axils. The five-petaled flowers are generally purple to pale violet, though B. gigantea and B. filifolia can sometimes produce white flowers. Except for

700-410: The under (abaxial) surface of the leaf. Byblis (plant) Byblis ( / ˈ b ɪ b l ɪ s / BIB -liss ) is a small genus of carnivorous plants , sometimes termed the rainbow plants for the attractive appearance of their mucilage -covered leaves in bright sunshine. Native to Australia and New Guinea , it is the only genus in the family Byblidaceae . The first species in

728-481: The year 2000, they were also given international protection under CITES appendix II, but were removed from the list when Australia entered the CITES agreement. Since then trade of the genus has been unregulated outside of Australia. However, due to the sensitivity of the plant, interest in the genus has been restricted to a small portion of the carnivorous plant hobbyist community. The majority of plant material sold today

756-469: Was assumed that, as with the genus Roridula , the plants do not actually digest their prey themselves, rather relying on the bugs to do that. The plants, it was reasoned, benefited by absorbing nutrients from the excrements of the bugs, either through their leaves or through the ground. An indirect digestion of these nutrients by a chitinase producing fungus was even proposed. It was not until 2005 that direct digestion of insect prey by enzymes secreted by

784-549: Was introduced in 1973 to coincide with the arrival of the airline's first McDonnell Douglas DC-10 wide-body jet. Several other nationwide organisations also use a koru in their logos, among them the New Zealand Department of Conservation . In 1983, Friedensreich Hundertwasser based his proposed design for a secondary New Zealand flag on the symbol. It also formed the basis for a notable series of artworks by Gordon Walters . Koru swirls are also reminiscent of

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